Cited by 461Leadership and Management in OrganizationsJob Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorEmployee Performance and Leadership

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Leadership in applied psychology: Three waves of theory and research

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Lord, Robert G., Day, David V., Zaccaro, Stephen J., Avolio, Bruce J., Eagly, Alice H.·2017·Journal of Applied Psychology

DOI 10.1037/apl0000089

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Abstract

Although in the early years of the Journal leadership research was rare and focused primarily on traits differentiating leaders from nonleaders, subsequent to World War II the research area developed in 3 major waves of conceptual, empirical, and methodological advances: (a) behavioral and attitude research; (b) behavioral, social-cognitive, and contingency research; and (c) transformational, social exchange, team, and gender-related research. Our review of this work shows dramatic increases in sophistication from early research focusing on personnel issues associated with World War I to contemporary multilevel models and meta-analyses on teams, shared leadership, leader-member exchange, gender, ethical, abusive, charismatic, and transformational leadership. Yet, many of the themes that characterize contemporary leadership research were also present in earlier research. (PsycINFO Database Record

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Authors: Lord, R. G., Day, D. V., Zaccaro, S. J., Avolio, B. J., & Eagly, A. H.
Affiliations: Durham University (GB)
Claremont McKenna College (US)
George Mason University (US)
University of Washington (US)
Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author: Lord, Robert G.
ORCID: Lord, Robert G.
Day, David V.
Zaccaro, Stephen J.
Avolio, Bruce J.
Eagly, Alice H.
Venue: Journal of Applied Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2017
Volume: 102
Issue: 3
Pages: 434-451
ISSN: 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
1939-1854
DOI: 10.1037/apl0000089
OpenAlex: W2582495316
Cited by: 461
References: 211
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 12
FWCI: 91.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
durham-repository.worktribe.com
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Leadership
Keywords: leadership, history of leadership research, transformational leadership, social exchange theory, team leadership, shared leadership, leader-member exchange, gender and leadership, abusive leadership, charismatic leadership, ethical leadership, contingency theory, multilevel models, meta-analysis
MeSH terms: Humans, Leadership, Psychological Theory, Psychology, Applied, Research, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century

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Leadership in applied psychology: Three waves of theory and research

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