Turn down the volume or change the channel? Emotional effects of detached versus positive reappraisal
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive reappraisal, or changing one's interpretation of an event in order to alter the emotional response to it, is thought to be a healthy and an effective emotion regulation strategy. Although researchers recognize several distinct varieties of reappraisal, few studies have explicitly compared the effects of multiple reappraisal strategies on emotional responding. The present study compares the effects of detached and positive reappraisal on thought content, subjective emotional experience, physiological reactivity, and facial expressions of emotion while viewing film clips evoking sadness and disgust. Although both forms of reappraisal reduced overall emotional responding to unpleasant stimuli, the effects of detached reappraisal were stronger in this regard, and positive reappraisal was more likely to maintain subjective experience and facial expression of stimulus-appropriate positive emotions. The two reappraisal strategies also produced somewhat different profiles of physiological responding. Differences between detached and positive reappraisal with respect to subjective experience and facial expression were more pronounced among men than women; the reverse was true for differences with respect to physiological responding. Beyond these effects on individual emotion response systems, detached and positive reappraisal also had somewhat different effects on coherence in change across response systems. Implications for our understanding of emotion regulation processes, and for emotion theory more broadly, are discussed.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Reappraisal decreases the experience of negative emotion and the associated sympathetic response.
“Reappraisal was shown to decrease the experience of negative emotion (e.g., [23,24,25,26,27]) and of the associated sympathetic response (e.g., [24,25,27]).”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that detached reappraisal reduced subjective emotional experience and physiological signs of distress. But the Results > Physiological Reactivity (page unavailable) found no significant overall effect on physiological reactivity: both strategies generally reduced it among men, while positive reappraisal tended to increase cardiac reactivity among women. The unqualified claim that reappraisal decreases the associated sympathetic response overstates these findings. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExperimental evidence indicates that positively reappraising negative events enhances positive affectivity and psychological well-being.
“experimental evidence indicates that positively reappraising negative events enhances positive affectivity and psychological well-being [21,54,55]”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
The Discussion reports that positive reappraisal tended to produce a more positive balance of affect, and the Conclusion says it maintained positive emotions during distressing stimuli. But the study does not demonstrate enhanced psychological well-being; the Conclusion presents that as a possible longer-term benefit, while the well-being associations described in “Detached Versus Positive Reappraisal” come from self-report studies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833 · see citing works
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691 · see citing works
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 · Cited by 11,929 · see citing works
Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,682 · see citing works
The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 · Cited by 9,916 · see citing works
The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 · Cited by 7,143 · see citing works
What good are positive emotions?
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300 · Cited by 6,066 · see citing works
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (2019) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t27734-000 · Cited by 6,019 · see citing works
Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Gross, J. J. (2002) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1017/s0048577201393198 · Cited by 4,890 · see citing works
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.48.1.150 · Cited by 4,845 · see citing works
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.150 · Cited by 4,845 · see citing works
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224 · Cited by 4,671 · see citing works
The cognitive control of emotion
OCHSNER, K., & GROSS, J. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 · Cited by 4,495 · see citing works
Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion.
Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.813 · Cited by 4,068 · see citing works
Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back From Negative Emotional Experiences.
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320 · Cited by 3,947 · see citing works
The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test: The Quest for a New Diagnostic Instrument
Selzer, M. L. (1971) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.127.12.1653 · Cited by 3,485 · see citing works
Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.146 · Cited by 3,325 · see citing works
Lewis, M., & Haviland, J. M. (1993) · Cited by 3,308 · see citing works
Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: a review
Kreibig, S. D. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010 · Cited by 3,188 · see citing works
Rethinking feelings: an fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion
Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902760807212 · Cited by 2,520 · see citing works
Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review
Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018807 · Cited by 2,200 · see citing works
Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Gross, J. J. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.030 · Cited by 2,113 · see citing works
Does positive affect influence health?
Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.925 · Cited by 2,087 · see citing works
The Neural Bases of Emotion Regulation: Reappraisal and Suppression of Negative Emotion
Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. J. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.031 · Cited by 1,886 · see citing works
Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress
Folkman, S. (1997) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00040-3 · Cited by 1,848 · see citing works
Pessoa, L., & Adolphs, R. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2920 · Cited by 1,794 · see citing works
Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion.
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., O'Sullivan, M., Chan, A., Diacoyanni-Tarlatzis, I., Heider, K., Krause, R., LeCompte, W. A., Pitcairn, T., Ricci-Bitti, P. E., et al. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.53.4.712 · Cited by 1,763 · see citing works
Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1061 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
Positive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study.
Danner, D. D., Snowdon, D. A., & Friesen, W. V. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.80.5.804 · Cited by 1,406 · see citing works
The Tie That Binds? Coherence Among Emotion Experience, Behavior, and Physiology.
Mauss, I. B., Levenson, R. W., McCarter, L., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2005) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.2.175 · Cited by 1,201 · see citing works
Self-citationEkman, P., & Oster, H. (1979) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.30.020179.002523 · Cited by 1,197 · see citing works
(1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works
The association of coping to physical and psychological health outcomes: a meta-analytic review.
Penley, J. A., Tomaka, J., & Wiebe, J. S. (2002) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1020641400589 · Cited by 1,019 · see citing works
Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (1998) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00056-0 · Cited by 966 · see citing works
The psychophysiology of emotion.
Larsen, J. T., Berntson, G. G., Poehlmann, K. M., Ito, T. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1993) · Cited by 957 · see citing works
Age differences in stress and coping processes.
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Pimley, S., & Novacek, J. (1987) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.2.2.171 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Quirk, G. J., Likhtik, E., Pelletier, J. G., & Paré, D. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-25-08800.2003 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Emotion Regulation: An fMRI Study of Cognitive Reappraisal
McRae, K., Ochsner, K. N., Mauss, I. B., Gabrieli, J. J. D., & Gross, J. J. (2008) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207088035 · Cited by 910 · see citing works
Beyond simple pessimism: Effects of sadness and anger on social perception.
Keltner, D. J., Ellsworth, P. C., & Edwards, K. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.5.740 · Cited by 894 · see citing works
Short-circuiting of threat by experimentally altering cognitive appraisal.
Lazarus, R. S., & Alfert, E. (1964) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0044635 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Harker, L., & Keltner, D. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.112 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Cognitive and physiological antecedents of threat and challenge appraisal.
Tomaka, J., Blascovich, J., Kibler, J. L., & Ernst, J. M. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.63 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Group Processes and Intergroup Relations
Hendrick, C. (1987) · Cited by 544 · see citing works
The social costs of emotional suppression: a prospective study of the transition to college
Srivastava, S., Tamir, M., McGonigal, K. M., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014755 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Clark, M. S. (1992) · Cited by 441 · see citing works
In search of the "hot" cognitions: Attributions, appraisals, and their relation to emotion.
Smith, C. A., Haynes, K. N., Lazarus, R. S., & Pope, L. K. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.916 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Shiota, M. N., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2009) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0017896 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Self-citationAutonomic specificity of discrete emotion and dimensions of affective space: a multivariate approach
Christie, I. C., & Friedman, B. H. (2004) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2003.08.002 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
All in the mind's eye? Anger rumination and reappraisal
Ray, R. D., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.133 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Cohen, S., Alper, C. M., Doyle, W. J., Treanor, J. J., & Turner, R. B. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000245867.92364.3c · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Feeling good: Autonomic nervous system responding in five positive emotions.
Shiota, M. N., Neufeld, S. L., Yeung, W. H., Moser, S. E., & Perea, E. F. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0024278 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat works in coping with HIV? A meta-analysis with implications for coping with serious illness.
Moskowitz, J. T., Hult, J. R., Bussolari, C. J., & Acree, M. C. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0014210 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Stress, coping, and high-risk sexual behavior.
Folkman, S., Chesney, M. A., Pollack, L. M., & Phillips, C. (1992) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.11.4.218 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Behavioral inhibition and amplification during emotional arousal: a comparison of two age groups
Kunzmann, U., Kupperbusch, C. S., & Levenson, R. W. (2005) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.144 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-citationPositive affect uniquely predicts lower risk of mortality in people with diabetes.
Moskowitz, J. T., Epel, E. S., & Acree, M. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.s73 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
The up- and down-regulation of amusement: Experiential, behavioral, and autonomic consequences.
Giuliani, N. R., Kateri Mcrae, A., & Gross, J. J. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0013236 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
In search of the "hot" cognitions: Attributions, appraisals, and their relation to emotion.
Smith, C. A., Haynes, K. N., Lazarus, R. S., & Pope, L. K. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.65.5.916 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Hypertension in Older Adults and the Role of Positive Emotions
Ostir, G. V., Berges, I. M., Markides, K. S., & Ottenbacher, K. J. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000234028.93346.38 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Shiota, M. N. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.335 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationSolomon, G. F., Segerstrom, S. C., Grohr, P., Kemeny, M. E., & Fahey, J. L. (1997) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199703000-00002 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Perspective-Taking Humor: Accounting for Stress Moderation
Lefcourt, H. M., Davidson, K. W., Shepherd, R., Phillips, M., Prkachin, K., & Mills, D. E. (1995) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1995.14.4.373 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Psychophysiological effects of emotional responding to goal attainment
Kreibig, S. D., Gendolla, G. H. E., & Scherer, K. R. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.11.004 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Ekman P Friesen WV Facial action coding system 1978 Consulting Psychologists Press Palo Alto, California
- Eschenbeck H Kohlmann C-W Lohaus A Gender differences in coping strategies in children and adolescents Journal of Individual Differences 2007 28 1 18 26
- Richards JM Gross JJ Composure at any cost? The cognitive consequences of emotion suppression Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1999 25 8 1033 1044
- Richards JM Gross JJ Personality and emotional memory: How regulating emotion impairs memory for emotional events Journal of Research in Personality 2006 40 5 631 651
- Scherer KR The role of culture in emotion-antecedent appraisal Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1997 73 5 902 922
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emotion regulation: current status and future prospects
Gross, J. J. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2014.940781 · Cited by 5,229 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Farb, N. A., R. Goldin, P., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.1064294 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Get excited: reappraising pre-performance anxiety as excitement.
Brooks, A. W. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0035325 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Cognitive reappraisal and acceptance: Effects on emotion, physiology, and perceived cognitive costs.
Troy, A. S., Shallcross, A. J., Brunner, A., Friedman, R., & Jones, M. C. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000371 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Emotion regulation in teachers: The “why” and “how”
Taxer, J. L., & Gross, J. J. (2018) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2018.05.008 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Kross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2017) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.002 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
D’Avanzato, C., Joormann, J., Siemer, M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9537-0 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Cognitive emotion regulation: a review of theory and scientific findings
Kateri Mcrae, A. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.06.004 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187727 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic
Wang, K., Goldenberg, A., Dorison, C. A., Miller, J. K., Uusberg, A., Lerner, J. S., Gross, J. J., Agesin, B. E., Bernardo, M., Campos, O., et al. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01173-x · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Empathy and emotion regulation: An integrative account
Thompson, N. M., Uusberg, A., Gross, J. J., & Chakrabarti, B. (2019) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.024 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
This too shall pass: Temporal distance and the regulation of emotional distress.
Bruehlman-Senecal, E., & Ayduk, Ö. N. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038324 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Focusing on appraisals: How and why anger and fear influence driving risk perception
Lu, J., Xie, X., & Zhang, R. (2013) · Journal of Safety Research · doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2013.01.009 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Brown, C. L., Doren, N. V., Ford, B. Q., Mauss, I. B., Sze, J. A., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000579 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationMessina, I., Bianco, S., Sambin, M., & Viviani, R. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00956 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
A global test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemicPreprint
Wang, K., Goldenberg, A., Dorison, C. A., Miller, J. K., Uusberg, A., Lerner, J. S., Gross, J. J., Marcu, G. M., Рафиковна, А. Е., Adamkovic, M., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/m4gpq · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Butler, E. A., Gross, J. J., & Barnard, K. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.09.003 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Zähringer, J., Jennen-Steinmetz, C., Schmahl, C. G., Ende, G., & Paret, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00470 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Perchtold‐Stefan, C. M., Fink, A., Rominger, C., Weiss, E. M., & Papousek, I. (2020) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2929 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Finding positive meaning in memories of negative events adaptively updates memory
Speer, M. E., Ibrahim, S., Schiller, D., & Delgado, M. R. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26906-4 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Strategies used to cope with stress by emergency and critical care nurses
Isa, K. Q., Ibrahim, M., Abdul-Manan, H.-H., Mohd-Salleh, Z.-A. H., Mumin, K. H. A., & Rahman, H. A. (2019) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2019.28.1.38 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Pavani, J., Vigouroux, S. L., Kop, J., Congard, A., & Dauvier, B. (2015) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-015-9686-9 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Frontline employee anger in response to customer incivility: Antecedents and consequences
Li, S., Zhan, J., Cheng, B., & Scott, N. (2021) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102985 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Detaching from the negative by reappraisal: the role of right superior frontal gyrus (BA9/32)
Falquez, R., Couto, B., Ibanez, A., Freitag, M. T., Berger, M., Arens, E., Lang, S., & Barnow, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00165 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Future of Emotion Regulation Research: Broadening Our Field of View
Petrova, K., & Gross, J. J. (2023) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-023-00222-0 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Humorous Coping and Serious Reappraisal: Short-Term and Longer-Term Effects
Samson, A. C., Glassco, A., Lee, I. A., & Gross, J. J. (2014) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v10i3.730 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation Frequency and Success: Separating Constructs from Methods and Time Scale
McRae, K. (2013) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12027 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Roberts-Lewis, A., Kelley, K., Tronnier, C., & Hanley, A. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.850309 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Buckley, S., Reid, K., Goos, M., Lipp, O. V., & Thomson, S. (2016) · Australian Journal of Education · doi:10.1177/0004944116653000 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Perchtold‐Stefan, C. M., Weiss, E. M., Rominger, C., Feyaerts, K., Ruch, W., Fink, A., & Papousek, I. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211618 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Comparing the Effects of Three Online Cognitive Reappraisal Trainings on Well-Being
Ranney, R. M., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., & Ayduk, Ö. N. (2016) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-016-9779-0 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Perchtold‐Stefan, C. M., Papousek, I., Fink, A., Weber, H., Rominger, C., & Weiss, E. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00553 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Doré, B., Boccagno, C. E., Burr, D. A., Hubbard, A. D., Long, K., Weber, J., Stern, Y., & Ochsner, K. N. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01041 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Pavani, J., Vigouroux, S. L., Kop, J., Congard, A., & Dauvier, B. (2017) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2109 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The temporal dynamics of detached versus positive reappraisal: An ERP study
Qi, S., Li, Y., Tang, X., Zeng, Q., Diao, L., Li, X., Li, H., & Hu, W. (2017) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0494-4 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Baur‐Streubel, R., Conzelmann, A., Wieser, M. J., & Pauli, P. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.022 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Role of Coping Strategies in Maintaining Well-Being During the COVID-19 Outbreak in South Korea
Kim, J. H., Shim, Y., Choi, I., & Choi, E. (2021) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550621990595 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
One Size Does Not Fit All: Tailoring Cognitive Reappraisal to Different Emotions
Vishkin, A., Hasson, Y., Millgram, Y., & Tamir, M. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219861432 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation
Boehme, S., Biehl, S. C., & Mühlberger, A. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9090225 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The effect of flight delay on customer loyalty intention: The moderating role of emotion regulation
Li, S., Jiang, Y., Cheng, B., & Scott, N. (2021) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.03.004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Perchtold‐Stefan, C. M., Fink, A., Rominger, C., & Papousek, I. (2021) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1918682 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Hermann, A., Neudert, M. K., Schäfer, A., Zehtner, R. I., Fricke, S., Seinsche, R. J., & Stark, R. M. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa159 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Chen, K.-H., Lwi, S. J., Hua, A. Y., Haase, C. M., Miller, B., & Levenson, R. (2017) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.05.017 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationBirditt, K. S., Polenick, C. A., Luong, G., Charles, S. T., & Fingerman, K. L. (2019) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000416 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mapping the terrain of person-centered supportive conversations
Jones, S. M., Bodie, G. D., Youngvorst, L. J., Navarro, M., & Danielson, C. M. (2018) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2018.1501503 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Stiller, A.-K., Kattner, F., Gunzenhauser, C., & Schmitz, B. (2018) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2018.1524851 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Emotion regulation changes the duration of the BOLD response to emotional stimuli
Waugh, C. E., Zarolia, P., Mauss, I. B., Lumian, D. S., Ford, B. Q., Davis, T. S., Ciesielski, B. G., Sams, K. V., & Kateri Mcrae, A. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw067 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Shi, X.-L., Yu, N. X., Zhou, Y., Geng, F.-L., & Fan, F. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00467 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lam, P. H., Miller, G. E., Chiang, J. J., Levine, C. S., Lê, V. T., Shalowitz, M. U., Story, R. E., & Chen, E. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000913 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Chen, F., Chen, R. P., & Li, Y. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1137 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Wrzus, C., Müller, V., Wagner, G. G., Lindenberger, U., & Riediger, M. (2014) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0037451 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Emotion regulation to idiographic stimuli: Testing the Autobiographical Emotion Regulation Task
Speed, B. C., Levinson, A. R., Gross, J. J., Kiosses, D. N., & Hajcak, G. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.04.032 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Coping With Health Threats: The Costs and Benefits of Managing Emotions
Smith, A. M., Willroth, E. C., Gatchpazian, A., Shallcross, A. J., Feinberg, M., & Ford, B. Q. (2021) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976211024260 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Increasing Positive Emotion in Negative Contexts
McRae, K., & Mauss, I. B. (2016) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199977925.003.0011 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mathur, A., Li, J. C., Lipitz, S. R., & Graham‐Engeland, J. E. (2022) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-022-00051-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ma, B., Meng, X. X., Long, Q., Zhang, Z., Chen, S., Yang, J., Zhang, X., & Yuan, J. (2019) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-019-09542-z · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Qi, S., Basanovic, J., Wang, L., Xiang, S., Hu, W., & Yi, X. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.027 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Family Thriving During COVID-19 and the Benefits for Children’s Well-Being
Partington, L. C., Mashash, M., & Hastings, P. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.879195 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Regulation of positive and negative emotion: effects of sociocultural context
Snyder, S., Heller, S. M., Lumian, D. S., & McRae, K. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00259 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Emotional Regulation and Its Influence on the Experience of Stuttering Across the Life Span
Tichenor, S. E., Walsh, B. M., Gerwin, K. L., & Yaruss, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00467 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lau, C. Y. H., & Tov, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1093412 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Shafir, R., Zucker, L., & Sheppes, G. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.07.007 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Instructed reappraisal and cardiovascular habituation to recurrent stress
Griffin, S. M., & Howard, S. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13783 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Chen, K.-H., Wells, J. L., Otero, M. C., Lwi, S. J., Haase, C. M., & Levenson, R. (2017) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000481132 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationXu, X., Liu, J., & Cai, R. (2022) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104615 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ho, H. C. Y., Hou, W. K., Poon, K., Leung, A. N. M., & Kwan, J. L. Y. (2022) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-022-10094-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Zhu, L. Y., Bauman, C. W., & Young, M. J. (2022) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2022.104209 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bodie, G. D., Jones, S. M., Brinberg, M., Joyer, A. C., Solomon, D. H., & Ram, N. (2020) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x20953604 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Neuroanatomy of expressive suppression: The role of the insula.
Muhtadie, L., Haase, C. M., Verstaen, A., Sturm, V. E., Miller, B. L., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000710 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationCao, D., Li, Y., & Tang, Y.-Y. (2021) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-021-00881-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Zhao, T., Ye, L., Hu, Z., & Xi, L. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.108070 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Individual differences in physiological flexibility predict spontaneous avoidance
Aldao, A., Dixon–Gordon, K. L., & Reyes, A. D. L. (2015) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1042837 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Positive cognitive reappraisal flexibility is associated with lower levels of perceived stress.
Marciniak, M. A., Homan, S., Zerban, M., Schrade, G., Yuen, K. S. L., Kobylińska, D., Wieser, M. J., Walter, H., Hermans, E., Shanahan, L., et al. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104653 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Yan, S. U. N., Lv, J., Fan, L. A. N., & Zhang, L. (2020) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2020.01393 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Neural indicator of positive reappraisal: A TMS-EEG study over the left VLPFC
Cao, D., Qian, Z., Tang, Y., Wang, J., Jiang, T., & Li, Y. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.136 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Linking anxiety to passion: Emotion regulation and entrepreneurs' pitch performance
Zhu, L. Y., Young, M. J., & Bauman, C. W. (2024) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2024.106421 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Xiao, J., Mao, J., & Quan, J. (2022) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-08-2021-0965 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kreibig, S. D., Brown, A. S., & Gross, J. J. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14387 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dissociable Self Effects for Emotion Regulation: A Study of Chinese Major Depressive Outpatients
Wang, X.-X., Feng, Z.-Z., Zhou, D., Lei, X., Liao, T., Zhang, L., Ji, B., & Li, J. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/390865 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Complexity Under Stress: Integrative Approaches to Overdetermined Vulnerabilities
Andrews-Fearon, P., & Boyd-MacMillan, E. (2016) · Journal of Strategic Security · doi:10.5038/1944-0472.9.4.1557 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Barney, C., & Jones, C. L. E. (2022) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21775 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Makowski, D., Sperduti, M., Pelletier, J., Blondé, P., Corte, V. L., Arcangeli, M., Zalla, T., Lemaire, S., Dokic, J., Nicolas, S., et al. (2019) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-00681-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Westerlund, M., Santtila, P. O., & Antfolk, J. (2019) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2019.1675575 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ni, D., Yang, M., Chen, W., & Che, Y. (2024) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114621 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Establishing a Recovery Menu to Increase the Resilience of Entrepreneurs
Battisti, M., Gish, J. J., Hatak, I., & Zhou, H. (2024) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12827 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Applying a synergistic mindsets intervention to an esports context
Behnke, M., Lakens, D., Petrova, K., Chwiłkowska, P., Jęśko-Białek, S., Kłoskowski, M., Krzyżaniak, W. L., Maciejewski, P. A., Kaczmarek, L. D., Szymański, K., et al. (2024) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.240691 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sun, Y., Xu, Y., Lv, J., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108282 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Waugh, C. E., Vlasenko, V. V., & Kateri Mcrae, A. (2022) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-022-00129-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The autonomic correlates of dysphoric rumination and post-rumination savoring
Stone, L. B., Lewis, G., & Bylsma, L. M. (2020) · Physiology and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113027 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Comparing the affective and social effects of positive reappraisal and minimising reappraisal
Zhao, Y., Waugh, C. E., Kammrath, L. K., & Wang, Q. (2021) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2021.2014787 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
What you want to feel determines how you feel: The role of ideal affect in emotion regulation
Zhou, X., Yeung, D. Y.-L., Gerstein, L. H., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2022.2070527 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Personal Network Structure and Perceived Social Support in the Context of Intercultural Adjustment
Cheng, Y., Meng, J., & Liu, S. (2018) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463373.2018.1515782 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hua, J. P. Y., Trull, T. J., Merrill, A. M., Myers, O. T. T., Straub, K. T., & Kerns, J. G. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10155-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Age Differences in Reappraisal of Negative Autobiographical Memories
Hamilton, L. J., & Allard, E. S. (2021) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2020.1871237 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Garland, E. L., Farb, N. A. S., Goldin, P. R., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2017) · doi:10.31231/osf.io/ea2q4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
ReApp – an mHealth app increasing reappraisal: results from two randomized controlled trialsPreprint
Marciniak, M. A., Shanahan, L., Veer, I. M., Walter, H., Binder, H., Hermans, E. J., Timmer, J., Kobylińska, D., Puhlmann, L. M. C., Tüscher, O., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/u4f5e · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tao, B., Lu, T., Chen, H., & Yan, J. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13172100 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cheng, Y., Peters, B. R., & MacNamara, A. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14385 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chen, K.-H., Hua, A. Y., Lwi, S. J., Haase, C. M., Rosen, H. J., Miller, B. L., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa193 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationExamining the effectiveness of positive reappraisal in the context of discrimination.
Soto, J. A., Soto, S. L. A., Perez, C. R., Rodríguez, C. P., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001422 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shiota, M. N., & Levenson, R. W.
- Affiliations
- Arizona State University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 416-429
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- PMC
- PMC3672229
- OpenAlex
- W2067744094
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 11
- FWCI
- 13.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Aging (AG17766)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- cognitive reappraisal, positive reappraisal, emotion regulation, sadness, disgust, emotional facial expressions, physiological reactivity, subjective emotional experience, gender differences, thought content, emotion theory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Electrocardiography, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Sex Factors, Thinking, Young Adult, Arterial Pressure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
