The DOI matches its Crossref record; 98 of the 98 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
How universal is the Big Five? Testing the five-factor model of personality variation among forager–farmers in the Bolivian Amazon.
Open accessAbstract
The five-factor model (FFM) of personality variation has been replicated across a range of human societies, suggesting the FFM is a human universal. However, most studies of the FFM have been restricted to literate, urban populations, which are uncharacteristic of the majority of human evolutionary history. We present the first test of the FFM in a largely illiterate, indigenous society. Tsimane forager-horticulturalist men and women of Bolivia (n = 632) completed a translation of the 44-item Big Five Inventory (Benet-Martínez & John, 1998), a widely used metric of the FFM. We failed to find robust support for the FFM, based on tests of (a) internal consistency of items expected to segregate into the Big Five factors, (b) response stability of the Big Five, (c) external validity of the Big Five with respect to observed behavior, (d) factor structure according to exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and (e) similarity with a U.S. target structure based on Procrustes rotation analysis. Replication of the FFM was not improved in a separate sample of Tsimane adults (n = 430), who evaluated their spouses on the Big Five Inventory. Removal of reverse-scored items that may have elicited response biases produced factors suggestive of Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, but fit to the FFM remained poor. Response styles may covary with exposure to education, but we found no better fit to the FFM among Tsimane who speak Spanish or have attended school. We argue that Tsimane personality variation displays 2 principal factors that may reflect socioecological characteristics common to small-scale societies. We offer evolutionary perspectives on why the structure of personality variation may not be invariant across human societies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, although others have not found as overt problems (see ref. 15), the Big Five structure has replicated poorly when lexical analyses are conducted in diverse languages (16) and in several small-scale societies (17–19).”
From Simpson’s gender-equality paradox (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
The weirdest people in the world?
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0999152x · Cited by 12,641
Personality Structure: Emergence Of The 5-Factor Model
Digman, J. M. (1990) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.002221 · Cited by 6,731
An alternative "description of personality": The Big-Five factor structure.
Goldberg, L. R. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.59.6.1216 · Cited by 6,652
Handbook of Personality : Theory and Research
Pervin, L. A. (1992) · Cited by 4,543
Personality trait structure as a human universal.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.5.509 · Cited by 4,234
Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x · Cited by 2,361
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2010) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,345
Benet-Martínez, V., & John, O. P. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.3.729 · Cited by 1,996
Psychometric Properties of the HEXACO Personality Inventory
Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2004) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_8 · Cited by 1,961 · cited 2×
“…emerge everywhere, and some researchers have posited more than five personality factors within certain populations (e.g., Cheung & Leung, 1998; Lee & Ashton, 2004); however, these additional factors can often be subsumed under one of the Big Five factors (Guanzon-Lapeña, Church, Carlota, &…”
The evolution of human mating: Trade-offs and strategic pluralism
Gangestad, S. W., & Simpson, J. A. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0000337x · Cited by 1,872
Higher-order factors of the Big Five.
Digman, J. M. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.73.6.1246 · Cited by 1,839
A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description.
Block, J. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.187 · Cited by 1,682 · cited 1×
“The FFM and other structural approaches to personality variation are often criticized for a lack of theoretical justification (e.g., Block, 1995); conceptualizing personality dimensions as evolved motivational systems calibrated based on state-based cues from a particular socioecology has the…”
Handbook of personality psychology
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-1833 · Cited by 1,618
Behavioural reaction norms: animal personality meets individual plasticity
Dingemanse, N. J., Kazem, A. J. N., Réale, D. J. F., & WRIGHT, J. M. (2009) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.013 · Cited by 1,506
(1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,350
Universal Features of Personality Traits From the Observer's Perspective: Data From 50 Cultures.
McCrae, R. R., 78 Members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project, & Terracciano, A. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.547 · Cited by 1,326
Schmitt, D. P., Allik, J., McCrae, R. R., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2007) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022106297299 · Cited by 1,222
Genes, evolution, and personality
Bouchard, T. J., & Loehlin, J. C. (2001) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1012294324713 · Cited by 1,085
Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1990) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00907.x · Cited by 1,013
The Developing Structure of Temperament and Personality From Infancy To Adulthood
Halverson, C. F., Kohnstamm, G. A., Martin, R. P., Halverson, C. F., & Kohnstamm, G. A. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315806853 · Cited by 972
Higher-order factors of the Big Five in a multi-informant sample.
DeYoung, C. G. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1138 · Cited by 933
Boehm, C. (2009) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvjf9xr4 · Cited by 875
Ceci, S. J. (1991) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.27.5.703 · Cited by 837
McCrae, R. R., Zonderman, A. B., Costa, P. T., Bond, M. H., & Paunonen, S. V. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.552 · Cited by 798
A general factor of personality: Evidence for the Big One in the five-factor model
Musek, J. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.02.003 · Cited by 709
Toward a Geography of Personality Traits
Allik, J., & McCrae, R. (2004) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022103260382 · Cited by 683
The Five-Factor Model of Personality Across Cultures
McCrae, R., & Allik, J. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0763-5 · Cited by 652
Schaller, M., & Murray, D. R. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.212 · Cited by 647
Chapter 5 Insights for Behavioral Ecology from Behavioral Syndromes
Sih, A., & Bell, A. M. (2008) · Advances in the study of behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-3454(08)00005-3 · Cited by 627
The evolutionary genetics of personality
Penke, L., Denissen, J. J. A., & Miller, G. F. (2007) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.629 · Cited by 610
Recent models for adaptive personality differences: a review
Dingemanse, N. J., & Wolf, M. (2010) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0221 · Cited by 574
An explanatory framework for adaptive personality differences
Wolf, M., & Weissing, F. J. (2010) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0215 · Cited by 557
Soto, C. J., John, O. P., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.718 · Cited by 501
The “big five questionnaire”: A new questionnaire to assess the five factor model
Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Боргогни, Л., & Perugini, M. (1993) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90218-r · Cited by 499
How Can Evolutionary Psychology Successfully Explain Personality and Individual Differences?
Buss, D. M. (2009) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01138.x · Cited by 482
Hierarchy in the forest: the evolution of egalitarian behavior
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-4571 · Cited by 481
Denissen, J. J. A., & Penke, L. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.04.002 · Cited by 466
Riemann, R., Angleitner, A., & Strelau, J. (1997) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00324.x · Cited by 457
Indigenous Chinese Personality Constructs
Cheung, F. M., Leung, K., Zhang, J., Sun, H.-F., Gan, Y.-Q., Song, W.-Z., & Xie, D. (2001) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022101032004003 · Cited by 424
Cross-Cultural Assessment of the Five-Factor Model: The Revised NEO Personality Inventory
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Del Pilar, G. H., Rolland, J.-P., & Parker, W. D. (1998) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022198291009 · Cited by 406 · cited 1×
“McCrae et al. (1998) and Cheung et al. (2001) argued that Extraversion and Agreeableness items have shown different factor structure in East Asian societies because they are more collectivist cultures in which interpersonal affiliation and obedience to authority are more normative.”
The Five-Factor Model plus Dominance in Chimpanzee Personality
King, J. E., & Figueredo, A. J. (1997) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1997.2179 · Cited by 395
Yamagata, S., Suzuki, A., Ando, J., Ono, Y., Kijima, N., Yoshimura, K., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Riemann, R., Spinath, F. M., et al. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.6.987 · Cited by 388
Why do men seek status? Fitness payoffs to dominance and prestige
von Rueden, C. V., Gurven, M., & Kaplan, H. (2011) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2145 · Cited by 369
Self-citationBäckström, M., Björklund, F., & LARSSON, M. R. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.013 · Cited by 366
Development and Validation of an International English Big-Five Mini-Markers
Thompson, E. R. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.013 · Cited by 353
An evolutionary approach to the extraversion continuum
Nettle, D. (2005) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.12.004 · Cited by 337
The multiple dimensions of male social status in an Amazonian society
von Rueden, C. V., Gurven, M., & Kaplan, H. (2008) · Evolution and human behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.05.001 · Cited by 321
Self-citationDo bilinguals have two personalities? A special case of cultural frame switching
Ramírez-Esparza, N., Gosling, S., Benet-Martínez, V., Potter, J., & Pennebaker, J. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.09.001 · Cited by 299
Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., Angleitner, A., Riemann, R., & Vernon, P. A. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00137-4 · Cited by 286
Wiggins, J. S., & Trapnell, P. D. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012134645-4/50029-9 · Cited by 281
Almagor, M., Tellegen, A., & Waller, N. G. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.2.300 · Cited by 277
The stress response systems: Universality and adaptive individual differences☆
ELLIS, B., JACKSON, J., & BOYCE, W. (2006) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.004 · Cited by 265
Higher Order Factors of Personality: Do They Exist?
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Goldberg, L. R., & de Vries, R. E. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309338467 · Cited by 258
Progress in Asian Social Psychology
Leung, K. Y., & Kashima, Y. (1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 256
The Evolution of Personality and Individual Differences
(2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372090.001.0001 · Cited by 247
The Cross-Cultural Generalizability of the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Rolland, J.-P. (2002) · The Five-Factor Model of Personality Across Cultures · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0763-5_2 · Cited by 239
Education Moderates Some Response Effects in Attitude Measurement
Narayan, S., & Krosnick, J. A. (1996) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/297739 · Cited by 234
Egalitarianism Among Hunters and Gatherers
Cashdan, E. (1980) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00100 · Cited by 233
Mortality experience of Tsimane Amerindians of Bolivia: Regional variation and temporal trends
Gurven, M., Kaplan, H., & Supa, A. Z. (2007) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.20600 · Cited by 229
Self-citationStability and change in personality from adolescence through adulthood.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1994) · Cited by 211
The Origins of Extraversion: Joint Effects of Facultative Calibration and Genetic Polymorphism
Lukaszewski, A. W., & Roney, J. R. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210397209 · Cited by 203
Cross-Cultural Research on the Five-Factor Model of Personality
McCrae, R. R. (2002) · Online Readings in Psychology and Culture · doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1038 · Cited by 192
Caprara, G. V., & Perugini, M. (1994) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2410080502 · Cited by 190
Personality and reproductive success in a high-fertility human population
Alvergne, A., Jokela, M., & Lummaa, V. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1001752107 · Cited by 181
HOFSTEE, W. K. B., ten Berge, J. M. F., & Hendriks, A. A. J. (1998) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00086-5 · Cited by 173
Substance and artifact in the higher-order factors of the Big Five.
McCrae, R. R., Yamagata, S., Jang, K. L., Riemann, R., Ando, J., Ono, Y., Angleitner, A., & Spinath, F. M. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.2.442 · Cited by 172
Taxonomy and structure of Hungarian personality traits
Szirmák, Z., & Raad, B. D. (1994) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2410080203 · Cited by 168
The Cross-Cultural Perspective in the Study of Personality
Church, A. T., & Lonner, W. J. (1998) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022198291003 · Cited by 164
Rammstedt, B., Goldberg, L. R., & Borg, I. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.10.005 · Cited by 160
Benet‐Martínez, V., & Waller, N. G. (1997) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00327.x · Cited by 159
The substantive nature of psycholexical personality factors: A comparison across languages.
Peabody, D., & Raad, B. D. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.4.983 · Cited by 153
Schmitt, D. P., Allïk, J., McCrae, R. R., Benet‐Martínez, V., Alcalay, L., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., Bianchi, G., Boholst, F. A., et al. (2007) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 139
Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Personality
Triandis, H. C. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012134645-4/50019-6 · Cited by 136
Hunting, social status and biological fitness
Gurven, M., & Rueden, C. R. V. (2006) · Biodemography and Social Biology · doi:10.1080/19485565.2006.9989118 · Cited by 135
Self-citationCollective Action in Action: Prosocial Behavior in and out of the Laboratory
Gurven, M., & Winking, J. (2008) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1433.2008.00024.x · Cited by 133
Self-citationThe Structured Assessment of Personality across Cultures
Paunonen, S. V., & Ashton, M. C. (1998) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022198291008 · Cited by 133
Indigenous Personality Measures
Cheung, F. M., & Leung, K. Y. (1998) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022198291012 · Cited by 133
A Bioeconomic Approach to Marriage and the Sexual Division of Labor
Gurven, M., Winking, J., Kaplan, H. S., Rueden, C. R. V., & McAllister, L. S. (2009) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-009-9062-8 · Cited by 133
Self-citationCross-Cultural Generalizability of the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Piedmont, R. L., & Chae, J.-H. (1997) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022197282001 · Cited by 116
Personality: bridging the literatures from human psychology and behavioural ecology
Nettle, D., & Penke, L. (2010) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0061 · Cited by 108
Personality and reproductive fitness
Eaves, L. J., Martin, N. G., Heath, A. C., Hewitt, J. K., & Neale, M. C. (1990) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf01065872 · Cited by 103
Blood lipids, infection, and inflammatory markers in the Tsimane of Bolivia
Vasunilashorn, S., Crimmins, E. M., Kim, J. K., Winking, J., Gurven, M., Kaplan, H., & Finch, C. E. (2010) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.21074 · Cited by 95
Self-citationAn alternative taxonomic study of personality-descriptive adjectives in the Italian language
Blas, L. D., & Forzi, M. (1998) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(199803/04)12:2 · Cited by 92
Gurven, M., Zanolini, A., & Schniter, E. (2008) · Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2007.09.005 · Cited by 82
Self-citationTHE APPLICABILITY OF THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL IN A SUB-SAHARAN CULTURE
Piedmont, R., Bain, E. M., McCrae, R., & Costa, P. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0763-5_8 · Cited by 71
Rucas, S. L., Gurven, M., Kaplan, H. S., Winking, J., Gangestad, S. W., & Crespo, M. (2005) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.07.001 · Cited by 63
Self-citationAn expedition in search of a fifth universal factor: Key issues in the lexical approach
Raad, B. D. (1994) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2410080403 · Cited by 63
Risk Sensitivity and Value among Andean Pastoralists: Measures, Models, and Empirical Tests
Kuznar, L. A. (2001) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/320483 · Cited by 62
Bridging the Gap Between Modern Evolutionary Psychology and the Study of Individual Differences
Penke, L. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372090.003.0009 · Cited by 61
Nonverbal assessment of the Big Five personality factors
Paunonen, S. V., Ashton, M. C., & Jackson, D. N. (2001) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.385 · Cited by 49
Indigenous Personality Measures
Guanzon-Lapeña, M. A., Church, A. T., Carlota, A. J., & Katigbak, M. S. (1998) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022198291013 · Cited by 49
Evolutionary Perspectives on the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Nettle, D. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372090.003.0001 · Cited by 48
Tsimane' indigenous knowledge : swidden fallow management and conservation
Tomás Huanca, L. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 42
Ortiz, F. A., Church, A. T., Vargas‐Flores, J. D. J., Ibáñez‐Reyes, J., Flores-Galaz, M., Iuit-Briceno, J. I., & Escamilla, J. M. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.07.002 · Cited by 39
Ecological Approaches to Personality
Figueredo, A. J., Wolf, P. S. A., Gladden, P. R., Olderbak, S. G., Andrzejczak, D. J., & Jacobs, W. J. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372090.003.0008 · Cited by 37
Construction and Validation of a Short Adjectives Checklist to Measure Big Five (SACBIF)
Perugini, M., & Leone, L. (1996) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.12.1.33 · Cited by 20
Why Old Age: Non-Material Contributions and Patterns of Aging Among Older Adult Tsimane'Preprint
Schniter, E. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2122014 · Cited by 17
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Cancian F Plattner S Economic behavior in peasant communities Economic anthropology 1989 127 170 Stanford, CA Stanford University Press
- Cashdan E Cashdan E Introduction Risk and uncertainty in tribal and peasant societies 1990 1 16 Boulder, CO Westview Press
- Chicchon A Chimane resource use and market involvement in the Beni Biosphere Reserve 1992 Gainesville, Florida University of Florida Unpublished doctoral dissertation
- Lee K Ashton MC The HEXACO Personality Inventory: A new measure of the major dimensions of personality Multivariate Behavioral Research 2004 39 329 358 26804579
- Sih A Bell AM Insights for behavioral ecology from behavioral syndromes Advances in the Study of Behavior 2008 38 227 281 24991063 PMC4075144
- Sih A Bell AM Johnson JC Ziemba RE Behavioural syndromes: An integrative overview Quarterly Review of Biology 2004 79 241 277 15529965
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Life History Theory and Evolutionary Psychology
Giudice, M. D., Gangestad, S. W., & Kaplan, H. S. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125563.evpsych102 · Cited by 750
Self-citationWhy Hypothesis Testers Should Spend Less Time Testing Hypotheses
Scheel, A. M., Tiokhin, L., Isager, P. M., & Lakens, D. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620966795 · Cited by 382
McCrae, R., & Greenberg, D. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1002/9781118367377.ch12 · Cited by 303
Attitudes towards AI: measurement and associations with personality
Stein, J.-P., Messingschlager, T., Gnambs, T., Hutmacher, F., & Appel, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53335-2 · Cited by 309
“While both the Big Five and the Dark Triad have been highlighted for their cultural invariance 72,73 , some studies have also raised doubts about this claim 74 —so that the applicability of the used personality taxonomies might pose an additional challenge in this regard.”
BackgroundBeyond WEIRD: A review of the last decade and a look ahead to the global laboratory of the future
Apicella, C. L., Norenzayan, A., & Henrich, J. (2020) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.07.015 · Cited by 302
Metadata
- Authors
- Gurven, M., von Rueden, C., Massenkoff, M., Kaplan, H., & Lero Vie, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 354-370
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- PMC
- PMC4104167
- OpenAlex
- W2114201863
- Cited by
- 415
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 16.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Chapman University Digital Commons (Chapman University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (2R01AG024119, 2R56AG024119-06)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- Big Five personality model, Tsimane, forager-horticulturalists, indigenous peoples, factor structure, response styles, small-scale societies
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Agriculture, Bolivia, Educational Status, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Rural Population, Translations, Reproducibility of Results, Population Groups, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
