Social Ostracism by Coworkers: Does Rejection Lead to Loafing or Compensation?
Abstract
A new theoretical model and research paradigm are introduced to investigate the phenomenon of social ostracism-being ignored by others who are in one's presence. The authors examined the effects of social ostracism on individuals' subsequent contributions to a group task. Social loafing Optically occurs on collective tasks. However; to regain their sense of belonging to the group, the authors expected ostracized individuals to socially compensate-to work harder collectively than coactively. Participants were asked to generate as many uses as they could for an object, either coactively or collectively with two others who had either ostracized or included them in an earlier ball-tossing exchange. Ostracized females socially compensated, whereas nonostracized females neither loafed nor compensated. Ostracized and nonostracized males socially loafed. Based on these data and the accompanying attributional and nonverbal analyses, the authors surmised that males and females interpret and respond to social ostracism differently.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Self-reports of distress induced by Cyberball seem to be less amenable to moderation by individual differences, such as participant's sex, levels of loneliness, or social anxiety.
“but also that the self-reports of such distress seem to be less amenable to moderation by individual differences, such as the participant’s sex (Williams and Sommer 1997), their levels of loneliness (Wesselmann et al. 2012) or social anxiety (Zadro et al. 2006).”
From Chronic Childhood Peer Rejection is Associated with Heightened Neural Responses to Social Exclusion During Adolescence (2016) · cites this paper as Williams and Sommer 1997
The negative state of isolation can trigger the motivation to seek and engage in social contact.
“Therefore, the negative state of isolation can trigger the motivation to seek and engage in social contact (Baumeister and Leary, 1995, Maner et al., 2007, Williams and Sommer, 1997), perhaps as an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to maintain social connections (Buss, 1990).”
From Dorsal raphe dopamine neurons represent the experience of social isolation (2016) · cites this paper as Williams and Sommer, 1997
Cites
James, W. (1891) · Henry Holt and Company eBooks · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,799 · see citing works
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245 · see citing works
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559 · see citing works
The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.4324/9780203505984-16 · Cited by 13,467 · see citing works
Mead, G. H., Joas, H., Huebner, D. R., & Morris, C. W. (2015) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226112879.001.0001 · Cited by 12,408 · see citing works
Psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,626 · see citing works
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814 · see citing works
Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 6,181 · see citing works
The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time
Brewer, M. B. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167291175001 · Cited by 5,107 · see citing works
Human Nature and the Social Order
Cooley, C. H. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203789513 · Cited by 4,847 · see citing works
Self-Efficacy in Changing Societies
(1995) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511527692 · Cited by 4,190 · see citing works
Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior
JONES, E. E. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,775 · see citing works
The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self
Steele, C. M. (1988) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60229-4 · Cited by 3,697 · see citing works
Human Nature and the Social Order
Ginsberg, M. (1941) · Nature · doi:10.1038/148351a0 · Cited by 3,167 · see citing works
The psychology of social impact
Latané, B. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.4.343 · Cited by 2,864 · see citing works
Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis
Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518 · Cited by 2,519 · see citing works
Studer, M., Asher, S. R., & Coie, J. D. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2071877 · Cited by 2,278 · see citing works
Many Hands Make Light the Work: The Causes and Consequences of Social Loafing
Latané, B., Williams, K., & Harkins, S. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.6.822 · Cited by 2,216 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial loafing: a meta-analytic review and theoretical integration.
Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.681 · Cited by 2,196 · see citing works
Self-citationToward a self‐evaluation maintenance model of social behavior
Tesser, A. (1988) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60227-0 · Cited by 1,878 · see citing works
Beech, H. R. (1963) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(63)90032-1 · Cited by 1,559 · see citing works
Self-presentation: Impression Management And Interpersonal Behavior
Leary, M. R. (1994) · Cited by 1,246 · see citing works
Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., McClaskey, C. L., Brown, M. M., & Gottman, J. M. (1986) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165906 · Cited by 1,203 · see citing works
Marital interaction and satisfaction: A longitudinal view.
Gottman, J. M., & Krokoff, L. J. (1989) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.57.1.47 · Cited by 1,105 · see citing works
Marital interaction and satisfaction: A longitudinal view.
Gottman, J. M., & Krokoff, L. J. (1989) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.57.1.47 · Cited by 1,104 · see citing works
Accommodation processes in close relationships: Theory and preliminary empirical evidence.
Rusbult, C. E., Verette, J. A., Whitney, G. A., Slovik, L. F., & Lipkus, I. M. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.1.53 · Cited by 1,086 · see citing works
Barnett, P. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.104.1.97 · Cited by 920 · see citing works
Marital processes predictive of later dissolution: Behavior, physiology, and health.
Gottman, J. M., & LEVENSON, R. W. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.63.2.221 · Cited by 899 · see citing works
Marital processes predictive of later dissolution: Behavior, physiology, and health.
Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.221 · Cited by 899 · see citing works
The Social Psychology of Group Cohesiveness: From Attraction to Social Identity
Hogg, M. A. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Applied social psychology annual
Bickman, L. (1982) · Cited by 812 · see citing works
Social stigma: The affective consequences of attributional ambiguity.
Crocker, J., Voelkl, K. E., Testa, M., & Major, B. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.218 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Point-Counterpoints: Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1990) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.165 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Responses to Social Exclusion: Social Anxiety, Jealousy, Loneliness, Depression, and Low Self-Esteem
Leary, M. R. (1990) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.221 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Hall, J. G. (1990) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · doi:10.56021/9780801824401 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Lawton, D. L., & Giglioli, P. P. (1974) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/323865 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., Aspinwall, L. G., Schneider, S. G., Rodriguez, R., & Herbert, M. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.63.3.460 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Peterson, C., Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1993) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195044669.001.0001 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Social loafing and social compensation: The effects of expectations of co-worker performance.
Williams, K. D., & Karau, S. J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.4.570 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Self-citationTaylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., Aspinwall, L. G., Schneider, S. G., Rodriguez, R., & Herbert, M. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.460 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Self-consciousness, self-attention, and social interaction.
Fenigstein, A. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.75 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Blowing the Whistle: The Organizational and Legal Implications for Companies and Employees.
Graham, J. W., Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. (1993) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393341 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Communicative Silences: Forms and Functions
Bruneau, T. J. (1973) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1973.tb00929.x · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Aversive Interpersonal Behaviors
Kowalski, R. M. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9354-3_10 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The effects of group cohesiveness on social loafing and social compensation.
Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (1997) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.1.2.156 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Evolution of Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Buss, D. (1990) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.196 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Significance of Peer Relationship Problems in Childhood
Asher, S. R., & Parker, J. G. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2442-0_1 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Social Comparison Theory: Self-Evaluation and Group Life
Goethals, G. R., & Darley, J. M. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4634-3_2 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Social rejection, exclusion, and shunning among the Gombe chimpanzees
Goodall, J. R. (1986) · Ethology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1016/0162-3095(86)90050-6 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Social categorization and the assimilation of "new" group members.
Moreland, R. L. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.5.1173 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Group Dynamics: Theory,Research, and Practice.
APA Division 49 (Group Psychology and Group Psychotherapy) (2000) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e300702003-017 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Attractiveness of group as function of self-esteem and acceptance by group.
Dittes, J. E. (1959) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041812 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Consistency of nonverbal affect and affect reciprocity in marital interaction.
Gottman, J. M. (1980) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.48.6.711 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
On Being Ignored: The Effects of the Violation of Implicit Rules of Social Interaction
Geller, D. M., Goodstein, L., Silver, M., & Sternberg, W. C. (1974) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/2786426 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The effect of person-group relationships on conformity processes.
Jackson, J. M., & Saltzstein, H. D. (1958) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0048403 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The role of distinctiveness in social identity and group behaviour.
Brewer, M. B. (1993) · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Mood changes, physiological responses, and self-statements during social rejection imagery.
Craighead, W. E., Kimball, W. H., & Rehak, P. J. (1979) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.47.2.385 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The use of power in organizations and in interpersonal settings.
Kipnis, D. (1984) · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The Amish Struggle with Modernity
Langham, T. C., Kraybill, D. B., & Olshan, M. A. (1995) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1387358 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Primate social behavior and ostracism
Lancaster, J. B. (1986) · Ethology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1016/0162-3095(86)90049-x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Amish Struggle with Modernity
Beaman-Hall, L., Kraybill, D. B., & Olshan, M. A. (1995) · Sociology of Religion · doi:10.2307/3711832 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Some consequences of experimental rejection.
Pepitone, A., & Wilpizeski, C. R. (1960) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0042405 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Social Loafing in Cheerleaders: Effects of Team Membership and Competition
Hardy, C. J., & Latané, B. (1988) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.10.1.109 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Some effects of rejection upon attraction to a group.
Snoek, J. D. (1962) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043320 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ostracism on trial: The limits of individual rights
Gruter, M. W. (1986) · Ethology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1016/0162-3095(86)90053-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Midwestern Psychological Association.
Russell, W. A. (1993) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10144-003 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The effect of being shunned upon the desire to affiliate
Mettee, D. R., Taylor, S. E., & Fisher, S. (1971) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03332652 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A model for using time out as an intervention technique with families
Veenstra, G. J., & Scott, C. G. (1993) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/bf00986994 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cyberostracism: effects of being ignored over the Internet
Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.748 · Cited by 2,276 · see citing works
Self-citationWilliams, K. D. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641 · Cited by 1,828 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial exclusion decreases prosocial behavior
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Bartels, J. M. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.56 · Cited by 1,271 · see citing works
Nostalgia: content, triggers, functions
Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Arndt, J., & Routledge, C. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.975 · Cited by 1,252 · see citing works
Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the “porcupine problem”
Maner, J. K., DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., & Schaller, M. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.42 · Cited by 1,165 · see citing works
Smart Richman, L., & Leary, M. R. (2009) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0015250 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans
Mays, V. M., Cochran, S. D., & Barnes, N. W. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190212 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Getting a cue: the need to belong and enhanced sensitivity to social cues
Pickett, C. L., Gardner, W. L., & Knowles, M. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203262085 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
Baumeister, R. F., Twenge, J. M., & Nuss, C. K. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.4.817 · Cited by 910 · see citing works
Social Exclusion and Selective Memory: How the Need to belong Influences Memory for Social Events
Gardner, W. L., Pickett, C. L., & Brewer, M. B. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200266007 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
When inclusion costs and ostracism pays, ostracism still hurts.
van Beest, I., & Williams, K. D. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.918 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Self-citationAllen, N. B., & Badcock, P. B. T. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.887 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Ostracism: The Kiss of Social Death
Williams, K. D. (2007) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00004.x · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Self-citationDorsal raphe dopamine neurons represent the experience of social isolation
Matthews, G. A., Nieh, E. H., Vander Weele, C. M., Halbert, S. A., Pradhan, R. V., Yosafat, A. S., Glober, G. F., Izadmehr, E. M., Thomas, R. E., Lacy, G. D., et al. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.040 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
On the outside looking in: loneliness and social monitoring
Gardner, W. L., Pickett, C. L., Jefferis, V., & Knowles, M. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205277208 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Molden, D. C., Lucas, G. M., Gardner, W. L., Dean, K., & Knowles, M. L. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012958 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Nostalgia as a repository of social connectedness: The role of attachment-related avoidance
Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Routledge, C., Arndt, J., & Cordaro, F. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017597 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Ostracism increases social susceptibility
Carter‐Sowell, A. R., Chen, Z., & Williams, K. D. (2008) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510802204868 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citationAyduk, Ö., Gyurak, A., & Luerssen, A. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.07.004 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Ostracism online: A social media ostracism paradigm
Wolf, W., Levordashka, A., Ruff, J. R., Kraaijeveld, S., Lueckmann, J.-M., & Williams, K. D. (2015) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0475-x · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationSo Right It's Wrong: Groupthink and the Ubiquitous Nature of Polarized Group Decision Making
Baron, R. S. (2005) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(05)37004-3 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Stroud, L. R., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Wilfley, D. E., & Salovey, P. (2000) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02895115 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Will, G.-J., van Lier, P. A. C., Crone, E. A., & Güroğlu, B. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-9983-0 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Social media ostracism: The effects of being excluded online
Schneider, F. M., Zwillich, B., Bindl, M. J., Hopp, F. R., Reich, S., & Vorderer, P. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.052 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Knowles, M. L., & Gardner, W. L. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208320062 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Reconsidering autistic ‘camouflaging’ as transactional impression management
Ai, W., Cunningham, W. A., & Lai, M.-C. (2022) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.05.002 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
The Many Ways to Be Marginal in a Group
Ellemers, N., & Jetten, J. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868312453086 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Narcissists’ social pain seen only in the brain
Cascio, C. N., Konrath, S. H., & Falk, E. B. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu072 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Social Cognition and Interpersonal Impairments in Trauma Survivors with PTSD
Nietlisbach, G., & Maercker, A. (2009) · Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926770902881489 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Creating the sacred from the profane: collective effervescence and everyday activities
Gabriel, S., Naidu, E., Paravati, E., Morrison, C. D., & Gainey, K. (2020) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1689412 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Social Loafing and Motivation Gains in Groups: An Integrative Review
Karau, S. J., & Wilhau, A. J. (2020) · Individual Motivation within Groups · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-849867-5.00001-x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effects of social exclusion in trauma survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder
Nietlisbach, G., & Maercker, A. (2009) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0017832 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Longmire, N. H., Vogus, T. J., & Colella, A. (2025) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22248 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Forgiveness and the Need to Belong
Barnes, C. D., Carvallo, M., Brown, R. P., & Osterman, L. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210378852 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Ning, W., & Inan, F. A. (2024) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2023.2196456 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Social media ills and evolutionary mismatches: a conceptual framework
Lim, A. J., & Tan, E. (2024) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-024-00398-z · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Adaptive behaviors, such as increased effort into group tasks (Williams & Sommer, 1997), conforming to group norms (Williams et al., 2000), as well as compensatory cooperation (Ouwerkerk et al., 2005), are some of the well-documented responses to social exclusion.”
What is (not) ghosting? A theoretical analysis via three key pillars
Schokkenbroek, J. M., Telari, A., Pancani, L., & Riva, P. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108637 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lamontagne, S. J., Zabala, P. K., Zarate, C. A., & Ballard, E. D. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105361 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Williams, K. D., & Sommer, K. L.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Williams, Kipling D.
- Sommer, Kristin L.
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 693-706
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2118511810
- Cited by
- 669
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 9.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Keywords
- ostracism, social loafing, social compensation, group task performance, gender differences, sense of belonging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
