Cited by 4,734Psychometric Methodologies and TestingMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods and Bayesian Inference

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Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses.

McDonald, Roderick P., Ho, Moon-Ho Ringo·2002·Psychological Methods

DOI 10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.64

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Abstract

Principles for reporting analyses using structural equation modeling are reviewed, with the goal of supplying readers with complete and accurate information. It is recommended that every report give a detailed justification of the model used, along with plausible alternatives and an account of identifiability. Nonnormality and missing data problems should also be addressed. A complete set of parameters and their standard errors is desirable, and it will often be convenient to supply the correlation matrix and discrepancies, as well as goodness-of-fit indices, so that readers can exercise independent critical judgment. A survey of fairly representative studies compares recent practice with the principles of reporting recommended here.

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Background
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Method
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Method
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Method
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Method
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BackgroundInfluential
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Background
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Method
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Method
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“We adopted the guidelines that an RMSEA less than .05 indicates a good fit, and less than .08 indicates an acceptable fit (McDonald & Ho, 2002), and global fit indexes should be larger than .90 (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
BackgroundMethod
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Background
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BackgroundInfluential
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Method
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“These absolute fit indices determine how well the a priori model fits, or reproduces the data (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Background
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“Imputing missing values produces less bias in the results than deleting cases or using the sample mean for imputation (Acock, 1997; Little & Rubin, 2002; McDonald & Ho, 2002; Rovine & Delaney, 1990).”
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Internal and External Dimensions of Computer Self-Efficacy: An Empirical Examination
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“The robust fit indexes for the CFI and RMSEA show better fit for the three-factor model (Fig. 2). A CFI greater than 0.90 and an RMSEA below 0.08 is desirable [53]‐[ 55 ].”
MethodInfluential
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“According to goodness of fit indices outlined in Hu and Bentler ( 1998 ) and McDonald and Ho ( 2002 ), the final model provided an good fit to the data, χ 2 (98) = 113.”
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“…of the eHEALS using the following fit indices to indicate acceptable data model fit: a nonsignificant w2 test, a comparative fit index (CFI), a Tucker– Lewis index (TLI) 0.9, a root mean square error of approximation, and a standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) 0.08 (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
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“RMSEA values between 0.05 and 0.10 represent an acceptable fit (Steiger, 1990), whereas values less than 0.05 indicate a good fit (McDonald and Ho, 2002).”
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Self-citation
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“The fit indices indicated that the model fit the data (McDonald and Ho, 2002).”
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“Although no consensus has been reached in standards for determining goodness of model fit (cf. McDonald and Ho 2002), these indices collectively suggest that the measurement model was an adequate fit to the observed covariance matrix (Byrne 2012).”
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“The measurement model was identified with three items loading distinctly on each of the six latent variables with no cross loadings (MacDonald & Ho, 2002).”
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“…negative affectivity, job demands, surface acting, job exhaustion, job anxiety, and partner-reported WFC and desire for turnover, fit the data well [ χ 2 ( N = 197, df = 209) = 378.31, CFI = .92, TLI = .90, RMSEA = .06] based on accepted values for model fit indices (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
Influential
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“The relatively large sample size may have rendered this test an inadequate measure of the model’s fitness because sample size can affect the chi-square value (McDonald and Ho, 2002).”
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Authors: McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
ORCID: Ho, Moon-Ho Ringo
Venue: Psychological Methods
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2002
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 64-82
ISSN: 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
1939-1463
DOI: 10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.64
OpenAlex: W2134368355
Cited by: 4,734
References: 102
Citations by year: 2026: 176 · 2025: 300 · 2024: 313 · 2023: 336 · 2022: 348 · 2021: 323 · 2020: 327 · 2019: 289 · 2018: 236 · 2017: 236 · 2016: 206 · 2015: 202 · 2014: 198 · 2013: 208 · 2012: 185
FWCI: 58.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Keywords: structural equation modeling, reporting guidelines, model justification, model identifiability, non-normality, missing data, goodness-of-fit indices, standard errors, correlation matrix, model mismatch, critical appraisal
MeSH terms: Humans, Models, Psychological, Research Design, Linear Models

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