Cited by 112Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentStress Responses and Cortisol

Elevated responding to safe conditions as a specific risk factor for anxiety versus depressive disorders: evidence from a longitudinal investigation

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Craske, Michelle G., Wolitzky-Taylor, Kate B., Mineka, Susan, Zinbarg, Richard, Waters, Allison M., Vrshek-Schallhorn, Suzanne, Epstein, Alyssa, Naliboff, Bruce +1 more·2012·Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Abstract

The current study evaluated the degree to which startle reflexes (SRs) in safe conditions versus danger conditions were predictive of the onset of anxiety disorders. Specificity of these effects to anxiety disorders was evaluated in comparison to unipolar depressive disorders and with consideration of level of neuroticism. A startle paradigm was administered at baseline to 132 nondisordered adolescents as part of a longitudinal study examining risk factors for emotional disorders. Participants underwent a repetition of eight safe-danger sequences and were told that delivery of an aversive stimulus leading to a muscle contraction of the arm would occur only in the late part of danger conditions. One aversive stimulus occurred midway in the safe-danger sequences. Participants were assessed for the onset of anxiety and unipolar depressive disorders annually over the next 3 to 4 years. Larger SR magnitude during safe conditions following delivery of the aversive stimulus predicted the subsequent first onset of anxiety disorders. Moreover, prediction of the onset of anxiety disorders remained significant above and beyond the effects of comorbid unipolar depression, neuroticism, and subjective ratings of intensity of the aversive stimulus. In sum, elevated responding to safe conditions following an aversive stimulus appears to be a specific, prospective risk factor for the first onset of anxiety disorders.

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  • Sensitivity to neutral or safe stimuli has been suggested to reflect an inability to appropriately inhibit aversive responding in situations involving both threatening and non-threatening (safety) stimuli, which may have played a role in this study.

    “Such findings of sensitivity to neutral or safe stimuli have been suggested to reflect an inability to appropriately inhibit aversive responding in situations involving both threatening and non-threatening (safety) stimuli (Craske et al., 2012), which may have played a role in this study.”

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Authors
Craske, M. G., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R., Waters, A. M., Vrshek-Schallhorn, S., Epstein, A., Naliboff, B., & Ornitz, E.
Affiliations
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
  • Northwestern University (US)
Venue
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Published
2012-05
Volume
121
Issue
2
Pages
315-324
ISSN
  • 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1846
OpenAlex
W1990233273
Cited by
112
References
52
Citations by year
2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
FWCI
7.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Mental Health (Grants R01 MH65651 and R01MH65652)
  • Virginia Friedhofer Charitable Trust
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords
startle response, anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, neuroticism, risk factors, adolescents, onset prediction, aversive stimuli, emotional disorders, comorbidities
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Electromyography, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Muscle Contraction, Neurotic Disorders, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Safety, Reflex, Startle

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