Longitudinal associations between experienced racial discrimination and depressive symptoms in African American adolescents

English, Devin; Lambert, Sharon F.; Ialongo, Nicholas S.

doi:10.1037/a0034703

Cited by 126Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentHealth disparities and outcomes

Longitudinal associations between experienced racial discrimination and depressive symptoms in African American adolescents

Open access

English, Devin, Lambert, Sharon F., Ialongo, Nicholas S.·2014·Developmental Psychology

DOI 10.1037/a0034703PMC PMC4501852

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

While recent evidence has indicated that experienced racial discrimination is associated with increased depressive symptoms for African American adolescents, most studies rely on cross-sectional and short-term longitudinal research designs. As a result, the direction and persistence of this association across time remains unclear. This article examines longitudinal associations between experienced racial discrimination and depressive symptoms among a community sample of African American adolescents (N = 504) from Grade 7 to Grade 10, while controlling for multiple alternative causal pathways. Sex was tested as a moderator of the link between experienced racial discrimination and later depressive symptoms. Structural equation modeling revealed that experienced racial discrimination was positively associated with depressive symptoms 1 year later across all waves of measurement. The link between experienced racial discrimination at Grade 7 and depressive symptoms at Grade 8 was stronger for females than males. Findings highlight the role of experienced racial discrimination in the etiology of depressive symptoms for African Americans across early adolescence.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/a0034703

Cites

37 of 37 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Previous individual studies have found moderation by age, sex, education level and birthplace of study participants.
“Moderation by age, sex, education level and birthplace of study participants has been found in previous individual studies (e.g., [42, 414]) but has been inconclusive in previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses [e.g., [13]).”
From Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2015) · cites this paper as [42]
The Results section reports that sex moderated the association between Grade 7 racial discrimination and Grade 8 depressive symptoms, though not the later pathways. The cited study does not establish moderation by age, education level, or birthplace; those parts of the citing sentence are not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. rev.) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. rev.) American Psychiatric Association (1987). American Psychiatric Press, Inc., 1400 K Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. 567 pp., $39.95 hardcover; $29.95 softcover.
Drake, M. M. (1988) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.42.10.683b · Cited by 5,303 · see citing works
Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence
Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837 · Cited by 4,035 · see citing works
Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0 · Cited by 3,371 · see citing works
Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model.
Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.54.10.805 · Cited by 2,837 · see citing works
Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model.
Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.10.805 · Cited by 2,830 · see citing works
Gender differences in depression: Critical review
Piccinelli, M., & Wilkinson, G. (2000) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.177.6.486 · Cited by 2,376 · see citing works
An Integrative Model for the Study of Developmental Competencies in Minority Children
Coll, C. G., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Garcia, H. V. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01834.x · Cited by 2,360 · see citing works
An Integrative Model for the Study of Developmental Competencies in Minority Children
Coll, C. G., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R. R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K. A., Wasik, B. H., & García, H. A. V. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131600 · Cited by 2,304 · see citing works
A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color.
Harrell, S. P. (2000) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0087722 · Cited by 1,589 · see citing works
Gender differences in depression
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00142 · Cited by 1,474 · see citing works
Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA Study of young black and white adults
Krieger, N., & Sidney, S. (1996) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.86.10.1370 · Cited by 1,296 · see citing works
Null hypothesis significance testing: a review of an old and continuing controversy
Nickerson, R. S. (2000) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.5.2.241 · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works
Discrimination Distress During Adolescence
Fisher, C. B., Wallace, S. A., & Fenton, R. E. (2000) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/a:1026455906512 · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
The Influence of Ethnic Discrimination and Ethnic Identification on African American adolescents' School and Socioemotional Adjustment
Wong, C. A., Eccles, J. S., & Sameroff, A. (2003) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7106012 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
Trajectories of perceived adult and peer discrimination among Black, Latino, and Asian American adolescents: Patterns and psychological correlates.
Greene, M. L., Way, N., & Pahl, K. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.218 · Cited by 970 · see citing works
Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders as Predictors of Young Adult Disorders
Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.85 · Cited by 844 · see citing works
Racial Identity Matters: The Relationship between Racial Discrimination and Psychological Functioning in African American Adolescents
Sellers, R. M., Copeland‐Linder, N., Martin, P. P., & Lewis, R. (2006) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00128.x · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Perceived Discrimination and the Adjustment of African American Youths: A Five-Year Longitudinal Analysis With Contextual Moderation Effects
Brody, G. H., Chen, Y.-F., Murry, V. M., Ge, X., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Cutrona, C. E. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00927.x · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Cross-lagged panel correlation: A test for spuriousness.
Kenny, D. A. (1975) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.82.6.887 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Perceived Discrimination and Substance Use in African American Parents and Their Children: A Panel Study.
Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Cleveland, M. J., Wills, T. A., & Brody, G. H. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.4.517 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
Children's Perceptions of Discrimination: A Developmental Model
Brown, C. S., & Bigler, R. S. (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00862.x · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Prejudice as stress: Conceptual and measurement problems
Meyer, I. H. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.2.262 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
“Gender Matters, Too: The Influences of School Racial Discrimination and Racial Identity on Academic Engagement Outcomes among African American Adolescents”
Chavous, T. M., Rivas-Drake, D., Smalls, C., Griffin, T., & Cogburn, C. (2008) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.637 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Proximal Impact of Two First‐Grade Preventive Interventions on the Early Risk Behaviors for Later Substance Abuse, Depression, and Antisocial Behavior
Ialongo, N. S., Werthamer, L., Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., Wang, S., & Lin, Y. (1999) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1022137920532 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Longitudinal investigation into childhood-and adolescence-onset depression: Psychiatric outcome in early adulthood
Dunn, V. J., & Goodyer, I. M. (2006) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.188.3.216 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Online Racial Discrimination and Psychological Adjustment Among Adolescents
Tynes, B. M., Giang, M. T., Williams, D. R., & Thompson, G. N. (2008) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.08.021 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
The Impact of Racial Discrimination and Coping Strategies on Internalizing Symptoms in African American Youth
Gaylord‐Harden, N. K., & Cunningham, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9377-5 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
The Impact of Perceived Racism: Psychological Symptoms Among African American Boys
Nyborg, V. M., & Curry, J. F. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3202_11 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
An intersectional approach for understanding perceived discrimination and psychological well-being among African American and Caribbean Black youth.
Seaton, E. K., Caldwell, C. H., Sellers, R. M., & Jackson, J. S. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019869 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Supportive Parenting Moderates the Effect of Discrimination upon Anger, Hostile View of Relationships, and Violence among African American Boys
Simons, R. L., Simons, L. G., BURT, C. H., Drummund, H., Stewart, E., Brody, G. H., Gibbons, F. X., & Cutrona, C. E. (2006) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650604700405 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Depression self-rating scale: Utility with child psychiatric inpatients.
Asarnow, J. R., & Carlson, G. A. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.53.4.491 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Taking It Like a Man: Masculine Role Norms as Moderators of the Racial Discrimination–Depressive Symptoms Association Among African American Men
Powell, W. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300485 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
It Takes a Village: Protecting Rural African American Youth in the Context of Racism
Berkel, C., Murry, V. M., Hurt, T. R., Chen, Y., Brody, G. H., Simons, R. L., Cutrona, C. E., & Gibbons, F. X. (2008) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9346-z · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Depression self-rating scale: Utility with child psychiatric inpatients.
Asarnow, J. R., & Carlson, G. A. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.53.4.491 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Perceptions of Racism in Children and Youth (PRaCY): properties of a self-report instrument for research on children's health and development
Pachter, L. M., Szalacha, L. A., Bernstein, B. A., & Coll, C. G. (2009) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557850903383196 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Mood as Information in Making Attributions to Discrimination
Sechrist, G. B., Swim, J. K., & Mark, M. M. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202250922 · Cited by 67 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M., & Gee, G. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 · Cited by 2,610 · see citing works
“, [42, 414]) but has been inconclusive in previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses [e.”
BackgroundResult
Daily multidimensional racial discrimination among Black U.S. American adolescents
English, D., Lambert, S. F., Tynes, B. M., Bowleg, L., Zea, M. C., & Howard, L. C. (2020) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101068 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Post-Racial Society in Which Ethnic-Racial Discrimination Still Exists and Has Significant Consequences for Youths’ Adjustment
Umaña‐Taylor, A. J. (2016) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721415627858 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Mental Health: a Review and Future Directions for Social Epidemiology
Vines, A. I., Ward, J. B., Cordoba, E., & Black, K. Z. (2017) · Current Epidemiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40471-017-0106-z · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“They were just making jokes”: Ethnic/racial teasing and discrimination among adolescents.
Douglass, S., Mirpuri, S., English, D., & Yip, T. (2015) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000041 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citation
Suicide among Black Children: An Integrated Model of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide and Intersectionality Theory for Researchers and Clinicians
Opara, I., Assan, M. A., Pierre, K., Gunn, J. F., Metzger, I., Hamilton, J., & Arugu, E. (2020) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/0021934720935641 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“English et al. (2014) found that racial discrimination was associated with participation in delinquency and suicide ideation among Black children.”
Background
Discrimination Increases Suicidal Ideation in Black Adolescents Regardless of Ethnicity and Gender
Assari, S., Lankarani, M. M., & Caldwell, C. (2017) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs7040075 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Religious Social Support, Discrimination, and Psychiatric Disorders among Black Adolescents
Hope, M. O., Assari, S., Cole-Lewis, Y. C. O., & Caldwell, C. (2017) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-016-9192-7 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Racial discrimination and other adverse childhood experiences as risk factors for internalizing mental health concerns among Black youth
Bernard, D. L., Smith, Q., & Lanier, P. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22760 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The Protective Role of Religious Involvement in African American and Caribbean Black Adolescents’ Experiences of Racial Discrimination
Butler‐Barnes, S. T., Martin, P. P., Copeland‐Linder, N., Seaton, E. K., Matusko, N., Caldwell, C. H., & Jackson, J. S. (2016) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x15626063 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Associations between trajectories of perceived racial discrimination and psychological symptoms among African American adolescents
Bynum, M. S., Lambert, S. F., English, D., & Ialongo, N. S. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000571 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citation
Which girls, which boys? The intersectional risk for depression by race and ethnicity, and gender in the U.S.
Patil, P. A., Porche, M. V. M., Shippen, N. A., Dallenbach, N. T., & Fortuna, L. R. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.12.003 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Examining Racial Discrimination Frequency, Racial Discrimination Stress, and Psychological Well-Being Among Black Early Adolescents
Lanier, Y., Sommers, M. S., Fletcher, J., Sutton, M. Y., & Roberts, D. D. (2016) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798416638189 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Racial Stress and Trauma and the Development of Adolescent Depression: A Review of the Role of Vigilance Evoked by Racism-Related Threat
Woody, M. L., Bell, E., Cruz, N., Wears, A., Anderson, R. E., & Price, R. B. (2022) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470221118574 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Psychological pathways from racial discrimination to cortisol in African American males and females
Lee, D. B., Peckins, M. K., Heinze, J. E., Miller, A. L., Assari, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-017-9887-2 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Role of Perceived Discrimination during Childhood and Adolescence in Understanding Racial and Socioeconomic Influences on Depression in Young Adulthood
Cheng, E. R., Cohen, A., & Goodman, E. (2014) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.10.010 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A Framework for Race‐Related Trauma in the Public Education System and Implications on Health for Black Youth
Henderson, D. X., Walker, L., Barnes, R. R., Lunsford, A., Edwards, C., & Clark, C. J. (2019) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12832 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The Role of Race and Ethnicity in Parental Ethnic-Racial Socialization: A Scoping Review of Research
Simon, C. B. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01854-7 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression: Links to racial‐ethnic discrimination and adjustment among Latino/a and Asian‐heritage college students
Juang, L. P., Moffitt, U., Kim, S. Y., Lee, R. M., Soto, J. A., Hurley, E. A., Weisskirch, R. S., Blozis, S. A., Castillo, L. G., Huynh, Q., et al. (2016) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.08.012 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Online Racism and Mental Health Among Black American Adolescents in 2020
Toro, J. D., & Wang, M. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.004 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The Intersection of Race and Gender Among Black American Adolescents
Seaton, E. K., & Tyson, K. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13093 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Longitudinal Effects of Racial Discrimination on Depressive Symptoms Among Black Youth: Between- and Within-Person Effects
Lavner, J. A., Hart, A. R., Carter, S. E., & Beach, S. R. H. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.04.020 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A Daily Examination of African American Adolescents’ Racial Discrimination, Parental Racial Socialization, and Psychological Affect
Cheeks, B. L., Chavous, T. M., & Sellers, R. M. (2020) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13416 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Differential Effects of Racial Socialization Messages for African American Adolescents: Personal Versus Institutional Racial Discrimination
Saleem, F. T., & Lambert, S. F. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0326-0 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Moderating Roles of Gender and Socioeconomic Status in the Association Between Racial Discrimination and Psychological Adjustment
Neblett, E. W., Bernard, D. L., & Banks, K. H. (2016) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.05.002 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Does Religious Involvement Mitigate the Effects of Major Discrimination on the Mental Health of African Americans? Findings from the Nashville Stress and Health Study
Ellison, C. G., DeAngelis, R. T., & Güven, M. (2017) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel8090195 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Using digital phenotyping to capture depression symptom variability: detecting naturalistic variability in depression symptoms across one year using passively collected wearable movement and sleep data
Price, G. D., Heinz, M. V., Song, S. H., Nemesure, M. D., & Jacobson, N. C. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02669-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Depressive Symptomatology and College Persistence among African American College Students
Boyraz, G., Horne, S. G., Owens, A. C., & Armstrong, A. P. (2016) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2016.1163251 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Investigating Longitudinal Associations Between Racial Microaggressions, Coping, Racial/Ethnic Identity, and Mental Health in Black Girls and Women
Loyd, A. B., Kürüm, E., Crooks, N. K., Maya, A., Emerson, E. M., & Donenberg, G. R. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12710 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Black Youth Suicide Crisis: Prevalence Rates, Review of Risk and Protective Factors, and Current Evidence-Based Practices
Meza, J. I., Patel, K., & Bath, E. P. J. (2022) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20210034 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Protective parenting behavior buffers the impact of racial discrimination on depression among Black youth.
Lei, M., Lavner, J. A., Carter, S. E., Hart, A. R., & Beach, S. R. H. (2021) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000822 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cultural Racism and Depression in Black Adolescents: Examining Racial Socialization and Racial Identity as Moderators
Gibson, S. M., Bouldin, B., Stokes, M. N., Lozada, F. T., & Hope, E. C. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12698 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Adding to the Education Debt: Depressive Symptoms Mediate the Association between Racial Discrimination and Academic Performance in African Americans
English, D., Lambert, S. F., & Ialongo, N. S. (2016) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2016.05.007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citation
Microaggressions, Injustices, and Racial Identity
Isom, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986215607253 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
What Can Parents Do? Examining the Role of Parental Support on the Negative Relationship Among Racial Discrimination, Depression, and Drug Use Among African American Youth
Zapolski, T. C. B., Fisher, S. D., Hsu, W., & Barnes, J. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616646371 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Racial and gender discrimination by teachers: Risks for Black girls’ depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation.
Butler‐Barnes, S. T., Leath, S. C., Inniss‐Thompson, M. N., Allen, P. C., D'Almeida, M. E. D. A., & Boyd, D. T. (2022) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000538 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Perception of community tolerance and prevalence of depression among transgender persons
Owen‐Smith, A. A., Sineath, R. C., Sanchez, T., Dea, R., Giammattei, S. V., Gillespie, T. W., Helms, M. F., Hunkeler, E. M., Quinn, V. P., Roblin, D. W., et al. (2016) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2016.1228553 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Genetic moderation of child maltreatment effects on depression and internalizing symptoms by serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) genes in African American children
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000984 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms as a longitudinal predictor of sexual risk behaviors among African-American adolescents.
Foley, J. D., Vanable, P. A., Brown, L. K., Carey, M. P., DiClemente, R. J., Römer, D., & Valois, R. F. (2019) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000780 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Physical and Mental Health Conditions in Childhood, and the Relative Role of Other Adverse Experiences
Hutchins, H. J., Barry, C. M., Wanga, V., Bacon, S., Njai, R. S., Claussen, A. H., Ghandour, R. M., Lebrun‐Harris, L. A., Perkins, K., & Robinson, L. R. (2022) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-022-00063-z · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Rumination as a Mediator of the Association Between Racial Discrimination and Depression Among Black Youth
Bernard, D. L., Halliday, C. A., Are, F. G., Banks, D. E., & Danielson, C. K. (2021) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-021-01132-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Neighborhood Characteristics and Expectations of Racially Discriminatory Experiences Among African American Adolescents
Witherspoon, D. P., Seaton, E. K., & Rivas‐Drake, D. (2016) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12595 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The longitudinal associations among perceived discrimination, social initiative, and depressive symptoms in Chinese rural left‐behind adolescents☆
Zhao, J., Wang, Q., & Xue, X. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.04.006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Promoting Racial/Ethnic Equity in Psychosocial Treatment Outcomes for Child and Adolescent Anxiety and Depression
Weersing, V. R., González, A., Hatch, B., & Lynch, F. L. (2022) · Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1176/appi.prcp.20210044 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A Culturally Informed Model of the Development of the Impostor Phenomenon Among African American Youth
Bernard, D., & Neblett, E. (2018) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-017-0073-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Everyday discrimination, negative emotions, and academic achievement in Filipino secondary school students: Cross-sectional and cross-lagged panel investigations
Datu, J. A. D. (2018) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2018.04.001 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Emotional Awareness Moderates the Association Between Discrimination and Emotional-Behavioral Problems: A Cross-Informant Study in Chinese Rural-to-Urban Migrant Youth
Lan, X., Scrimin, S., & Moscardino, U. M. M. (2019) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431619874399 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Perceived discrimination and psychological distress among immigrants to Canada: The mediating role of bicultural identity orientations
FIRAT, M. A., & Noels, K. A. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430221990082 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Racial Discrimination and Psychological Distress among African American Adolescents: Investigating the Social Support Deterioration Model
Smith, S. M., Sun, R., & Gordon, M. S. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01397-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Trauma- and Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (JEDI)-Informed Approach to Suicide Prevention in School: Black Boys’ Lives Matter
Marraccini, M. E., Lindsay, C. A., Griffin, D. C., Greene, M. J., Simmons, K. T., & Ingram, K. M. (2022) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/2372966x.2021.2010502 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Completing the Circle: Linkages Between Restorative Practices, Socio-Emotional Well-Being, and Racial Justice in Schools
Huguley, J. P., Fussell‐Ware, D. J., McQueen, S. S., Wang, M., & Bellis, B. D. (2022) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/10634266221088989 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Neighborhood social processes as moderators between racial discrimination and depressive symptoms for African American adolescents
Saleem, F. T., Busby, D. R., & Lambert, S. F. (2018) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.21970 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Shortened telomere length is associated with unfair treatment attributed to race in African Americans living in Tallahassee, Florida
Rej, P. H., Gravlee, C. C., & Mulligan, C. J. (2019) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23375 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Racial discrimination predicts depressive symptoms throughout adolescence among Black youth.
Lavner, J. A., Ong, M. L., Carter, S. E., Hart, A. R., & Beach, S. R. H. (2022) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001456 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Effect of Environmental Risk and Externalizing Comorbidity on Internalizing Problems Among Economically Disadvantaged A frican A merican Youth
Liu, J., Bolland, J. M., Dick, D. M., Mustanski, B. S., & Kertes, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12213 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Identifying Risk and Protective Factors in Research on Mental Health and Black American Adolescents: 1990 Through 2022
Loyd, A. B., Humphries, M. L., Moore, C. L., Owens, C. L., Smith, A. M., & Williams, N. (2024) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984241249360 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Fifteen-year trends in self-reported racism and link with health and well-being of African Canadian adolescents: a secondary data analysis
Okoye, H. U., & Saewyc, E. (2021) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01446-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A Phenomenological Study of Racial Harassment in School and Emotional Effects Among the Retrospective Accounts of Older Black Adolescents
Henderson, D. X., Jones, J., McLeod, K., Jackson, K., Lunsford, A., & Metzger, I. W. (2020) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1007/s11256-020-00551-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Building Adolescent Self-efficacy and Resilience Through Social Action
Sedillo-Hamann, D. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-021-00788-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Life Course Racism and Depressive Symptoms among Young Black Women
Quist, A., Han, X., Baird, D. D., Wise, L. A., Wegienka, G., Woods‐Giscombé, C. L., & Vines, A. I. (2022) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-021-00574-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hope Springs: Moderating the Link Between Racial Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms for African American Emerging Adults
Khahra, A., Thomas, A., Caffrey, S., Taylor, E., Stull, M., Beasley, C., Banks, K. H., & Kohn-Wood, L. (2019) · The Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798419868874 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Exploring dimensions of bias‐based bullying victimization, school fairness, and school belonging through mediation analysis
Burgess, D. L., Kim, I., Seon, Y., & Chatters, S. J. (2023) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23015 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
African American Children’s Racial Discrimination Experiences and Mental Health
Walker, C. J., Williams, C. D., Winter, M. A., & Everhart, R. S. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02311-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Athletes’ Perceptions of National Collegiate Athletic Association–Mandated Sickle Cell Trait Screening: Insight for Academic Institutions and College Health Professionals
Lawrence, R. H., & Shah, G. H. (2014) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.902840 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Advances in Research on Adolescent Suicide and a High Priority Agenda for Future Research
Clayton, M. G., Pollak, O. H., Owens, S., Miller, A. B., & Prinstein, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12614 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Racism and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Critical Consciousness for Black Adolescents
Hope, E. C., Golden, A. R., & Anyiwo, N. (2024) · Youth · doi:10.3390/youth4020044 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Combined Race and Gender Trend Disparities in Depressive Symptoms among U.S. High School Students: 1999–2019
Grunin, L., Yu, G., & Cohen, S. S. (2022) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2022.2067274 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Differential Vulnerability to Perceived Discrimination Between African American and Caribbean Black Adolescents: The Role of Parental Nativity Status
Smith, N. C. (2019) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-019-00671-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Race‐Based Stress in White Adults: Exploring the Role of White Racial Identity Status Attitudes and Type of Racial Events
Carter, R. T., Roberson, K., & Johnson, V. E. (2020) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/jmcd.12168 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Among Black American Adolescents: Sociocultural, Racism and Familial Predictors
Reck, A., Seaton, E. K., Oshri, A., & Kogan, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2022.2140432 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Influence of Racial Socialization, Mentor Support, and Emotion Regulation on the Psychological Well-Being of African American Boys
Khahra, A., Thomas, A., Gale, A., & Rowley, S. J. (2024) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-02016-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Adolescents’ experiences of discrimination, disclosure of discrimination, and well-being
Dotterer, A. M., Ferguson, M., & Whiteman, S. D. (2024) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075241233486 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Adolescents’ Daily Race-Related Online Experiences and Mental Health Outcomes
Tynes, B. M., McGee, T., & English, D. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.36870 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social Correlates of HIV-Risky Behaviours among African Canadian Adolescents Living in British Columbia, Canada: A Secondary Data Analysis
Ojukwu, E. N., Okoye, H. U., & Saewyc, E. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20116031 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Does Parental Monitoring During Adolescence Moderate Neighborhood Effects on African American Youth Outcomes?
Herman, K. C., Pugh, B., & Ialongo, N. S. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01829-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Suicide Among Black Children: An Integrated Model of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide and Intersectionality Theory for Researchers and Clinicians
Opara, I., Assan, M. A., Pierre, K., Gunn, J. F., Metzger, I. W., Hamilton, J., & Arugu, E. (2022) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.22020003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“All About How You Couch It:” African American Fathers’ Visions of Interventions for their Sons
Doyle, O., Cryer‐Coupet, Q. R., & McLeod, B. A. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02346-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Discrimination and adherence in a cross-sectional study of Latino sexual minority men with HIV: Coping with discrimination as a mediator and coping self-efficacy as a moderator
Barreras, J. L., Bogart, L. M., MacCarthy, S., Klein, D. J., & Pantalone, D. W. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-023-00426-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Racial discrimination predicts subjective cognitive decline: Perceived relationship support buffers the association
Lei, M., Hanus, S. L., Simons, L. G., Simons, R. L., & Beach, S. R. H. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117341 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
African Americans, Caribbean Blacks and Depression: Which Biopsychosocial Factors Should Social Workers Focus On? Results from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL)
Robinson, M. A., Kim, I., Mowbray, O. P., & Disney, L. (2021) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-021-00833-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Peer Victimization and Nonsuicidal Self-injury among Chinese Left-behind Children: Mediation by Perceived Discrimination and Moderation by Hardiness
Yang, B., Guan, Q., Huang, J. X., & Wang, Z. (2022) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2022.2101408 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cultural Consensus Modeling to identify culturally relevant reasons for and against suicide among Black adolescents
Hill, R. M., Busby, D. R., Brown, J. L., Sumlin, E. D., Fernandez, E., & Sharp, C. (2023) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.13000 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Co-occurring Stress Trajectories and the Longitudinal Coupling of Internalizing Symptoms in Parent-Adolescent Dyads
Griffith, J. M., Long, E. E., Young, J. F., & Hankin, B. L. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01046-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Stability Buffers Racial Discrimination Effect on Depression in a Marginalized Community
Rivera, R., Capers, T., Chandler, M. A., Matthews, E. B., Rzewinski, J., Rees, J., Israel, S., & Lushin, V. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-021-01203-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms and Drinking to Cope in Relation to Alcohol Use Outcomes among White and Black/African American College Students
Taylor, N. L., Su, J., The Spit for Science Working Group, & Dick, D. M. (2022) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2022.2034871 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Role of Rumination in the Association between Discrimination and Adolescents’ Mental and Physical Health
Dondanville, A. A., Bordewyk, A., & Pössel, P. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02401-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bullying victimization as a risk factor of the developmental trajectory of non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Exploring potential mediating pathways
Yang, Y., Li, Q., & Chu, X. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120081 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The impact of cognitive styles and depressive symptoms on the relation between perceived everyday discrimination and blood pressure in adolescents.
Dondanville, A. A., & Pössel, P. (2019) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000206 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Perceived ethnic discrimination and school connectedness among adolescents in Finland: Role of family background and sex
Ulubas, I. Z., Björkqvist, K., & Söderberg, P. (2021) · Journal of Educational Health and Community Psychology · doi:10.12928/jehcp.v10i2.20029 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Unveiling potential: Culturally responsive teaching practices to catalyze social-emotional success in black youth
Redmond, N. M., Shubert, J., Scales, P. C., Williams, J. L., & Syvertsen, A. K. (2025) · Social and Emotional Learning Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.sel.2025.100124 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Incorporating Cultural Competence into Clinical Care of Children and Adolescents
Piña, A., Thamrin, H., Mendes, S. H., Holly, L. E., & Stoll, R. D. (2020) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44226-2_24 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Urban Adolescents’ Exposure to Violence and Racial Discrimination: Gender Differences in Coping and Mental Health
Hernandez, B. E., McDaniel, H. L., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02731-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A dynamic relationship between discrimination and psychological distress among rural migrant workers in China
Liu, S., Zhang, K., & Ren, Q. (2024) · Chinese Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/2057150x241289704 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Learning from suicide deaths in Harris County, Texas
DeMello, A. S., Yang, Y., Schulte, J., Wolf, D. A., Holcomb, J. B., Bless, B., DeMeter, K., Wade, C. E., & Drake, S. A. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1776790 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Depressive Symptoms, Body Mass Index, and Physical Activity Self-Efficacy in African American Children
Williams-Click, Y., Cowan, P. A., & Graff, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01761-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Discrimination by whom? : Unraveling the effect of experiences of discrimination on depression of multi-ethnic children and adolescents in Korea
Kim, H., & Won, S. (2019) · Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development · doi:10.1080/02185385.2019.1682032 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Adolescent Stress and Coping in the Context of Poverty
Santiago, C. D., Distel, L. M. L., Wolff, B. C., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_297-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Elementary Teachers’ Attributions for Racially Minoritized Students’ Classroom Behaviors
Pandey, T., Sutherland, K. S., Cormier, D. R., & Gibson, D. M. (2024) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/00420859241276410 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Everyday Discrimination in Young Adulthood and Depressive Symptoms at Early Midlife: The Moderating Role of Parent–Child Relationships
Herath, K. B., & Zhang, X. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22091323 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A review of dairy food intake for improving health among black children and adolescents in the US
Lawson, Y., Mpasi, P., Young, M. A., Comerford, K. B., & Mitchell, E. P. (2024) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jnma.2024.01.019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Racial discrimination predicts depressive symptoms throughout adolescence among Black youth.
Lavner, J. A., Ong, M. L., Carter, S. E., Hart, A. R., & Beach, S. R. H. (2022) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001456 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Longitudinal Effects of Racial Discrimination on Depressive Symptoms Among Black Youth: Between- and Within-Person Effects
Lavner, J. A., Hart, A. R., Carter, S. E., & Beach, S. R. H. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.04.020 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Associations between trajectories of perceived racial discrimination and psychological symptoms among African American adolescents
Bynum, M. S., Lambert, S. F., English, D., & Ialongo, N. S. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000571 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citation
Racial Discrimination during Adolescence Predicts Mental Health Deterioration in Adulthood: Gender Differences among Blacks
Assari, S., Zadeh, E. M., Caldwell, C. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00104 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The effect of early discrimination on accelerated aging among African Americans.
Carter, S. E., Ong, M. L., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., Lei, M., & Beach, S. R. H. (2019) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000788 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Authors: English, D., Lambert, S. F., & Ialongo, N. S.
Affiliations: George Washington University (US)
Johns Hopkins University (US)
ORCID: English, Devin
Lambert, Sharon F.
Ialongo, Nicholas S.
Venue: Developmental Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2014-04
Volume: 50
Issue: 4
Pages: 1190-1196
ISSN: 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
1939-0599
DOI: 10.1037/a0034703
PMC: PMC4501852
OpenAlex: W2332916519
Cited by: 126
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4
FWCI: 24.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH057005, MH078995)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA11796)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Keywords: racial discrimination, depressive symptoms, African American adolescents, early adolescence, sex differences, longitudinal associations, etiology of depression, community sample
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Age Factors, Black or African American, Child, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Psychological, Sex Factors, Racism

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Longitudinal associations between experienced racial discrimination and depressive symptoms in African American adolescents

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks