Elevated responding to safe conditions as a specific risk factor for anxiety versus depressive disorders: evidence from a longitudinal investigation
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The current study evaluated the degree to which startle reflexes (SRs) in safe conditions versus danger conditions were predictive of the onset of anxiety disorders. Specificity of these effects to anxiety disorders was evaluated in comparison to unipolar depressive disorders and with consideration of level of neuroticism. A startle paradigm was administered at baseline to 132 nondisordered adolescents as part of a longitudinal study examining risk factors for emotional disorders. Participants underwent a repetition of eight safe-danger sequences and were told that delivery of an aversive stimulus leading to a muscle contraction of the arm would occur only in the late part of danger conditions. One aversive stimulus occurred midway in the safe-danger sequences. Participants were assessed for the onset of anxiety and unipolar depressive disorders annually over the next 3 to 4 years. Larger SR magnitude during safe conditions following delivery of the aversive stimulus predicted the subsequent first onset of anxiety disorders. Moreover, prediction of the onset of anxiety disorders remained significant above and beyond the effects of comorbid unipolar depression, neuroticism, and subjective ratings of intensity of the aversive stimulus. In sum, elevated responding to safe conditions following an aversive stimulus appears to be a specific, prospective risk factor for the first onset of anxiety disorders.
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Sensitivity to neutral or safe stimuli has been suggested to reflect an inability to appropriately inhibit aversive responding in situations involving both threatening and non-threatening (safety) stimuli, which may have played a role in this study.
“Such findings of sensitivity to neutral or safe stimuli have been suggested to reflect an inability to appropriately inhibit aversive responding in situations involving both threatening and non-threatening (safety) stimuli (Craske et al., 2012), which may have played a role in this study.”
From Neural responses to social threat and predictors of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Craske et al., 2012
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Honoring the Past, Envisioning the Future: ABCT’s 50th Anniversary Presidential Address
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- Authors
- Craske, M. G., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R., Waters, A. M., Vrshek-Schallhorn, S., Epstein, A., Naliboff, B., & Ornitz, E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 315-324
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- PMC
- PMC3828118
- OpenAlex
- W1990233273
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 7.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (Grants R01 MH65651 and R01MH65652)
- Virginia Friedhofer Charitable Trust
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- startle response, anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, neuroticism, risk factors, adolescents, onset prediction, aversive stimuli, emotional disorders, comorbidities
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Electromyography, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Muscle Contraction, Neurotic Disorders, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Safety, Reflex, Startle
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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