Motivations for prevention or promotion following social exclusion: being rejected versus being ignored
Abstract
Social exclusion evokes powerful motivations and emotions. The present studies examined how these motivations and emotions might differ following exclusion that is explicit, active, and direct (i.e., when one is rejected) versus implicit, passive, and indirect (i.e., when one is ignored). It was hypothesized that being rejected should produce a sense of social loss and lead to more prevention-focused responses, including withdrawal from social contact, thoughts about actions one should not have taken, and increased feelings of agitation. In contrast, being ignored should produce a sense of failure to achieve social gain and lead to more promotion-focused responses, including reengagement in social contact, thoughts about actions one should have taken, and increased feelings of dejection. These hypotheses were supported across 4 studies in which people recalled or underwent experiences of being rejected or ignored. Past research on active versus passive exclusion is reexamined and found to be consistent with these hypotheses as well.
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Mentalizing is a reasonable cognitive response to social exclusion in this paradigm.
“We suggest that mentalizing is a reasonable cognitive response to social exclusion in our paradigm, not only because mentalizing during decisions may reflect a concern with the peers’ evaluations of one’s decisions, but also because reactions to exclusion or rejection depend on the perceived intentions of the excluder (Molden et al., 2009; Smart Richman & Leary, 2009).”
From Risk-taking and social exclusion in adolescence: neural mechanisms underlying peer influences on decision-making (2013) · cites this paper as Molden et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Molden, D. C., Lucas, G. M., Gardner, W. L., Dean, K., & Knowles, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Georgia (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 415-431
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2158079757
- Cited by
- 352
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 16.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- social exclusion, rejection, prevention motivation, social loss, social benefits, social withdrawal, agitation, dejection
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rejection, Psychology, Social Alienation, Social Perception, Thinking, Young Adult
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