CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 244Nursing care and researchIntergenerational Family Dynamics and CaregivingAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

Interpersonal effects of suffering in older adult caregiving relationships.

Open access
Monin, Joan K., Schulz, Richard·2009·Psychology and Aging
DOI 10.1037/a0016355PMC PMC2765123
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Examining the interpersonal effects of suffering in the context of family caregiving is an important step to a broader understanding of how exposure to suffering affects humans. In this review article, the authors first describe existing evidence that being exposed to the suffering of a care recipient (conceptualized as psychological distress, physical symptoms, and existential/spiritual distress) directly influences caregivers' emotional experiences. Drawing from past theory and research, the authors propose that caregivers experience similar, complementary, and/or defensive emotions in response to care recipient suffering through mechanisms such as cognitive empathy, mimicry, and conditioned learning, placing caregivers at risk for psychological and physical morbidity. The authors then describe how gender, relationship closeness, caregiving efficacy, and individual differences in emotion regulation moderate these processes. Finally, the authors provide directions for future research to deepen understanding of interpersonal phenomena among older adults, and they discuss implications for clinical interventions to alleviate the suffering of both caregivers and care recipients.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/a0016355

Cites

33 of 33 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 126

  1. Aarsland D Larsen JP Lim NG Tandberg E Mental symptoms in Parkinson’s disease are important contributors to caregiver distress International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1999 14 866 874 10521886
  2. Adelmann PK Zajonc RB Facial efference and the experience of emotion Annual Review of Psychology 1989 40 249 280 2648977
  3. Ahern DK Adams AE Follick MJ Emotional and marital disturbance in spouses of chronic low back pain patients The Clinical Journal of Pain 1985 1 69 74
  4. Aminoff BZ Adunsky A Measuring the suffering of end-stage dementia: Reliability and validity of the Mini-Suffering State Examination Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2004 38 2 123 130 14698490
  5. Aronfreed J Macauly J Berkowitz L The socialization of altruistic and sympathetic behavior: Some theoretical and experimental analyses Altruism and helping behavior 1970 New York Academic Press 103 126
  6. Bambauer KZ Zhang B Maciejewski PK Sahay N Pirl WE Block SD Mutuality and specificity of mental disorders in advanced cancer patients and caregivers Social Psychiatry and Epidemiology 2006 41 819 824 PMC2504328 16865636
  7. Bandura A Rosenthal TL Vicarious classical conditioning as a function of arousal level Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1966 3 54 62 5902077
  8. Beach SR Schulz R Yee JL Jackson S Negative and positive health effects of caring for a disabled spouse: Longitudinal findings from the Caregiver Health Effects Study Psychology and Aging 2000 15 259 271 10879581
  9. Beck AT Rial WY Rickets K Short form of Depression Inventory: Cross-validation Psychological Reports 1974 34 1184 1186 4424377
  10. Berger SM Conditioning through vicarious instigation Psychological Review 1962 69 450 466 13867454
  11. Black HK Rubinstein RL Themes of suffering in later life Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 2004 59B 1 S17 S24 14722340
  12. Black HK Rubinstein RL The effect of suffering on generativity: Accounts of elderly African American men Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 2009 64 2 296 303 PMC2905130 19182225
  13. Block AR Investigation of the response of the spouse to chronic pain behavior Psychosomatic Medicine 1981 43 415 422 7313033
  14. Blood GW Simpson KC Dineen M Kauffman SM Raimondi SC Caregivers of individuals with laryngeal cancer: caregiver strain and burden Journal of Communication Disorders 1994 27 19 35 8006204
  15. Bloor LE Uchino BN Hicks A Smith TW Social relationships and physiological function: The effects of recalling social relationships on cardiovascular reactivity Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2004 28 1 29 38 15249257
  16. Bodenmann G Charvoz L Cina A Widmer K Prevention of marital distress by enhancing the coping skills of couples: 1 year follow-up study Swiss Journal of Psychology 2003 60 3 10
  17. Bookwala J Schulz R Spousal similarity in subjective well-being: The Cardiovascular Health Study Psychology and Aging 1996 11 4 582 590 9000291
  18. Bowlby J Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1982/1969 52 4 664 678 7148988
  19. Breitbart W Gibson C Tremblay A The delirium experience: Delirium recall and delirium-related distress in hospitalized patients with cancer, their spouses/caregivers, and their nurses Psychosomatics 2002 43 183 194 12075033
  20. Brown SL Smith DM Schulz R Kabeto MU Ubel PA Poulin M Yee J Kim C Langa KM Caregiving behavior is associated with decreased mortality risk Psychological Science (in press) PMC2865652 19320860
  21. Bruera E Kuehn N Miller MJ Selmser P Macmillan K The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS): A simple method for the assessment of palliative care patients Journal of Palliative Care 1991 1 6 9 1714502
  22. Burton L Zdaniuk B Schulz R Jackson S Hirsch C Transitions in spousal caregiving The Gerontologist 2003 43 230 241 12677080
  23. Carey PJ Oberst MT McCubbin MA Hughes SH Appraisal and caregiving burden in family members caring for patients receiving chemotherapy Oncology Nursing Forum 1991 18 1341 1348 1762974
  24. Carr L Iacoboni M Dubeau MC Mazziotta JC Lenzi GL Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: a relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas Proceedings from the National Academy of Science, U. S. A 2003 100 5497 5502 PMC154373 12682281
  25. Carstensen LL Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: support for socioemotional selectivity theory Psychology and Aging 1992 7 331 338 1388852
  26. Cassell EJ The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine New England Journal of Medicine 1982 306 639 645 7057823
  27. Cassell EJ The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine 2004 2nd ed. New York Oxford University Press
  28. Cherny N The problem of inadequately relieved suffering Journal of Social Issues 1996 52 13 30 15154422
  29. Clark MS Finkel EJ Tiedens LZ Leach CW Does expressing emotion promote well-being? It depends on relationship context The social life of emotions 2004 Cambridge University Press 105 128
  30. Copp LA The nature and prevention of suffering Journal of Professional Nursing 1990 6 247 249 2229712
  31. Craig KD Lowery HJ Heart-rate components of conditioned vicarious autonomic responses Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1969 11 381 387 5787026
  32. Craig D Mirakhur A Hart DJ McIlroy SP Passmore AP A cross-sectional study of neuropsychiatric symptoms in 435 patients with Alzheimer’s disease American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2005 13 460 468 15956265
  33. Craig KD Weinstein MS Conditioning vicarious affective arousal Psychological Reports 1965 17 955 963 5854280
  34. Craig KD Wood K Physiological differentiation of direct and vicarious affective arousal Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science 1970 1 98 105
  35. Croog SH Burleson JA Sudilovsky A Baume RM Spouse caregivers of Alzheimer patients: Problem responses to caregiver burden Aging & Mental Health 2006 10 87 100 16517483
  36. Danielson CB Hamel-Bissell B Winstead-Fry P Families, health, and illness 1992 St. Louis, MO Mosby
  37. Dar R Beach CM Barden PL Cleeland CS Cancer pain in the marital system: A study of patients and their spouses Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1992 7 87 93 1573290
  38. Doherty RW Orimoto L Singelis TM Hebb J Hatfield E Emotional contagion: Gender and occupational differences Women's Psychology Quarterly 1995 18 355 371
  39. Drinka TJK Smith JC Drinka PJ Correlates of depression and burden for informal caregivers of patients in a geriatrics referral clinic Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1987 35 522 525 3553288
  40. Druley JA Stephens MA Martire LM Ennis N Wojno WC Emotional congruence in older couples coping with wives' osteoarthritis: Exacerbating effects of pain behavior Psychology and Aging 2003 18 3 406 414 14518804
  41. Eisenberg N Fabes RA Schaller M Miller P Carlo G Poulin R Shea C Shell R Personality and socialization correlates of vicarious emotional responding Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1991 61 459 470 1941517
  42. Eisenberg N Lennon R Sex differences in empathy and related capacities Psychological Bulletin 1983 94 100 131
  43. Eisenberg N Fabes RA Miller PA Fultz J Shell R Mathy RM Reno RR Relation of sympathy and personal distress to prosocial behavior: A multimethod study Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1989 57 55 66 2754604
  44. Ferrell B Coyle N The nature of suffering and the goals of nursing 2008 New York Oxford University Press 18321836
  45. Figved N Kjell-Morten M Larsen J Aarsland D Caregiver burden in multiple sclerosis: The impact of neuropsychiatric symptoms Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2007 78 1097 1102 PMC2117557 17237144
  46. Frijda NH The laws of emotion American Psychologist 1988 43 349 358 3389582
  47. Gallagher TJ Wagenfeld MO Baro F Haepers K Sense of coherence, coping and caregiver role overload Social Science & Medicine 1994 39 1615 1622 7846558
  48. Gallese V Fadiga L Fogassi L Rizzolatti G Action recognition in the premotor cortex Brain 1996 119 593 609 8800951
  49. Gekoski WL Knox VJ Ageism or healthism? Journal of Aging and Health 1990 2 1 15 27
  50. Given CW Stommel M Given B Osuch J Kurtz ME Kurtz JC The influence of cancer patients’ symptoms and functional states on patients’ depression and family caregivers’ reaction and depression Health Psychology 1993 12 277 285 8404801
  51. Goodman CR Shippy RA Is it contagious? Affect similarity among spouses Aging and Mental Health 2002 6 3 266 274 12217095
  52. Graham SM Huang J Clark MS Helgeson VS The positives of negative emotion: Willingness to express negative emotions promotes relationships Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2008 34 394 406 18272807
  53. Hagedoorn M Sanderman R Buunk BP Wobbes T Failing in spousal caregiving: The ‘identity-relevant stress’ hypothesis to explain sex differences in caregiver distress British Journal of Health Psychology 2002 7 481 494 12614498
  54. Hall JA Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues Psychological Bulletin 1978 85 845 857
  55. Hall JA Nonverbal sex differences: communication accuracy and expressive style 1984 Baltimore Johns Hopkins Press
  56. Hatfield E Cacioppo J Rapson RL Emotional Contagion 1994 New York Cambridge University Press
  57. Hatfield E Rapson RL Le YL Decety J Ickes W Emotional contagion and empathy The social neuroscience of empathy 2008 Boston, MA MIT Press 28 51
  58. Haviland JM Malatesta CZ Mayo C Henley NM The development of sex differences in nonverbal signals: Fallacies, facts, and fantasies Gender and nonverbal behavior 1981 New York Springer-Verlag 183 208
  59. Heath C Pain talk: the expression of suffering in medical consultation Social Psychological Quarterly 1989 52 113 125
  60. Heckhausen J Schulz R Optimization by selection and compensation: Balancing primary and secondary control in life-span development International Journal of Behavioral Development 1993 16 287 303
  61. Hittelman JH Dickes R Sex differences in neonatal eye contact time Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 1979 25 171 184
  62. Hooker K Possible selves and perceived health in older adults and college students Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 1992 47 85 95 1538073
  63. Kaufer DI Cummings JL Christine D Bray T Castellon S Masterman Assessing the impact of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: the neuropsychiatric inventory caregiver distress scale Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1998 46 210 215 9475452
  64. Keefe FJ Caldwell DS Baucom D Salley A Robinson E Timmons K Spouse-assisted coping skills training in the management of osteoarthritic knee pain Arthritis Care and Research 1996 9 279 291 8997917
  65. Keefe FJ Caldwell DS Baucom D Salley A Robinson E Timmons K Spouse-assisted coping skills training in the management of knee pain in osteoarthritis: Long-term followup results Arthritis Care and Research 1999 12 101 111 10513498
  66. Kerns RD Turk DC Depression and chronic pain: The mediating role of the spouse Journal of Marriage and the Family 1984 46 845 852
  67. Kleinman A The illness narratives: Suffering, healing, and the human condition 1988 New York Basic Books 28952997
  68. Klinnert MD Campos JJ Sorce JF Emde RN Svejda M Plutchik R Kellerman H Emotions as behavior regulators: social referencing in infancy Emotion: Theory, research and experience 1983 Vol. 2 New York Academic Press
  69. Kornblith AB Herr HW Ofman US Scher HI Holland JC Quality of life of patients with prostate cancer and their spouses: the values of a data base in clinical care Cancer 1994 73 2791 2802 8194021
  70. Kotre J Outliving the self: How we live on in future generations 1984 Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press
  71. Kurtz ME Kurtz JC Given CW Given B Relationship of caregiver reactions and depression to cancer patients’ symptoms, functional states and depression- a longitudinal view Social Science Medicine 1995 40 837 846 7747219
  72. Kurtz ME Kurtz JC Given CC Given B Concordance of cancer patient and caregiver symptom reports Cancer Practice 1997 4 185 190 8900759
  73. Laird JD Self-attribution of emotion: The effects of expressive behavior on the quality of emotional experience Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1974 33 475 486 4818323
  74. Langford DJ Crager SE Shehzad Z Smith SB Sotocinal SG Levenstadt JS Chanda ML Levitin DJ Mogil JS Social modulation of pain as evidence for empathy in mice Science 2006 312 1967 1970 16809545
  75. Lanzetta JT Cartwright-Smith J Kleck RE Effects of nonverbal dissimulation on emotional experience and autonomic arousal Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1976 33 354 370 1271216
  76. Lerner MJ The belief in a just world: a fundamental delusion 1980 New York Plenum Press
  77. Lerner MJ Simmons CH Observer’s reaction to the “innocent victim”: Compassion or rejection? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1966 4 203 210 5969146
  78. Levenson RW Ekman P Friesen WV Voluntary facial action generates emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity Psychophysiology 1990 27 363 384 2236440
  79. Lutzky SM Knight BG Explaining gender differences in caregiver distress: The roles of emotional attentiveness and coping styles Psychology and Aging 1994 9 4 513 519 7893422
  80. Martire LM Lustig AP Schulz R Miller GE Helgeson VS Is it beneficial to involve a family member? A meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions for chronic illness Health Psychology 2004 23 599 611 15546228
  81. Martire LM Keefe FJ Schulz R Ready R Beach SR Rudy TE Starz TW Older spouses’ perceptions of partners’ chronic arthritis pain: Implications for spousal responses, support provision, and caregiving experiences Psychology and Aging 2006 21 222 230 16768570
  82. Matthews BA Baker F Spillers RL Family caregivers and indicators of cancer-related distress Psychology, Health & Medicine 2003 8 45 56 21888488
  83. Mendes de Leon CF Kasl SV Jacobs S A prospective study of widowhood and changes in symptoms of depression in a community sample of the elderly Psychological Medicine 1994 24 613 624 7991743
  84. Monin JK Martire LM Schulz R Clark MS Willingness to express emotion to older adult caregiving spouses Emotion 2009 9 1 101 106 19186921 PMC2791507
  85. Nealy JB Smith TW Uchino BN Cardiovascular responses to agency and communion stressors in young women Journal of Research in Personality 2002 36 395 418
  86. Nezu AM Nezu CM Perri MG Problem solving therapy for depression: Theory, research, and clinical guideline 1989 New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc
  87. Niedenthal PM Embodying emotion Science 2007 316 5827 1002 1005 17510358
  88. Northouse LL Dorris G Charron-Moore C Factors affecting couples’ adjustment to recurrent breast cancer Social Science and Medicine 1995 41 69 76 7667674
  89. Northouse L Templin T Mood D Couples’ adjustment to breast disease during the first year following diagnosis Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2001 24 115 136 11392915
  90. Omdahl BL O’Donnel C Emotional contagion, empathic concern and communicative responsiveness as variables affecting nurses’ stress and occupational commitment Journal of Advanced Nursing 1999 29 1351 1359 10354229
  91. Pinquart M Sörensen S Predictors of caregiver burden and depressive mood: A meta-analysis Journal of Gerontology, Psychological Sciences 2003a 58 112 128 12646594
  92. Prigerson HG Shear MK Jacobs SC Reynolds CF Maciejewski PK Pilkonis PA British Journal of Psychiatry 1999 174 67 73 10211154
  93. Redinbaugh EM Baum A DeMoss C Fello M Arnold R Factors associated with the accuracy of family caregiver estimates of patient pain Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2002 23 31 38 11779666
  94. Revenson TA Majerovitz SD Spouses' support provision to chronically iIll patients Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 1990 7 575 586
  95. Rholes WS Simpson JA Orina MM Attachment and anger in an anxiety-provoking situation Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1999 76 6 940 957 10402680
  96. Riley-Doucet C Beliefs about the controllability of pain: Congruence between older adults with cancer and their family caregivers Journal of Family Nursing 2005 11 225 241 16287826
  97. Rizzolatti G Fogassi L Gallese V Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action Nature Review of Neuroscience 2001 2 661 670 11533734
  98. Rizzolatti G Fadiga L Gallese V Fogassi L Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions Cognitive Brain Research 1996 3 131 141 8713554
  99. Robles TF Kiecolt-Glaser JK The physiology of marriage: Pathways to health Physiology & Behavior 2003 79 409 416 12954435
  100. Schulz R Beach SR Lind B Martire LM Zdaniuk B Hirsch C Involvement in caregiving and adjustment to death of a spouse The Journal of the American Medical Association 2001 285 3123 3129 11427141
  101. Schulz R Beach SR Hebert RS Martire LM Monin JK Thompkins CA Albert S Spousal suffering and partner depression and cardiovascular disease: The cardiovascular health study American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2009 17 3 246 254 19454851 PMC2697395
  102. Schulz R Belle SH Czaja SJ McGinnis KA Stevens A Shang S Long-term care placement of dementia patients and caregiver health and well-being The Journal of the American Medical Association 2004 292 961 967 15328328
  103. Schulz R Heckhausen J A life span model of successful aging American Psychologist 1996 51 7 702 714 8694390
  104. Schulz R Mendelsohn AB Haley WE Mahoney D Allen RS Zhang S End-of-life care and the effects of bereavement on family caregivers of persons with dementia New England Journal of Medicine 2003 349 1936 1942 14614169
  105. Schulz R O’Brien AT Bookwala J Fleissner K Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of dementia caregiving: Prevalence, correlates, and causes The Gerontologist 1995 35 6 771 791 8557205
  106. Schwartz L Slater MA Birchler GR Atkinsons H Depression in spouses of chronic pain patients: The role of patient pain and anger and marital satisfaction Pain 1991 44 61 67 2038490
  107. Soskolne V KaplanDe-Nour A The psychosocial adjustment of patients and spouses to dialysis treatment Social Science Medicine 1989 29 497 502 2756436
  108. Spielberger CD Gorsuch RL Lushene R Vagg PR Jacobs GA Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y) 1983 Palo Alto, CA Consulting Psychologists Press
  109. Stotland E Berkowitz L Exploratory investigations of empathy Advances in experimental social psychology 1969 Vol. 4 New York Academic Press 1969
  110. Strack F Martin LL Stepper S Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1988 54 768 777 3379579
  111. Teri L Truax P Logsdon R Assessment of behavioral problems in dementia: The Revised Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist Psychology and Aging 1992 7 622 631 1466831
  112. The Canadian Study of Health and Aging Working Group Patterns and health effects of caring for people with dementia: The impact of changing cognitive and residential status Gerontologist 2002 42 643 652 12351799
  113. Tomkins SS Affect, imagery, consciousness: The positive affects 1962, 1963 Vol. 1 New York Springer
  114. Tomkins SS Ekman E Affect theory Emotion in the human face 1984 2nd ed. New York Cambridge University Press 353 395
  115. Tower RB Kasl SV Depressive symptoms across older spouses and the moderating effect of marital closeness Psychology and Aging 1995 10 625 638 8749590
  116. Tower RB Kasl SV Depressive symptoms across older spouses: longitudinal influences Psychology and Aging 1996 11 683 697 9000299
  117. Vitaliano PP Russo J Bailey S Young H McCann B Psychosocial factors associated with cardiovascular reactivity in older adults Psychosomatic Medicine 1993 55 164 177 8475231
  118. Wagner AW Logsdon RG Pearson JL Caregiver expressed emotion and depression in Alzheimer’s disease Aging and Mental Health 1997 1 2 132 139
  119. White RW Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence Psychological Review 1959 66 297 333 13844397
  120. Wiesenfeld AR Whitman PB Malatesta CZ Individual differences among adult women in sensitivity to infants: evidence in support of an empathy concept Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1984 46 118 124 6694055
  121. Wilson KG Graham ID Viola RA Chater S de Faye BJ Weaver LA Structured interview assessment of symptoms and concerns in palliative care Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2004 49 350 358 15283529
  122. Yeager KA Miaskowski C Dibble SL Wallhagen M Differences in pain knowledge and perception of the pain experience between outpatients with cancer and their family caregivers Oncology Nursing Forum 1995 22 1235 1241 8532548
  123. Yeatman R Bennets K Allen N Ames D Flicker L Waltrowicz W Is caring for elderly relatives with depression as stressful as caring for those with dementia? A pilot study in Melbourne International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1992 8 339 342
  124. Yee JL Schulz R Gender differences in psychiatric morbidity among family caregivers The Gerontologist 2000 40 147 164 10820918
  125. Zarit SH Whitlatch CJ Institutional placement: Phases of the transition The Gerontologist 1992 32 665 672 1427279
  126. Zeiss A Gallagher-Thompson D Lovett S Rose J McKibbin C Self-efficacy as mediator of caregiver coping: developing and testing an assessment model Journal of Clinical Geropsychology 1999 5 221 230

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Monin, J. K., & Schulz, R.
Affiliations
University of Pittsburgh (US)
ORCID
Venue
Psychology and Aging
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2009-09
Volume
24
Issue
3
Pages
681-695
ISSN
  • 0882-7974 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1498
DOI
10.1037/a0016355
PMC
PMC2765123
OpenAlex
W2054383905
Cited by
244
References
33
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 12
FWCI
22.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Psychology and Aging (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • Alzheimer’s Association
  • National Institute of Nursing Research (NR08272; NR0009573)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH071944)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL076852; HL076858)
  • National Science Foundation (EEEC-0540865)
  • National Institute on Aging (F32 AG031635-01A2)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Nursing care and research
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords
family caregiving, older adults, caregiver suffering, caregiver emotional experience, psychological distress, somatic symptoms, existential suffering, spiritual distress, cognitive empathy, mimicry, conditioned learning, gender differences, relationship closeness, emotion regulation, caregiver interventions
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aging, Arousal, Conditioning, Psychological, Defense Mechanisms, Depression, Emotions, Empathy, Female, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Pain, Sex Factors, Sick Role, Caregivers, Cost of Illness, Family Conflict

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review