The DOI matches its Crossref record; 103 of the 103 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses.
Abstract
Principles for reporting analyses using structural equation modeling are reviewed, with the goal of supplying readers with complete and accurate information. It is recommended that every report give a detailed justification of the model used, along with plausible alternatives and an account of identifiability. Nonnormality and missing data problems should also be addressed. A complete set of parameters and their standard errors is desirable, and it will often be convenient to supply the correlation matrix and discrepancies, as well as goodness-of-fit indices, so that readers can exercise independent critical judgment. A survey of fairly representative studies compares recent practice with the principles of reporting recommended here.
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“The final valid questionnaires of this study were 219 cases, which satisfied the minimum requirement of the sample size of 200 people for structural equation modelling (McDonald and Ho 2002).”
From The Relationship Between Knowledge, Psychological Flexibility, Anxiety and Healthy Behaviour in Stroke Patients: A Chain Mediation Model. (2026) · cites this paper as McDonald and Ho 2002
In the citing paper
“Good model fit is indicated by χ ²/df below three, CFI and NNFI values greater than .90, and RMSEA and SRMR below .08 (Hu and Bentler 1999; McDonald and Ho 2002).”
From Awareness Versus Un-Clinging: Which Matters in Mindfulness? (2017) · cites this paper as McDonald and Ho 2002
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“Alternate structural model McDonald and Ho (2002) state that “for any set of multivariate data there will almost always be more than one plausible structural model.”
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“Significant differences in chi-square values indicate differences between models compared (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
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“The Satorra-Bentler scaled maximum likelihood procedure was applied to ameliorate reliance on multivariate normality (Fouladi, 2000; McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
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“Overall, the indices point toward good model fit using accepted criteria (Kline, 2005; McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
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“2, in which all latent constructs were allowed to correlate), partitioning the goodness of fit associated with the (a) underlying path and (b) underlying measurement components of the models as recommended by McDonald and Ho (2002).”
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“It should be acknowledged that McDonald and Ho (2002) made a similar suggestion, but not”
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“…models to avoid confirmation bias that can occur when testing only one model has been emphasized in the literature (MacCallum & Austin, 2000; McDonald & Ho, 2002); however, the present study entailed cross-sectional data that would not allow for rigorous inferences regarding causal or…”
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Lin, L.-C., Huang, P., & Weng, L. (2017) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2017.1363652 · Cited by 146
“McDonald and Ho (2002) and McDonald (2010) advocated the separate assessment of measurement models and path models to prevent the mis fi t of a path model to be concealed by a good fi t of a measurement model.”
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“Both CFA and correlations contribute to testing of discriminant validity, assessing to which degree there is a satisfactory overlap between concepts (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
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“05 indicate a good fit (Browne and Cudeck 1993; McDonald and Ho 2002).”
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“Despite valid parameter estimates with non-normally distributed data (McDonald and Ho, 2002) square-root transformations of the non-normally distributed items of the SES Medication Adherence subscale and the BARS were undertaken.”
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“As generally recommended, multiple goodness-of-fi t indices were considered to examine how well the theoretical model fi tted the empirical data (Hu and Bentler 1999; McDonald and Ho 2002): AGFI should be 0.95, PClose 0.50, CFI 0.90, RMR 0.08, and RMSEA 0.05.”
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“However, the sample size can affect the value of χ 2 , and thus, a large sample size could have made this test an inadequate measure of the model’s fitness (McDonald & Ho, 2002 ).”
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“Many researchers have divided the value of χ2 by degrees of freedom to adjust for sample sizes (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
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“Models were estimated only when it was likely that the measurement and path models were identified using procedures recommended by McDonald and Ho (2002). Next, mediating effects of perceived threat and self-blame were examined.”
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“A survey by McDonald and Ho (2002) showed that RMSEA and SRMR are among the most frequently reported absolute fit indices while CFI is the most frequently reported relative fit index.”
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“The initial model exhibited good model fit to the data (Hu & Bentler, 1999; McDonald & Ho, 2002) with an RMSEA of .04 (90% confidence interval = .034–.038) and CFI of .98, suggesting that – once the unique perspectives of each informant and variance unique to each individual symptom domain are…”
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“Identifiability also depends on justifying each directed path in the model as a causal relationship (Bollen & Pearl, 2013; Kline, 2010; McDonald & Ho, 2002) and explaining omitted paths.”
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“When suggested by modification indices, and with conceptual justification, error terms were correlated to enhance model fit (Keith, 2006; McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
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“The OCB measure, χ2 (62, N = 193) = 155.45, p .001, TLI = .91, CFI = .93, RMSEA = .09, and ASQ, χ2 (260, N = 193) = 584.35, p .001, TLI = .92, CFI = .93, RMSEA = .08, demonstrated acceptable fit with all regression weights significant (p .001) for both models.”
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“As recommended by McDonald and Ho (2002), overall model fit was tested by considering together the comparative fit index (CFI), the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) and the chisquare statistic.”
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“First, the conventional approach has been inadequately formalized and frequently abused (Freedman, 1987; McDonald & Ho, 2002), and the graphical framework supplies a necessary remedy for these shortcomings.”
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“McDonald and Ho (2002) argued that the presence of excessive skewness and/or kurtosis in the data could give biased standard errors and incorrect test statistics.”
BackgroundCoping With Customer Complaints
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“…of global fit indices were used, including traditional model fit indices conforming to the following statistical criteria (Hu & Bentler, 1999; McDonald & Ho, 2002) for the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA < 0.08), for the Test of Close Fit (p > .05), the Comparative Fit Index…”
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Reciprocal associations between young children's developing moral judgments and theory of mind.
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“Model fit was evaluated using three recommended fit indices (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
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“Fit indices measure how well the proposed model fits the data (McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
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“In their paper on reporting SEM results, McDonald and Ho (2002) suggest that in interpreting SEM results, fit indices should not be emphasized too strongly.”
Backgroundand the BELLA study group, Rothenberger, A., Becker, A., Erhart, M., Wille, N., & Ravens‐Sieberer, U. (2008) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-008-1011-2 · Cited by 115
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Analyzing customer satisfaction: users perspective towards online shopping
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Hertel, G., Konradt, U., & Voss, K. (2006) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320600908187 · Cited by 128
“The comparative fit index (CFI ¼ .87) and the Tucker-Lewis Index (.85) of the 10-factor model just missed the conventional cutoff ( 4 .9, e.g., McDonald & Ho, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStructural Equation Modeling in Rehabilitation Counseling Research
Chan, F., Lee, G. K., Lee, E., Kubota, C., & Allen, C. A. (2007) · Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin · doi:10.1177/00343552070510010701 · Cited by 117
“We endorse several recommendations for the reporting of SEM results, and along with others (e.g., McDonald & Ho, 2002 ), we assert no special authority to provide a code of practice.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIntroduction to Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling
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“Next, we tested the structural model to examine the hypothesized relationships between the model variables (McDonald & Ho, 2002; Mueller & Hancock, 2008).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Ho, Moon-Ho Ringo
- Venue
- Psychological Methods
- Published
- 2002
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 64-82
- ISSN
- 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1463
- OpenAlex
- W2134368355
- Cited by
- 4,734
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 176 · 2025: 300 · 2024: 313 · 2023: 336 · 2022: 348 · 2021: 323 · 2020: 327 · 2019: 289 · 2018: 236 · 2017: 236 · 2016: 206 · 2015: 202 · 2014: 198 · 2013: 208 · 2012: 185
- FWCI
- 58.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Keywords
- structural equation modeling, reporting guidelines, model justification, model identifiability, non-normality, missing data, goodness-of-fit indices, standard errors, correlation matrix, model mismatch, critical appraisal
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Models, Psychological, Research Design, Linear Models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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