Interaction takes two: Typical adults exhibit mind-blindness towards those with autism spectrum disorder.

Edey, Rosanna; Cook, Jennifer; Brewer, Rebecca; Johnson, Mark H.; Bird, Geoffrey; Press, Clare

doi:10.1037/abn0000199

Cited by 215Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchAction Observation and SynchronizationChild and Animal Learning Development

Interaction takes two: Typical adults exhibit mind-blindness towards those with autism spectrum disorder.

Open access

Edey, Rosanna, Cook, Jennifer, Brewer, Rebecca, Johnson, Mark H., Bird, Geoffrey, Press, Clare·2016·Journal of Abnormal Psychology

DOI 10.1037/abn0000199

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Recent work suggests that we are better at interpreting the movements of others who move like us, and that individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) move in a quantifiably different way from typical individuals. Therefore, "social impairments" exhibited by individuals with ASD may, at least in part, represent a failure by typical individuals to infer the correct mental states from the movements of those with ASD. To examine this possibility, individuals with ASD and typical adults manually directed 2 triangles to generate animations depicting mental state interactions. Kinematic analysis of the generated animations demonstrated that the participants with ASD moved atypically, specifically with increased jerk compared to the typical participants. In confirmation of our primary hypothesis, typical individuals were better able to identify the mental state portrayed in the animations produced by typical, relative to autistic, individuals. The participants with ASD did not show this "same group" advantage, demonstrating comparable performance for the 2 sets of animations. These findings have significant implications for clinical assessment and intervention in ASD, and potentially other populations with atypical movement. (PsycINFO Database Record

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/abn0000199

Cites

42 of 42 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Nonautistic people have difficulties understanding the minds and behaviours of autistic people and are prone to misperceiving them.
“What such research shows is that nonautistic people have difficulties understanding the minds and behaviours of autistic people – and, worryingly, are prone to misperceiving them.”
From Annual Research Review: Shifting from ‘normal science’ to neurodiversity in autism science (2022) · cites this paper as Edey et al., 2016
Nonautistic people have difficulties interpreting autistic people's mental states.
“have difficulties interpreting autistic people’s behaviour (Sheppard, Pillai, Wong, Ropar, & Mitchell, 2016) and mental states (Edey et al., 2016).”
From Annual Research Review: Shifting from ‘normal science’ to neurodiversity in autism science (2022) · cites this paper as Edey et al., 2016

An Experimental Study of Apparent Behavior
Heider, F., & Simmel, M. (1944) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1416950 · Cited by 3,340 · see citing works
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
Lord, C., Rutter, M. L., Goode, S., Heemsbergen, J., Jordan, H., Mawhood, L., & Schopler, E. (1989) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t54175-000 · Cited by 1,693 · see citing works
Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes
Castelli, F. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf189 · Cited by 1,377 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5)
Ma, F. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_419-2 · Cited by 1,241 · see citing works
Development of the brain depends on the visual environment
BLAKEMORE, C., & COOPER, G. F. (1970) · Nature · doi:10.1038/228477a0 · Cited by 1,005 · see citing works
The enactive mind, or from actions to cognition: lessons from autism
Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., & Volkmar, F. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1202 · Cited by 890 · see citing works
Relating Introspective Accuracy to Individual Differences in Brain Structure
Fleming, S. M., Weil, R. S., Nagy, Z., Dolan, R. J., & Rees, G. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1191883 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Do triangles play tricks? Attribution of mental states to animated shapes in normal and abnormal development
Abell, F., Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2000) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(00)00014-9 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Perceiving affect from arm movement
Pollick, F. E., Paterson, H., Bruderlin, A., & Sanford, A. J. (2001) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(01)00147-0 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social dysfunctioning
Nijmeijer, J. S., Minderaa, R. B., Buitelaar, J. K., Mulligan, A., Hartman, C. A., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.10.003 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Impairment of actions chains in autism and its possible role in intention understanding
Cattaneo, L., Fabbri‐Destro, M., Boria, S., Pieraccini, C., Monti, A., Cossu, G., & Rizzolatti, G. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0706273104 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Reversibility of the Other-Race Effect in Face Recognition During Childhood
Sangrigoli, S., Pallier, C., Argenti, A.-M., Ventureyra, V. A. G., & de Schonen, S. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01554.x · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Critical features for the perception of emotion from gait
Roether, C. L., Omlor, L., Christensen, A., & Giese, M. A. (2009) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/9.6.15 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Observations on the Development of Visually-Directed Reaching
White, B. L., Castle, P., & Held, R. M. (1964) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1126701 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Observations on the Development of Visually-Directed Reaching
White, B. L., Castle, P., & Held, R. M. (1964) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1964.tb05944.x · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Self-perception and action in infancy
Rochat, P. (1998) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s002210050550 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
The Functional Significance of Arm Movements in Neonates
van der Meer, A. L. H., van der Weel, F. R., & Lee, D. N. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7839147 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Recognition and Expression of Emotional Cues by Autistic and Normal Adults
Macdonald, H., Rutter, M. L., Howlin, P., Rios, P., Conteur, A. L., Evered, C., & Folstein, S. E. (1989) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00288.x · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Atypical basic movement kinematics in autism spectrum conditions
Cook, J. L., Blakemore, S., & Press, C. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awt208 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citation
Towards a second-person neuropsychiatry
Schilbach, L. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0081 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Moving in and out of synchrony: A concept for a new intervention fostering empathy through interactional movement and dance
Behrends, A., Müller, S., & Dziobek, I. (2012) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2012.02.003 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Can Neurotypical Individuals Read Autistic Facial Expressions? Atypical Production of Emotional Facial Expressions in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Brewer, R., Biotti, F., Catmur, C., Press, C., Happé, F., Cook, R., & Bird, G. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1508 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Self-citation
Evidence for distinct contributions of form and motion information to the recognition of emotions from body gestures
Atkinson, A. P., Tunstall, M. L., & Dittrich, W. H. (2006) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.05.005 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Detecting deception in a bluffing body: The role of expertise
Sebanz, N., & Shiffrar, M. (2009) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.16.1.170 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Recognizing Biological Motion and Emotions from Point-Light Displays in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Nackaerts, E., Wagemans, J., Helsen, W., Swinnen, S. P., Wenderoth, N., & Alaerts, K. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044473 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Childhood autism from the point of view of behavioral neurology
Maurer, R. G., & Damásio, A. R. (1982) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01531309 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
A Kinematic Analysis of How Young Adults with and Without Autism Plan and Control Goal-Directed Movements
Glazebrook, C. M., Elliott, D., & Lyons, J. (2006) · Motor Control · doi:10.1123/mcj.10.3.244 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Motor planning and control in autism. A kinematic analysis of preschool children
Forti, S., Valli, A., Perego, P., Nobile, M., Crippa, A., & Molteni, M. (2010) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.09.013 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Why I dislike “person first” Language
Sinclair, J. (2013) · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Perceptual anticipation in handwriting: The role of implicit motor competence
Kandel, S., Orliaguet, J.-P., & Viviani, P. (2000) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206917 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Severe mood problems in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Simonoff, E. A., Jones, C. R. G., Pickles, A. R., Happe, F. G. E., Baird, G., & Charman, T. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02600.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
What are you doing? How active and observational experience shape infants' action understanding
Hunnius, S., & Bekkering, H. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0490 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Interpersonal predictive coding, not action perception, is impaired in autism
von der Lühe, T., Manera, V., Barišic, I., Becchio, C., Vogeley, K. T., & Schilbach, L. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0373 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Children with ADHD and motor dysfunction compared with children with ADHD only
Tervo, R. C., Azuma, S., Fogas, B. S., & Fiechtner, H. B. (2002) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162201002250 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Cognitive and social cognitive functioning in spinocerebellar ataxia
Garrard, P., Martin, N. H., Giunti, P., & Lisa Cipolotti, A. (2008) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-008-0680-6 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Short-term Motor Training, but Not Observational Training, Alters Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Action Processing in Infancy
Gerson, S. A., Harold Bekkering, A., & Hunnius, S. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00774 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Motor planning and control in autism. A kinematic analysis of preschool children
Galea, V. (2012) · Yearbook of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.yspm.2012.03.002 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Theory of mind and irony comprehension in children with cerebral palsy
Caillies, S., Hody, A., & Calmus, A. (2012) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.03.012 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Triangles, tricks and tics: Hyper-mentalizing in response to animated shapes in Tourette syndrome.
Eddy, C., & Cavanna, A. (2015) · Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.06.003 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Representing others’ actions: the role of expertise in the aging mind
Diersch, N., Cross, E. S., Stadler, W., Schütz‐Bosbach, S., & Rieger, M. (2011) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-011-0404-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Interaction without intent: the shape of the social world in Huntington’s disease
Eddy, C. M., & Rickards, H. E. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv012 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Childhood clumsiness and peer victimization: a case–control study of psychiatric patients
Bejerot, S., & Humble, M. B. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-68 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Using second-person neuroscience to elucidate the mechanisms of social interaction
Redcay, E., & Schilbach, L. (2019) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0179-4 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Annual Research Review: Shifting from ‘normal science’ to neurodiversity in autism science
Pellicano, E., & den Houting, J. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13534 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
“Nonautistic people, for example, struggle to understand autistic people’s facial expressions (e.g. Brewer et al., 2016) and have difficulties interpreting autistic people’s behaviour (Sheppard, Pillai, Wong, Ropar, & Mitchell, 2016) and mental states (Edey et al., 2016).”
Background
The Neurodiversity Approach(es): What Are They and What Do They Mean for Researchers?
Dwyer, P. (2022) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000523723 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Neurotypical Peers are Less Willing to Interact with Those with Autism based on Thin Slice Judgments
Sasson, N. J., Faso, D. J., Nugent, J., Lovell, S., Kennedy, D. P., & Grossman, R. B. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep40700 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Autistic peer-to-peer information transfer is highly effective
Crompton, C. J., Ropar, D., Evans-Williams, C. V., Flynn, E. G., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320919286 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
‘I never realised everybody felt as happy as I do when I am around autistic people’: a thematic analysis of autistic adults’ relationships with autistic and neurotypical friends and family
Crompton, C. J., Hallett, S., Ropar, D., Flynn, E., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320908976 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
First impressions of adults with autism improve with diagnostic disclosure and increased autism knowledge of peers
Sasson, N. J., & Morrison, K. E. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317729526 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Neurotype-Matching, but Not Being Autistic, Influences Self and Observer Ratings of Interpersonal Rapport
Crompton, C. J., Sharp, M., Axbey, H., Fletcher‐Watson, S., Flynn, E., & Ropar, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586171 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Autism and the double empathy problem: Implications for development and mental health
Mitchell, P., Sheppard, E., & Cassidy, S. (2021) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12350 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Outcomes of real-world social interaction for autistic adults paired with autistic compared to typically developing partners
Morrison, K. E., DeBrabander, K. M., Jones, D. R., Faso, D. J., Ackerman, R. A., & Sasson, N. J. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319892701 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Autism and empathy: What are the real links?
Fletcher-Watson, S., & Bird, G. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319883506 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neurodiversity Studies: A New Critical Paradigm
(2020) · doi:10.4324/9780429322297 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Neurodiversity and Autism Intervention: Reconciling Perspectives Through a Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention Framework
Schuck, R. K., Tagavi, D. M., Baiden, K. M. P., Dwyer, P., Williams, Z. J., Osuna, A., Ferguson, E. F., Jimenez Muñoz, M., Poyser, S. K., Johnson, J. F., et al. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05316-x · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Building Neurodiversity-Inclusive Postsecondary Campuses: Recommendations for Leaders in Higher Education
Dwyer, P., Mineo, E., Mifsud, K., Lindholm, C., Gurba, A., & Waisman, T. C. (2023) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2021.0042 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
What do new findings about social interaction in autistic adults mean for neurodevelopmental research?
Davis, R., & Crompton, C. J. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620958010 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Beyond the core-deficit hypothesis in developmental disorders
Astle, D. E., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2020) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721420925518 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Variability in first impressions of autistic adults made by neurotypical raters is driven more by characteristics of the rater than by characteristics of autistic adults
Morrison, K. E., DeBrabander, K. M., Faso, D. J., & Sasson, N. J. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318824104 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-reported camouflaging behaviours used by autistic adults during everyday social interactions
Cook, J. M., Crane, L., Hull, L., Bourne, L., & Mandy, W. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211026754 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social Cognition, Social Skill, and Social Motivation Minimally Predict Social Interaction Outcomes for Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults
Morrison, K. E., DeBrabander, K. M., Jones, D. R., Ackerman, R. A., & Sasson, N. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591100 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Mutual (Mis)understanding: Reframing Autistic Pragmatic “Impairments” Using Relevance Theory
Williams, G., Wharton, T., & Jagoe, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.616664 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
School participation of autistic youths: The influence of youth, family and school factors
Li, B., Heyne, D. A., Scheeren, A. M., Blijd-Hoogewys, E. M. A., & Rieffe, C. J. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231225490 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Emotion Recognition in Children and Adolescents with ASD and ADHD: a Systematic Review
Lievore, R., Crisci, G., & Mammarella, I. C. (2023) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-023-00407-0 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Psychosocial factors associated with camouflaging in autistic people and its relationship with mental health and well-being: A mixed methods systematic review
Zhuang, S., Tan, D. W., Reddrop, S., Dean, L., Maybery, M., & Magiati, I. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102335 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Camouflaging in an everyday social context: An interpersonal recall study
Cook, J., Crane, L., Bourne, L., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361321992641 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“It also likely reflects non-autistic people’s difficulties understanding autistic social communication (Crompton et al., 2020; Edey et al., 2016; Sheppard et al., 2016) and the consequent need experienced by autistic people to change their social behaviour and presentation so as to facilitate effective communication d…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Peer preferences and characteristics of same-group and cross-group social interactions among autistic and non-autistic adolescents
Chen, Y.-L., Senande, L. L., Thorsen, M., & Patten, K. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211005918 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Is There a Link Between Autistic People Being Perceived Unfavorably and Having a Mind That Is Difficult to Read?
Alkhaldi, R. S., Sheppard, E., & Mitchell, P. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04101-1 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Investigating Markers of Rapport in Autistic and Nonautistic Interactions
Rifai, O., Fletcher-Watson, S., Jiménez-Sánchez, L., & Crompton, C. J. (2021) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2021.0017 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Understanding individual differences in theory of mind via representation of minds, not mental states
Conway, J. R., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2019) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-018-1559-x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citation
Recent Advances and New Directions in Measuring Theory of Mind in Autistic Adults
Livingston, L. A., Carr, B. L., & Shah, P. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3823-3 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Synchrony Across Brains
Schilbach, L., & Redcay, E. (2025) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-080123-101149 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Facial Expression Production and Recognition in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Keating, C. T., & Cook, J. L. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2020.02.006 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citation
Autism Voices : A novel method to access first-person perspective of autistic youth
Courchesne, V., Tesfaye, R., Mirenda, P., Nicholas, D. B., Mitchell, W., Singh, I., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Elsabbagh, M. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211042128 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A conceptual model of risk and protective factors for autistic burnout
Mantzalas, J., Richdale, A. L., & Dissanayake, C. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2722 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The Self and its Disorders
Gallagher, S. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198873068.001.0001 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Seeing is Disliking: Evidence of Bias Against Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Traditional Job Interviews
Whelpley, C. E., & May, C. P. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05432-2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Double Empathy
Milton, D. E. M., Heasman, B., & Sheppard, E. (2018) · Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102273-1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Autism as a Form of Life: Wittgenstein and the Psychological Coherence of Autism
Chapman, R. (2019) · Metaphilosophy · doi:10.1111/meta.12366 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Autism voices: Perspectives of the needs, challenges, and hopes for the future of autistic youth
Tesfaye, R., Courchesne, V., Mirenda, P., Mitchell, W., Nicholas, D. B., Singh, I., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Elsabbagh, M. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221132108 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Centering the Inner Experience of Autism: Development of the Self-Assessment of Autistic Traits
Ratto, A. B., Bascom, J., daVanport, S., Strang, J. F., Anthony, L. G., Verbalis, A. D., Pugliese, C. E., Nadwodny, N., Brown, L. X. Z., Cruz, M., et al. (2022) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2021.0099 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Autistic traits affect interpersonal motor coordination by modulating strategic use of role-based behavior
Curioni, A., Minio-Paluello, I., Sacheli, L. M., Candidi, M., & Aglioti, S. M. (2017) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-017-0141-0 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Relationships between alexithymia, interoception, and emotional empathy in autism spectrum disorder
Butera, C. D., Harrison, L., Kilroy, E., Jayashankar, A., Shipkova, M., Pruyser, A., & Aziz‐Zadeh, L. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221111310 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
INTRApersonal Synchrony as Constituent of INTERpersonal Synchrony and Its Relevance for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Bloch, C., Vogeley, K. T., Georgescu, A. L., & Falter‐Wagner, C. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2019.00073 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Non-autistic observers both detect and demonstrate the double empathy problem when evaluating interactions between autistic and non-autistic adults
Jones, D. R., Botha, M., Ackerman, R. A., King, K., & Sasson, N. J. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231219743 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
‘Maybe we just seem like easy targets’: A qualitative analysis of autistic adults’ experiences of interpersonal violence
Gibbs, V., & Pellicano, E. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221150375 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
An Expert Roundtable Discussion on Experiences of Autistic Autism Researchers
Dwyer, P. S. R., Acevedo, S. M., Brown, H. M., Grapel, J., Jones, S. C., Nachman, B. R., Raymaker, D., & Williams, Z. J. (2021) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2021.29019.rtb · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Neurotypical individuals fail to understand action vitality form in children with autism spectrum disorder
Casartelli, L., Federici, A., Fumagalli, L., Cesareo, A., Nicoli, M., Ronconi, L., Vitale, A., Molteni, M., Rizzolatti, G., & Sinigaglia, C. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2011311117 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Social cognition in autism and ADHD
Bölte, S. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106022 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Bullies tend to be obvious” : autistic adults perceptions of friendship and the concept of ‘mate crime’.
Forster, S., & Pearson, A. (2019) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2019.1680347 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Autistic People's Experience of Empathy and the Autistic Empathy Deficit Narrative
Kimber, L., Verrier, D. B., & Connolly, S. (2023) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2023.0001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Information transfer within and between autistic and non-autistic people
Crompton, C. J., Foster, S. J., Wilks, C. E. H., Dodd, M., Efthimiou, T. N., Ropar, D., Sasson, N. J., Lages, M., & Fletcher‐Watson, S. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02163-z · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Impairment or difference? The case of Theory of Mind abilities and pragmatic competence in the Autism Spectrum
Marocchini, E. (2023) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716423000024 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Not Doing it Properly? (Re)producing and Resisting Knowledge Through Narratives of Autistic Sexualities
Bertilsdotter Rosqvist, H., & Jackson-Perry, D. (2021) · Sexuality and Disability · doi:10.1007/s11195-020-09624-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Towards autistic flow theory: A non‐pathologising conceptual approach
Heasman, B., Williams, G., Charura, D., Hamilton, L., Milton, D. E. M., & Murray, F. (2024) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/jtsb.12427 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Neurodiversity in a neurotypical world
Jurgens, A. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429322297-8 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Overcoming the Double Empathy Problem Within Pairs of Autistic and Non-autistic Adults Through the Contemplation of Serious Literature
Chapple, M., Davis, P. M., Billington, J., Myrick, J. A., Ruddock, C., & Corcoran, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708375 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Do you feel me? Autism, empathic accuracy and the double empathy problem
Cheang, R., Skjevling, M., Blakemore, A. I. F., Kumari, V., & Puzzo, I. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241252320 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Imagining Neurodivergent Futures from the Belly of the Identity Machine: Neurodiversity, Biosociality, and Strategic Essentialism
Ellis, J. (2023) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2021.0075 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Autism and Employment Challenges: The Double Empathy Problem and Perceptions of an Autistic Employee in the Workplace
Szechy, K. A., Turk, P. D., & O’Donnell, L. A. (2023) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2023.0046 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Greater Social Interest Between Autistic and Non-autistic Conversation Partners Following Autism Acceptance Training for Non-autistic People
Jones, D. R., Morrison, K. E., DeBrabander, K. M., Ackerman, R. A., Pinkham, A. E., & Sasson, N. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.739147 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
University Students’ Notion of Autism Spectrum Conditions: A Cross-Cultural Study
de Vries, M., Cader, S., Colleer, L., Batteux, E., Yasdiman, M. B., Tan, Y. J., & Sheppard, E. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04343-z · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Autism and the ‘double empathy problem’
Milton, D., Waldock, K., & Keates, N. (2023) · Conversations on Empathy · doi:10.4324/9781003189978-6
Communicative misalignment in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wadge, H., Brewer, R., Bird, G., Toni, I., & Stolk, A. (2019) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.01.003 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citation
New Technologies as Promising Tools for Assessing Facial Emotion Expressions Impairments in ASD: A Systematic Review
Briot, K., Pizano, A., Bouvard, M. P., & Amestoy, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.634756 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Our own action kinematics predict the perceived affective states of others.
Edey, R., Yon, D., Cook, J. L., Dumontheil, I., & Press, C. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000423 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citation
Intersecting kinematic encoding and readout of intention in autism
Montobbio, N., Cavallo, A., Albergo, D., Ansuini, C., Battaglia, F. M., Podda, J., Nobili, L., Panzeri, S., & Becchio, C. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2114648119 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The relationship between alexithymia, interoception, and neural functional connectivity during facial expression processing in autism spectrum disorder
Butera, C. D., Kaplan, J., Kilroy, E., Harrison, L., Jayashankar, A., Loureiro, F., & Aziz‐Zadeh, L. (2023) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108469 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Theory of autistic mind: A renewed relevance theoretic perspective on so-called autistic pragmatic ‘impairment’
Williams, G. (2021) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2021.04.032 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Understanding how minds vary relates to skill in inferring mental states, personality, and intelligence.
Conway, J. R., Coll, M., Cuve, H. C., Koletsi, S., Bronitt, N., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000704 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
“I'm Human After All”: Autism, Trauma, and Affective Empathy
Hume, R., & Burgess, H. (2021) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2020.0013 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A systematic review of autistic children’s prosocial behaviour
Ryan-Enright, T., O’Connor, R., Bramham, J., & Taylor, L. K. (2022) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102023 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Learning how to read autistic behavior from interactions between autistic people
Heasman, B., & Gillespie, A. (2019) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x18002364 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Diagnostic Disclosure and Social Marginalisation of Adults with ASD: Is There a Relationship and What Mediates It?
O’Connor, C., Burke, J., & Rooney, B. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04239-y · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kinematic priming of action predictions
Scaliti, E., Pullar, K. F., Borghini, G., Cavallo, A., Panzeri, S., & Becchio, C. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.055 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Distinct social behavior and inter-brain connectivity in Dyads with autistic individuals
Moreau, Q., Brun, F., Ayrolles, A., Nadel, J., & Dumas, G. (2024) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2024.2379917 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Multifaceted empathy differences in children and adults with autism
Quinde-Zlibut, J. M., Williams, Z. J., Gerdes, M. B., Mash, L. E., Heflin, B. H., & Cascio, C. J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98516-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Getting Off to a Shaky Start: Specificity in Planning and Feedforward Control During Sensorimotor Learning in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Foster, N., Bennett, S., Causer, J., Elliott, D., Bird, G., & Hayes, S. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2214 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
Alexithymia is associated with emotion dysregulation in young people with autism spectrum disorder
Gormley, E., Ryan, C., & McCusker, C. (2022) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-021-09795-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Non-invasive stimulation of the social brain: the methodological challenges
Penton, T., Catmur, C., Banissy, M. J., Bird, G., & Walsh, V. (2022) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa102 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Rapport in same and mixed neurotype groups of autistic and non-autistic adults
Foster, S. J., Ackerman, R. A., Wilks, C. E. H., Dodd, M., Calderon, R. M., Ropar, D., Fletcher‐Watson, S., Crompton, C. J., & Sasson, N. J. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251320444 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Brief Report: Sentencing Outcomes for Offenders on the Autism Spectrum
Foster, T. R., & Young, R. L. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05212-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Facial Affect Differences in Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults Across Contexts and Their Relationship to First-Impression Formation
Foster, S. J., Jones, D. R., Pinkham, A. E., & Sasson, N. J. (2024) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2023.0199 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cross‐neurotype communication from an autistic point of view: Insights on autistic Theory of Mind from a focus group study
Marocchini, E., & Baldin, I. (2024) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.13095 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
An Investigation of Behavioural and Self-Reported Cognitive Empathy Deficits in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders and Adolescents With Behavioural Difficulties
Vilas, S. P., Reniers, R., & Ludlow, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.717877 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Emoji Identification and Emoji Effects on Sentence Emotionality in ASD-Diagnosed Adults and Neurotypical Controls
Hand, C. J., Kennedy, A., Filik, R., Pitchford, M., & Robus, C. M. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05557-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kids Across the Spectrums
Alper, M. (2023) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/14152.001.0001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Brief Report: Adults with Autism are Less Accurate at Predicting How Their Personality Traits are Evaluated by Unfamiliar Observers
Sasson, N. J., Morrison, K. E., Pinkham, A. E., Faso, D. J., & Chmielewski, M. S. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3487-z · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Adults with autism spectrum disorder are sensitive to the kinematic features defining natural human motion
Edey, R., Cook, J. L., Brewer, R., Bird, G., & Press, C. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2052 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
Enhanced neural synchronization during social communications between dyads with high autistic traits
Peng, X., Li, T., Liu, G., Ni, W., & Li, Y. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae027 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Emotions in action: The relationship between motor function and social cognition across multiple clinical populations
Eddy, C. M., & Cook, J. L. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.05.021 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
Double Empathy
Milton, D. E. M., Heasman, B., & Sheppard, E. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102273-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta-analysis of empathy in autism: The influence of measures
Cusson, N., Meilleur, A., Bernhardt, B. C., Soulières, I., & Mottron, L. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102623 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Identifying and describing subtypes of spontaneous empathic facial expression production in autistic adults
Quinde-Zlibut, J. M., Munshi, A., Biswas, G., & Cascio, C. J. (2022) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-022-09451-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Challenging Empathic Deficit Models of Autism Through Responses to Serious Literature
Chapple, M., Davis, P. M., Billington, J., Williams, S., & Corcoran, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.828603 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Social motor synchrony and interactive rapport in autistic, non-autistic, and mixed-neurotype dyads.
Efthimiou, T., Wilks, C. E. H., Foster, S. J., Dodd, M., Sasson, N. J., Ropar, D., Lages, M., Fletcher-Watson, S., & Crompton, C. J. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251319585 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Are Extended Reality Interventions Effective in Helping Autistic Children to Enhance Their Social Skills? A Systematic Review
Roberts, R., Stacey, J., Jenner, S., & Maguire, E. (2022) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-022-00320-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A rule-based theoretical account of social stories to address the double empathy problem
Camilleri, L. J., Maras, K., & Brosnan, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1085355 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Integrating autistic perspectives into autism science: A role for autistic autobiographies
Dinishak, J., & Akhtar, N. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221123731 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Explaining Variance in Social Symptoms of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Alkire, D. R., Warnell, K. R., Kirby, L., Moraczewski, D., & Redcay, E. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04598-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Communication strategies used by adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and health professionals during treatment
Araujo, M., Mophosho, M., & Moonsamy, S. (2022) · African Journal of Disability · doi:10.4102/ajod.v11i0.811 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Association between action kinematics and emotion perception across adolescence.
Edey, R., Yon, D., Dumontheil, I., & Press, C. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000737 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation

Examining movement kinematics and mental state attribution in Autism and Parkinson’s: a matched-groups comparison studyPreprint
Hickman, L. (2021) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/ek6h7
A cross-cultural examination of the two-way mental state attribution in autistic and non-autistic adultsPreprint
Schuster, B. A., Okamoto, Y., Osu, R., Kosaka, H., Ide, M., Cook, J. L., Keating, C. T., Takahashi, T., & Kurihara, Y. (2022) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/caqfk
Self-citation
A JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY Atypical basic movement kinematics in autism
Conditions, S., Cook, J. L., Blakemore, S., Press, C., Jennifer, C., & Cook, L. (2016)
Self-citation
Atypical basic movement kinematics in autism spectrum conditions
Cook, J. L., Blakemore, S., & Press, C. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awt208 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citation
The role of human movement kinematics in internal state inference
Edey, R. (2017) · Birkbeck Institutional Research Online (BiRO) - Theses · doi:10.18743/pub.00040311
Self-citation

Authors: Edey, R., Cook, J., Brewer, R., Johnson, M. H., Bird, G., & Press, C.
Affiliations: University of London (GB)
University of Birmingham (GB)
King's College London (GB)
ORCID: Cook, Jennifer
Brewer, Rebecca
Johnson, Mark H.
Bird, Geoffrey
Press, Clare
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2016-10
Volume: 125
Issue: 7
Pages: 879-885
ISSN: 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
1939-1846
DOI: 10.1037/abn0000199
OpenAlex: W2517906838
Cited by: 215
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5
FWCI: 6.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
kclpure.kcl.ac.uk
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (acceptedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, theory of mind, movement kinematics, jerk, social cognition, animation generation
MeSH terms: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychomotor Performance, Social Perception, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Interaction takes two: Typical adults exhibit mind-blindness towards those with autism spectrum disorder.

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks