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Expanding the lens of evidence-based practice in psychotherapy: A common factors perspective.
Abstract
In this article, we examine the science and policy implications of the common factors perspective (CF; Frank & Frank, 1993; Wampold, 2007). As the empirically supported treatment (EST) approach, grounded in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), is the received view (see Baker, McFall, & Shoham, 2008; McHugh & Barlow, 2012), we make the case for the CF perspective as an additional evidence-based approach for understanding how therapy works, but also as a basis for improving the quality of mental health services. Finally, we argue that it is time to integrate the 2 perspectives, and we challenge the field to do so.
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“The therapeutic alliance (the affective bond between therapist and patient, and agreement on the tasks and goals of therapy) is the most widely studied common factor.46,52”
From A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions (2022) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“existing work only focuses on GenAI’s capacity to produce responses high in perceived empathy, one of the five key elements of the therapeutic process according to the common factor metatheory.”
From When ELIZA meets therapists: a Turing test for the heart and mind (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“The common factors metatheory describes how different therapeutic orientations produce similar results for clients, stipulating that successful therapies share at least five common “ingredients:” therapeutic alliance, empathy, expectations, cultural competence, and therapist effects [27, 28, 31–33].”
From When ELIZA meets therapists: a Turing test for the heart and mind (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Given that common factors undergird and act as a mechanism for much of the evidence-based treatment literature [27, 28], and the direction and size of the effects, consulting with ChatGPT may be a way to improve declining or stagnating effect sizes within the evidence-based clinical psychological sciences [34, 35].”
From When ELIZA meets therapists: a Turing test for the heart and mind (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
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Baardseth, T. P., Goldberg, S. B., Pace, B. T., Wislocki, A. P., Frost, N. D., Siddiqui, J. R., Lindemann, A., Kivlighan, D., Laska, K. M., Re, A. D. D., et al. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.01.004 · Cited by 131
Self-citationDirect comparisons of treatment modalities for youth disorders: a meta-analysis
Miller, S., Wampold, B., & Varhely, K. (2008) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300701472131 · Cited by 126
Self-citationSpielmans, G. I., Pasek, L. F., & McFall, J. P. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.06.001 · Cited by 121
Minami, T., Wampold, B. E., Serlin, R. C., Hamilton, E. G., Brown, G. S. (., & Kircher, J. C. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.1.116 · Cited by 120
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Duncan, B. L. (2012) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0027762 · Cited by 120
Benchmarks for psychotherapy efficacy in adult major depression.
Minami, T., Wampold, B. E., Serlin, R. C., Kircher, J. C., & Brown, G. S. (. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.2.232 · Cited by 119
Self-citationStewart, R. E., Stirman, S. W., & Chambless, D. L. (2012) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0025694 · Cited by 111
Elkin, I., Falconnier, L., Martinovich, Z., & Mahoney, C. (2006) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300500268540 · Cited by 110
Pinsof, W. M., Zinbarg, R. E., Lebow, J. L., Knobloch-Fedders, L. M., Durbin, E., Chambers, A. L., Latta, T. A., Karam, E. A., Goldsmith, J. Z., & Friedman, G. (2009) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300802669973 · Cited by 109
Beyond “ESTs”: Problematic assumptions in the pursuit of evidence-based practice.
Wachtel, P. L. (2010) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020532 · Cited by 108
Crits-Christoph, P. F. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.122.3.216 · Cited by 108
Zuroff, D. C., Kelly, A. C., Leybman, M. J., Blatt, S. J., & Wampold, B. E. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20683 · Cited by 108
Self-citationTherapist effects on outcome and alliance in inpatient psychotherapy
Dinger, U., Strack, M., Leichsenring, F., Wilmers, F., & Schauenburg, H. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20443 · Cited by 106
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The alliance in motivational enhancement therapy and counseling as usual for substance use problems.
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Self-citationDifferent processes for different therapies: Therapist actions, therapeutic bond, and outcome.
Ulvenes, P., Berggraf, L., Hoffart, A., Stiles, T. C., Svartberg, M., McCullough, L., & Wampold, B. E. (2012) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0027895 · Cited by 76
Self-citationCouple Therapy Research and the Practice of Couple Therapy: Can We Talk?
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Self-citationThe investigation of exposure and cognitive therapy: Comment on Tarrier et al. (1999).
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Psychological treatment outcomes in routine NHS services: a commentary on
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Common misconceptions about cognitive mediation of treatment change: A commentary to
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Treatment Integrity: An Unresolved Issue in Psychotherapy Research
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The Dodo Bird, treatment technique, and disseminating empirically supported treatments.
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EBP ≠ EST: Reply to Crits-Christoph et al. (2005) and Weisz et al. (2005).
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Behavioral versus insight-oriented marital therapy: Labels can be misleading.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Laska, K. M., Gurman, A. S., & Wampold, B. E.
- Affiliations
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- ORCID
- Wampold, Bruce E.
- Venue
- Psychotherapy
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 467-481
- ISSN
- 0033-3204 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1536
- OpenAlex
- W2327281039
- Semantic Scholar
- 6006f594d7a6fd3ad956dd7da833c59f1d33be41
- Cited by
- 443
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 15
- FWCI
- 34.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
- Keywords
- empirically supported treatments, evidence-based practice, psychotherapy outcome, randomized controlled trials, mental health care quality, treatment integration
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Psychotherapy, Evidence-Based Medicine, Empirical Research
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