Cited by 24Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMemory Processes and InfluencesSmoking Behavior and Cessation

The effects of nicotine on intrusive memories in nonsmokers

Hawkins, Kirsten A., Cougle, Jesse R.·2013·Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

Abstract

Correlational research suggests that smoking increases risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), though such research by nature cannot rule out third variable explanations for this relationship. The present study used an analogue trauma film design to experimentally test the effects of nicotine on the occurrence of intrusive memories. Fifty-four healthy nonsmokers were randomly assigned to ingest either a nicotine or placebo lozenge before viewing a film depicting motor vehicle accidents. Participants recorded intrusive memories immediately after the film and for a week via diary. Participants in the nicotine condition reported significantly more intrusive memories immediately after watching the film, yet no group differences emerged on intrusions or intrusion-related distress reported during the following week. Among participants low in dispositional rumination, those who had ingested a nicotine lozenge reported more intrusions in the subsequent week than those in the placebo condition. These findings provide novel experimental evidence for the role of nicotine in increasing risk of PTSD and suggest that nicotine may contribute to trauma-related rumination but not heightened reactivity to trauma cues.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/a0033966

Cites

40 of 40 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Hawkins, K. A., & Cougle, J. R.
Venue
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
Published
2013-12
Volume
21
Issue
6
Pages
434-442
ISSN
  • 1064-1297 (ISSN-L)
  • 1936-2293
OpenAlex
W2128562480
Cited by
24
References
40
Citations by year
2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4
FWCI
2.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Keywords
nicotine, intrusive memories, post-traumatic stress disorder, non-smokers, motor vehicle accidents, nicotine lozenges
MeSH terms
Administration, Oral, Adolescent, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Nicotine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Recurrence, Chi-Square Distribution, Recognition, Psychology, Memory, Episodic, Healthy Volunteers

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review