Aversive Learning in Adolescents: Modulation by Amygdala–Prefrontal and Amygdala–Hippocampal Connectivity and Neuroticism
Open accessAbstract
Neuroticism involves a tendency for enhanced emotional and cognitive processing of negative affective stimuli and a propensity to worry and be anxious. It is known that this trait modulates fear learning and the activation of brain regions involved in it such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex and their connectivity. Thirty-nine (21 female) 14-year-old healthy adolescents participated in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of aversive pavlovian differential delay conditioning. An unpleasant sound served as unconditioned stimulus (US) and pictures of neutral male faces as conditioned stimuli (CS+ followed by the US in 50% of the cases; CS- never followed by the US). During acquisition (CS+/- differentiation), higher levels of neuroticism were associated with a stronger interaction between the right amygdala and the right hippocampus as well as the right amygdala and prefrontal cortical regions, specifically ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. The association of stronger conditionability of fear and connectivity of brain regions related to consolidation of fear associations and neuroticism points to underlying mechanisms of the enhanced propensity for anxiety disorders in highly neurotic participants. This is especially important in adolescence, a vulnerable time for the onset of mental disorders such as anxiety disorders.
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Two studies have reported no significant adolescent-related effects in the amygdala or mPFC during extinction learning.
“Two studies have reported no significant adolescent-related effects in the amygdala or mPFC during extinction learning11,14.”
From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
The difference in findings between the current study and previous studies may be due to the age range used.
“The difference in findings between the studies may be due to the age range used. In the current study the age ranged between 13–28 years, whilst in the previous studies the age range was truncated, as the adolescents were 14 years old14 or between 14–16 years old11.”
From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
A few fMRI studies did not observe significant age-related effects during threat extinction learning.
“Notably, a few fMRI studies did not observe significant age-related effects during threat extinction learning11,14.”
From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
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“is explicitly not paired with the US) [36,40,55-68].”
Prefrontal-Amygdala Connectivity and State Anxiety during Fear Extinction Recall in Adolescents
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- Authors
- IMAGEN consortium, Tzschoppe, J., Nees, F., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G. J., Büchel, C., Conrod, P. J., Garavan, H., Heinz, A., Loth, E., Mann, K., Martinot, J.-L., Smolka, M. N., Gallinat, J., Ströhle, A., Struve, M., Rietschel, M., Schumann, G., & Flor, H.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- King's College London (GB)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Stiftung Charité (DE)
- Université Paris-Sud (FR)
- Neuroimaging Center (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Flor, Herta
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2013-10-15
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 875-884
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC3924522
- OpenAlex
- W1984432014
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 2.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- European Commission
- Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Servier
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- IXICO
- Cilag
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- aversive learning, fear conditioning, neuroticism, amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala-prefrontal connectivity, adolescents, anxiety disorders, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, fear consolidation
- MeSH terms
- Neuroticism, Adolescent, Amygdala, Anxiety Disorders, Avoidance Learning, Conditioning, Classical, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Oxygen, Personality Inventory, Psychophysics, Prefrontal Cortex
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