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Harnessing reconsolidation to weaken fear and appetitive memories: A meta-analysis of post-retrieval extinction effects.
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A new understanding of the mechanisms of memory retrieval and reconsolidation holds the potential for improving exposure-based treatments. Basic research indicates that following fear extinction, safety and fear memories may compete, raising the possibility of return of fear. One possible solution is to modify original fear memories through reconsolidation interference, reducing the likelihood of return of fear. Postretrieval extinction is a behavioral method of reconsolidation interference that has been explored in the context of conditioned fear and appetitive memory paradigms. This meta-analysis examines the magnitude of postretrieval extinction effects and potential moderators of these effects. A PubMed and PsycINFO search was conducted through June 2014. Sixty-three comparisons examining postretrieval extinction for preventing the return of fear or appetitive responses in animals or humans met inclusion criteria. Postretrieval extinction demonstrated a significant, small-to-moderate effect (g = .40) for further reducing the return of fear in humans and a significant, large effect (g = 0.89) for preventing the return of appetitive responses in animals relative to standard extinction. For fear outcomes in animals, effects were small (g = 0.21) and nonsignificant, but moderated by the number of animals housed together and the duration of time between postretrieval extinction/extinction and test. Across paradigms, these findings support the efficacy of this preclinical strategy for preventing the return of conditioned fear and appetitive responses. Overall, findings to date support the continued translation of postretrieval extinction research to human and clinical applications, with particular application to the treatment of anxiety, traumatic stress, and substance use disorders.
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“Failed replications are not unique to clinical settings: pharmacological [125] and extinction procedures within the reconsolidation window [97,126–129] have sometimes not replicated—though note that there are more successful replications than non-replications.”
From Multiple memory systems, multiple time points: How science can inform treatment to control the expression of unwanted emotional memories (2018) · cites this paper as [129]
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- Chan WYM The effects of retrieval-extinction training on the restoration of Pavlovian conditioned fear Unpublished Ph.D. thesis 2014 Australia University of New South Wales (UNSW)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An Update on Memory Reconsolidation Updating
Lee, J. L. C., Nader, K., & Schiller, D. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.04.006 · Cited by 557
Craske, M. G., Stein, M. B., Eley, T. C., Milad, M. R., Holmes, A., Rapee, R. M., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2017) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.24 · Cited by 652
What meta-analyses reveal about the replicability of psychological research.
Stanley, T. D., Carter, E. C., & Doucouliagos, H. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000169 · Cited by 307
Promoting memory consolidation during sleep: A meta-analysis of targeted memory reactivation
Hu, X., Cheng, L. Y., Chiu, M. H., & Paller, K. A. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000223 · Cited by 232
Human memory reconsolidation: A guiding framework and critical review of the evidence.
Elsey, J. W. B., Van Ast, V. A., & Kindt, M. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000152 · Cited by 199
Metadata
- Authors
- Kredlow, M. A., Unger, L. D., & Otto, M. W.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 142
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 314-336
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- PMC
- PMC4760909
- OpenAlex
- W2406870053
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 1.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1F31MH103969)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- memory reconsolidation, return of fear, fear extinction, appetitive memory, fear conditioning, exposure therapy, anxiety disorders, traumatic stress, substance use disorders
- MeSH terms
- Memory Consolidation, Animals, Appetitive Behavior, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Humans, Mental Recall
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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