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On the social influence of emotions in groups: Interpersonal effects of anger and happiness on conformity versus deviance.

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Heerdink, Marc W., van Kleef, Gerben A., Homan, Astrid C., Fischer, Agneta H.·2013·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
DOI 10.1037/a0033362
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Abstract

How do emotional expressions of group members shape conformity versus deviance in groups? We hypothesized that angry and happy responses to a group member's deviating opinion are interpreted as signals of imminent rejection versus acceptance. In 5 studies, the majority's expressions of anger led the deviant individual to feel rejected, whereas expressions of happiness made the deviant feel accepted. Because conformity can be seen as strategic behavior aimed at gaining (re)acceptance, the effects of emotional expressions on conformity should be moderated by social-contextual factors that determine the motivation to be accepted by the group and by the extent to which conformity is a means to this end. Accordingly, in Study 2, the availability of alternative groups determined whether a deviant conformed to the current group or abandoned the group after an angry reaction. In Study 3, anger and happiness were only associated with conformity pressure in situations that were perceived as cooperative (rather than competitive). Employing an interactive group task in Study 4, we showed that individuals who received an angry reaction contributed less in a cooperative group task than did those who received a neutral or happy reaction. Finally, in Study 5, peripheral group members conformed more after an angry reaction than after a happy reaction, but prototypical group members did not. Moreover, conformity was still manifest 3 weeks after the experiment, and this effect was mediated by feelings of rejection. We discuss implications of these findings for theorizing about social functions of emotions and the role of emotions in groups.

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  • In group decision making, deviant group members only conformed to an angry rather than a happy majority when they had an uncertain position in the group and were motivated to stay in the group.

    “In studies of group decision making, deviant group members only conformed to an angry rather than a happy majority when they had an uncertain position in the group and were motivated to stay in the group-factors that increase information processing motivation (Heerdink et al. 2013).”

    From The Social Effects of Emotions (2022) · cites this paper as Heerdink et al. 2013

    Study 5 (Results, p. 17) found greater conformity after anger than happiness among peripheral, but not prototypical, members. The General Discussion (p. 18) and Study 2 discussion (p. 8) link conformity to seeking acceptance and staying when no alternative group is available. The paper frames these as motivations for re-acceptance, not as factors that increase information-processing motivation. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Verbal and nonverbal expressions of anger in groups can motivate deviant group members to conform to the majority by fueling inferences of impending rejection.

    “Furthermore, verbal as well as nonverbal expressions of anger in groups can motivate deviant group members to conform to the majority by fueling inferences of impending rejection (Heerdink et al. 2013).”

    From The Social Effects of Emotions (2022) · cites this paper as Heerdink et al. 2013

  • Individuals who were the targets of verbal or nonverbal expressions of happiness by fellow group members inferred that they were accepted and included in the group, whereas those who witnessed expressions of anger inferred being rejected and excluded.

    “individuals who were the targets of verbal or nonverbal expressions of happiness by fellow group members in computer-mediated or face-to-face interactions inferred that they were accepted and included in the group, whereas those who witnessed expressions of anger inferred being rejected and excluded (Heerdink et al. 2013).”

    From The Social Effects of Emotions (2022) · cites this paper as Heerdink et al. 2013

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Authors
Heerdink, M. W., van Kleef, G. A., Homan, A. C., & Fischer, A. H.
Affiliations
University of Amsterdam (NL)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2013-08
Volume
105
Issue
2
Pages
262-284
ISSN
  • 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1315
DOI
10.1037/a0033362
OpenAlex
W2048193377
Cited by
110
References
19
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2012: 1
FWCI
23.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
other-oa
Locations
  • Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (452-09-010)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Psychology of Social Influence
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Keywords
emotional expression, anger, happiness, conformity, deviance, social rejection, social acceptance, group dynamics, interpersonal influence, social functions of emotion
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Anger, Female, Group Processes, Happiness, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Social Conformity, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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