Cited by 6,618Decision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsPsychological and Temporal Perspectives ResearchLanguage, Metaphor, and Cognition

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Construal-level theory of psychological distance.

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Trope, Yaacov, Liberman, Nira·2010·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/a0018963PMC PMC3152826

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Abstract

People are capable of thinking about the future, the past, remote locations, another person's perspective, and counterfactual alternatives. Without denying the uniqueness of each process, it is proposed that they constitute different forms of traversing psychological distance. Psychological distance is egocentric: Its reference point is the self in the here and now, and the different ways in which an object might be removed from that point-in time, in space, in social distance, and in hypotheticality-constitute different distance dimensions. Transcending the self in the here and now entails mental construal, and the farther removed an object is from direct experience, the higher (more abstract) the level of construal of that object. Supporting this analysis, research shows (a) that the various distances are cognitively related to each other, (b) that they similarly influence and are influenced by level of mental construal, and (c) that they similarly affect prediction, preference, and action.

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Authors: Trope, Y., & Liberman, N.
Affiliations: Tel Aviv University (IL)
ORCID: Liberman, Nira
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2010
Volume: 117
Issue: 2
Pages: 440-463
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/a0018963
PMC: PMC3152826
OpenAlex: W2089457241
Cited by: 6,618
References: 195
Citations by year: 2026: 736 · 2025: 727 · 2024: 592 · 2023: 569 · 2022: 553 · 2021: 511 · 2020: 474 · 2019: 540 · 2018: 370 · 2017: 326 · 2016: 290 · 2015: 267 · 2014: 224 · 2013: 191 · 2012: 143
FWCI: 98.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2010-07-26)
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (59030-06A1)
Israeli Science Fund (1346/04)
Binational Science Fund (2007247)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research
Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Language, Metaphor, and Cognition
Keywords: construal level theory, psychological distance, mental construal, time distance, spatial distance, social distance, hypotheticality, counterfactual reasoning, prediction, preferences, action
MeSH terms: Distance Perception, Humans, Psychological Theory, Psychophysics, Psychological Distance, Space Perception, Visual Perception, Vocabulary

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Construal-level theory of psychological distance.

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