Updating fearful memories with extinction training during reconsolidation: a human study using auditory aversive stimuli
Open accessAbstract
Learning to fear danger in the environment is essential to survival, but dysregulation of the fear system is at the core of many anxiety disorders. As a consequence, a great interest has emerged in developing strategies for suppressing fear memories in maladaptive cases. Recent research has focused in the process of reconsolidation where memories become labile after being retrieved. In a behavioral manipulation, Schiller et al., (2010) reported that extinction training, administrated during memory reconsolidation, could erase fear responses. The implications of this study are crucial for the possible treatment of anxiety disorders without the administration of drugs. However, attempts to replicate this effect by other groups have been so far unsuccessful. We sought out to reproduce Schiller et al., (2010) findings in a different fear conditioning paradigm based on auditory aversive stimuli instead of electric shock. Following a within-subject design, participants were conditioned to two different sounds and skin conductance response (SCR) was recorded as a measure of fear. Our results demonstrated that only the conditioned stimulus that was reminded 10 minutes before extinction training did not reinstate a fear response after a reminder trial consisting of the presentation of the unconditioned stimuli. For the first time, we replicated Schiller et al., (2010) behavioral manipulation and extended it to an auditory fear conditioning paradigm.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The boundary conditions under which retrieval + extinction is effective include the type of psychophysiological measure employed, the schedule of reinforcement used during acquisition, the fear-relevancy of the conditioned stimuli presented, the strength of the fear memory following acquisition, and the presence or absence of on-line measures of expectancy or fear ratings.
“These conditions include, but are not limited to, the type of psychophysiological measure employed, the schedule of reinforcement used during acquisition, the fear-relevancy of the conditioned stimuli presented, the strength of the fear memory following acquisition, and the presence or absence of on-line measures of expectancy or fear ratings [see Ref. (37, 91–93)].”
From Conditioned fear associated phenotypes as robust, translational indices of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related behaviors (2014) · cites this paper as [92]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Contributions of the Amygdala to Emotion Processing: From Animal Models to Human Behavior
Phelps, E. A., & LeDoux, J. E. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.025 · Cited by 3,203 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Learning to fear is critical for human survival because it impels us to quickly recognize and avoid stimuli that could represent a threat to our lives [1].”
Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning
Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.483 · Cited by 3,147 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These fearrelevant stimuli, although successfully extinguished on day 2, generated a stronger conditioning [39] making this fear association more resistant to undergo reconsolidation [40].”
Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval
Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., & Le Doux, J. E. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35021052 · Cited by 2,706 · see citing works
Neurobiology of Pavlovian Fear Conditioning
Maren, S. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.897 · Cited by 1,805 · see citing works
Context, ambiguity, and unlearning: sources of relapse after behavioral extinction
Bouton, M. E. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01546-9 · Cited by 1,662 · see citing works
Neural Mechanisms of Extinction Learning and Retrieval
Quirk, G. J., & Mueller, D. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301555 · Cited by 1,645 · see citing works
Fear Extinction as a Model for Translational Neuroscience: Ten Years of Progress
Milad, M. R., & Quirk, G. J. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131631 · Cited by 1,466 · see citing works
Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Adolphs, R., Rockland, C., & Damasio, A. R. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7652558 · Cited by 1,400 · see citing works
Rauch, S. L., Shin, L. M., & Phelps, E. A. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.004 · Cited by 1,397 · see citing works
Myers, K. M., & Davis, M. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001939 · Cited by 1,277 · see citing works
Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms
Schiller, D., Monfils, M.-H., Raio, C. M., Johnson, D. C., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08637 · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
Fear and anxiety: Animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology
Lang, P. J., Davis, M., & Öhman, A. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00343-8 · Cited by 1,162 · see citing works
Memory Reconsolidation and Extinction Have Distinct Temporal and Biochemical Signatures
Suzuki, A., Josselyn, S. A., Frankland, P. W., Masushige, S., Silva, A. J., & Kida, S. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5491-03.2004 · Cited by 1,127 · see citing works
Extinction-Reconsolidation Boundaries: Key to Persistent Attenuation of Fear Memories
Monfils, M.-H., Cowansage, K. K., Klann, E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1167975 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
Beyond extinction: erasing human fear responses and preventing the return of fear
Kindt, M., Soeter, M., & Vervliet, B. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2271 · Cited by 826 · see citing works
A single standard for memory: The case for reconsolidation
Nader, K., & Hardt, O. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2590 · Cited by 811 · see citing works
Bouton, M. E., & King, D. A. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.9.3.248 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Reinstatement of fear to an extinguished conditioned stimulus.
Rescorla, R. A., & Heth, C. D. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.1.1.88 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans
LaBar, K., LeDoux, J., Spencer, D., & Phelps, E. (1995) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-10-06846.1995 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Olsson, A., & Phelps, E. A. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1968 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Brunet, A., Orr, S. P., Tremblay, J., Robertson, K., Nader, K., & Pitman, R. K. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.05.006 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Reconsolidation: maintaining memory relevance
Lee, J. L. C. (2009) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.002 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Calcium-Permeable AMPA Receptor Dynamics Mediate Fear Memory Erasure
Clem, R. L., & Huganir, R. L. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1195298 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Prolonged Exposure versus Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims
ROTHBAUM, B. O., Astin, M. C., & Marsteller, F. (2005) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20069 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Rites of Passage of the Engram
Dudai, Y., & Eisenberg, M. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.003 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress disorder, hormones, and memory.
Pitman, R. (1989) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(89)90033-4 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Phobias and preparedness: the selective, automatic, and encapsulated nature of fear
Mineka, S., & Öhman, A. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01669-4 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Protein Synthesis Subserves Reconsolidation or Extinction Depending on Reminder Duration
Pedreira, M. E., & Maldonado, H. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00352-0 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Rescorla, R. A. (2004) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.77504 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Characterization of fear memory reconsolidation
Duvarci, S., & Nader, K. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2971-04.2004 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Pedreira, M. E., Pérez-Cuesta, L. M., & Maldonado, H. (2004) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.76904 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Memory reconsolidation: an update
Nader, K., & Einarsson, E. Ö. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05443.x · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy for PTSD Vietnam veterans: A case study
Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L., Alarcon, R., Ready, D., Shahar, F., Graap, K., Pair, J., Hebert, P., Gotz, D., Wills, B., et al. (1999) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1024772308758 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Noradrenergic dysfunction and the psychopharmacology of posttraumatic stress disorder
Strawn, J. R., & Geracioti, T. D. (2007) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20292 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Fear-Conditioning Mechanisms Associated with Trait Vulnerability to Anxiety in Humans
Indovina, I., Robbins, T. W., Núñez-Elizalde, A. O., Dunn, B. D., & Bishop, S. J. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.12.034 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Cellular and systems mechanisms of memory strength as a constraint on auditory fear reconsolidation
Wang, S., Alvares, L. D. O., & Nader, K. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2350 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Dissociating response systems: Erasing fear from memory
Soeter, M., & Kindt, M. (2010) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2010.03.004 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Context modulation of memory for fear extinction in humans.
Milad, M., Orr, S., Pitman, R., & Rauch, S. (2005) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00302.x · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Akirav, I., & Maroun, M. (2007) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2007/30873 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Krystal, J. H., & Neumeister, A. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.044 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Disrupting reconsolidation: Pharmacological and behavioral manipulations
Soeter, M., & Kindt, M. (2011) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.2148511 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Drug enhancement of memory consolidation: historical perspective and neurobiological implications
McGaugh, J. L., & Roozendaal, B. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1285-6 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Reconsolidation in a human fear conditioning study: A test of extinction as updating mechanism
Kindt, M., & Soeter, M. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.09.016 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Retrieval per se is not sufficient to trigger reconsolidation of human fear memory
Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2012) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2012.01.009 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Norepinephrine Release in the Amygdala in Response to Footshock Stimulation
Galvez, R., Mesches, M. H., & McGaugh, J. L. (1996) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1006/nlme.1996.0067 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Event representation in Pavlovian conditioning: Image and action
Holland, P. C. (1990) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(90)90020-k · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Dębiec, J., Bush, D. E. A., & LeDoux, J. E. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20803 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Does Reconsolidation Occur in Humans?
Schiller, D., & Phelps, E. A. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00024 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Retrieval-specific endocytosis of GluA2-AMPARs underlies adaptive reconsolidation of contextual fear
Rao-Ruiz, P., Rotaru, D. C., van der Loo, R. J., Mansvelder, H. D., Stiedl, O., Smit, A. B., & Spijker, S. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2907 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Noradrenergic Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
O'Donnell, T., Hegadoren, K., & Coupland, N. (2004) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000080952 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Fear acquisition requires awareness in trace but not delay conditioning
Weike, A. I., Schupp, H. T., & Hamm, A. O. (2007) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00469.x · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Effects of recent exposure to a conditioned stimulus on extinction of Pavlovian fear conditioningPreprint
Chan, W. Y. M., Leung, H. T., Westbrook, R. F., & McNally, G. P. (2010) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1912510 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Forcato, C., Argibay, P. F., Pedreira, M. E., & Maldonado, H. (2008) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.011 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Limited efficacy of propranolol on the reconsolidation of fear memories
Muravieva, E. V., & Alberini, C. M. (2010) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1794710 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Reinstatement of fear to an extinguished conditioned stimulus: Two roles for context.
Westbrook, R. F., Iordanova, M. D., McNally, G. P., Richardson, R., & Harris, J. A. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.28.1.97 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Dirikx, T., Hermans, D., Vansteenwegen, D., Baeyens, F., & Eelen, P. (2004) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.78004 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Will Reconsolidation Blockade Offer a Novel Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
Pitman, R. K. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00011 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Hygge, S., & Öhman, A. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.3.271 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Reinstatement of conditioned responses in human differential fear conditioning
Dirikx, T., Hermans, D., Vansteenwegen, D., Baeyens, F., & Eelen, P. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.04.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Leaton, R. N., & Cranney, J. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.16.3.279 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Hygge, S., & �hman, A. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.36.3.271 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Non-differential return of fear in humans after a reinstatement procedure
Dirikx, T., Vansteenwegen, D., Eelen, P., & Hermans, D. (2009) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.12.002 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Tollenaar, M. S., Elzinga, B. M., Spinhoven, P., & Everaerd, W. T. A. M. (2009) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1427-x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Reinstatement of conditioned fear and the hippocampus: An attentional-associative model
Schmajuk, N. A., LARRAURI, J., & LaBar, K. S. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.11.026 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Yang, C., Huang, C., & Hsu, K. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.87 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fear Extinction and Relapse: State of the Art
Vervliet, B., Craske, M. G., & Hermans, D. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185542 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
An Update on Memory Reconsolidation Updating
Lee, J. L. C., Nader, K., & Schiller, D. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.04.006 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Extinction during reconsolidation of threat memory diminishes prefrontal cortex involvement
Schiller, D., Kanen, J. W., LeDoux, J. E., Monfils, M., & Phelps, E. A. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1320322110 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Reconsolidation of Human Memory: Brain Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance
Schwabe, L., Nader, K., & Pruessner, J. C. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.03.008 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Human memory reconsolidation: A guiding framework and critical review of the evidence.
Elsey, J. W. B., Van Ast, V. A., & Kindt, M. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000152 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
The fate of memory: Reconsolidation and the case of Prediction Error
Fernández, R. S., Boccia, M. M., & Pedreira, M. E. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.004 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The computational nature of memory modification
Gershman, S. J., Monfils, M.-H., Norman, K. A., & Niv, Y. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.23763 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2017) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045209 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Navigating the garden of forking paths for data exclusions in fear conditioning research
Lonsdorf, T. B., Klingelhöfer-Jens, M., Andreatta, M., Beckers, T., Chalkia, A., Gerlicher, A., Jentsch, V. L., Meir Drexler, S., Mertens, G., Richter, J., et al. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.52465 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Human reconsolidation: A reactivation and update
Ågren, T. (2014) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.12.010 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Prediction Error and Memory Reactivation: How Incomplete Reminders Drive Reconsolidation
Sinclair, A. H., & Barense, M. D. (2019) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2019.08.007 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Monfils, M., & Holmes, E. A. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30270-0 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Kredlow, M. A., Unger, L. D., & Otto, M. W. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000034 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Golkar, A., Bellander, M., Olsson, A., & Öhman, A. (2012) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00080 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Epigenetic mechanisms of memory formation and reconsolidation
Jarome, T. J., & Lubin, F. D. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.08.002 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Briscione, M. A., Jovanovic, T., & Norrholm, S. D. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00088 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
A behavioural neuroscience perspective on the aetiology and treatment of anxiety disorders
Kindt, M. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.08.012 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Visser, R. M., Lau-Zhu, A., Henson, R. N., & Holmes, E. A. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0209 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
New learning and unlearning: strangers or accomplices in threat memory attenuation?
Clem, R. L., & Schiller, D. (2016) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.03.003 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Effect of a Brief Memory Updating Intervention on Smoking Behavior
Germeroth, L. J., Carpenter, M. J., Baker, N. L., Froeliger, B., LaRowe, S. D., & Saladin, M. E. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3148 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Disruption of human fear reconsolidation using imaginal and in vivo extinction
Ågren, T., Björkstrand, J., & Fredrikson, M. G. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.014 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Chalkia, A., Schroyens, N., Leng, L., Vanhasbroeck, N., Zenses, A., Oudenhove, L. V., & Beckers, T. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.04.017 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
From Extinction Learning to Anxiety Treatment: Mind the Gap
Carpenter, J. K., Pinaire, M., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9070164 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Reconsolidation of traumatic memories for PTSD: a randomized controlled trial of 74 male veterans
Gray, R., Budden-Potts, D., & Bourke, F. (2019) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2017.1408973 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Translational Approaches Targeting Reconsolidation
Kroes, M. C. W., Schiller, D., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_5008 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Reconsolidation and psychopathology: Moving towards reconsolidation-based treatments
Dunbar, A. B., & Taylor, J. R. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.11.005 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Björkstrand, J., Agren, T., Frick, A., Engman, J., Larsson, E.-M., Furmark, T., & Fredrikson, M. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129393 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Memory destabilization is critical for the success of the reactivation–extinction procedurePreprint
Piñeyro, M. E., Monti, R. I. F., Alfei, J. M., Bueno, A. M., & Urcelay, G. P. (2013) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.032714.113 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Warren, V. T., Anderson, K. M., Kwon, C., Bosshardt, L., Jovanovic, T., Bradley, B., & Norrholm, S. D. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.10.014 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Shiban, Y., Brütting, J., Pauli, P., & Mühlberger, A. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.09.009 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Asthana, M. K., Brunhuber, B. S., Mühlberger, A., Reif, A., Schneider, S., & Herrmann, M. J. (2015) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv137 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Targeting memory reconsolidation to prevent the return of fear in patients with fear of flying
Maples‐Keller, J. L., Price, M., Jovanović, T., Norrholm, S. D., Odenat, L., Post, L. M., Zwiebach, L. C., Breazeale, K. G., Gross, R. E., Kim, S.-J., et al. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22626 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ecker, B. (2018) · International Journal of Neuropsychotherapy · doi:10.12744/ijnpt.2018.0001-0092 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effects of postretrieval-extinction learning on return of contextually controlled cued fear.
Drexler, S. M., Merz, C. J., Hamacher‐Dang, T. C., Marquardt, V., Fritsch, N., Otto, T., & Wolf, O. T. (2014) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0036688 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Mertens, G., & Houwer, J. D. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.11.014 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Use of a Brief Fear Memory Reactivation Procedure for Enhancing Exposure Therapy
Telch, M. J., York, J., Lancaster, C. L., & Monfils, M. H. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617690151 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Thompson, A., & Lipp, O. V. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.017 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Absence of conditioned responding in humans: A bad measure or individual differences?
Marin, M., Barbey, F. M., Rosenbaum, B. L., Hammoud, M. Z., Orr, S. P., & Milad, M. R. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13350 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Weems, C. F., Russell, J. D., Banks, D. M., Graham, R. A., Neill, E. L., & Scott, B. G. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000016 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Modification of Fear Memory by Pharmacological and Behavioural Interventions during Reconsolidation
Thome, J., Koppe, G., Hauschild, S., Liebke, L., Schmahl, C. G., Lis, S., & Bohus, M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161044 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Grégoire, L., & Greening, S. G. (2018) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.12.001 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Easy to remember, difficult to forget: The development of fear regulation
Johnson, D. C., & Casey, B. J. (2014) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.07.006 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Exploring the boundaries of post-retrieval extinction in healthy and anxious individuals
Kredlow, M. A., Orr, S. P., & Otto, M. W. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.06.010 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic β-Blocker
Kindt, M., Soeter, M., & Sevenster, D. (2014) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/52151 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Zuccolo, P. F., & Hunziker, M. H. L. (2019) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2019.01.011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Delayed extinction fails to reduce skin conductance reactivity to fear‐conditioned stimuli
Fricchione, J. G., Greenberg, M. S., Spring, J. D., Wood, N. E., Mueller‐Pfeiffer, C., Milad, M. R., Pitman, R. K., & Orr, S. P. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12687 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Reliability of web-based affective auditory stimulus presentation
Seow, T. X. F., & Hauser, T. U. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01643-0 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hupbach, A., Gómez, R. L., & Nadel, L. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118332634.ch12 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ruglass, L. M., López‐Castro, T., Cheref, S., Papini, S., & Hien, D. A. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0505-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Memory reconsolidation and the crisis of mechanism in psychotherapy
Ecker, B., & Vaz, A. (2022) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100945 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The evidence for and against reactivation-induced memory updating in humans and nonhuman animals
Jardine, K. H., Huff, A. E., Wideman, C. E., McGraw, S. D., & Winters, B. D. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104598 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Recent developments in the behavioural and pharmacological enhancement of extinction of drug seeking
Chesworth, R., & Corbit, L. H. (2015) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12337 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Auchter, A., Shumake, J., Gonzalez-Lima, F., & Monfils, M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep46071 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kreutzmann, J. C., Marin, M., Fendt, M., Milad, M. R., Ressler, K. J., & Jovanović, T. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113105 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A comparison of behavioral and pharmacological interventions to attenuate reactivated fear memoriesPreprint
Monti, R. I. F., Alfei, J. M., Mugnaini, M., Bueno, A. M., Beckers, T., Urcelay, G. P., & Molina, V. A. (2017) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.045385.117 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Extinction after fear memory reactivation fails to eliminate renewal in rats
Goode, T. D., Holloway-Erickson, C. M., & Maren, S. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.03.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Computational Nature of Memory ModificationPreprint
Gershman, S. J., Monfils, M., Norman, K. A., & Niv, Y. (2016) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/036442 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bolsoni, L. M., & Zuardi, A. W. (2019) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100194 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Forcato, C., Klinzing, J. G., Carbone, J., Radloff, M., Weber, F. D., Jan Born, A., & Diekelmann, S. (2020) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01457-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Marchetta, E., Mancini, G. F., Morena, M., & Campolongo, P. (2022) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666221207162750 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sound tuning of amygdala plasticity in auditory fear conditioning
Park, S., Lee, J., Park, K., Kim, J., Song, B., Hong, I., Kim, J., Lee, S., & Choi, S. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep31069 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Demarcating the boundary conditions of memory reconsolidation: An unsuccessful replication
Stemerding, L., Stibbe, D., van Ast, V. A., & Kindt, M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-06119-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Unconscious learning of likes and dislikes is persistent, resilient, and reconsolidates
Pine, A., Mendelsohn, A., & Dudai, Y. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01051 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Lancaster, C. L., Monfils, M., & Telch, M. J. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103730 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Zimmermann, J., & Bach, D. R. (2020) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.050211.119 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Is Reconsolidation a General Property of Memory?
Kim, G., Kwon, M., Kang, W., & Lee, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.643106 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kitamura, H., Johnston, P., Johnson, L. R., & Strodl, E. S. (2020) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107285 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bui, U. T. D., & Milton, A. L. (2023) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.03.013 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Fear of Acupuncture Enhances Sympathetic Activation to Acupuncture Stimulation
Lee, I., Jo, H.-J., Lee, S. H., Lee, H., Lee, H., Park, H., & Chae, Y. (2013) · Acupuncture in Medicine · doi:10.1136/acupmed-2012-010291 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Rey, J. F., Gonzalez-Gonzalez, D., & Redondo, J. (2018) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000245 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Oyarzún, J. P., Càmara, E., Kouider, S., Fuentemilla, L., & de Diego‐Balaguer, R. (2018) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1157 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationGong, Z., Wang, Z., Jiang, L., Wang, X., Zhang, B., Vashisth, M. K., & Zhou, Q. (2022) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114224 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Piñeyro, M. E., Monti, R. I. F., Díaz, H., Bueno, A. M., Bustos, S. G., & Molina, V. A. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.08.003 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Looking Beyond Fear and Extinction Learning: Considering Novel Treatment Targets for Anxiety
Britton, J. C., Evans, T. C., & Hernandez, M. V. (2014) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-014-0015-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chiamulera, C., Hinnenthal, I., Auber, A., & Cibin, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00107 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dnmt3a in the dorsal dentate gyrus is a key regulator of fear renewal
Gong, Z., & Zhou, Q. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23533-w · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Avoidance Behavior Prevents Modification of Fear Memory During Reconsolidation
Nitta, Y., Takahashi, T., Haitani, T., Sugimori, E., & Kumano, H. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118811116 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Threat processing: models and mechanisms
Bentz, D., & Schiller, D. (2015) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1353 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lee, D., Guiomar, R. N. R. M., Gonçalves, Ó. F., Almeida, J., & Ganho-Ávila, A. (2022) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100342 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Phelps, E. A., & Schiller, D. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386892-3.00009-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Houtekamer, M. C., Henckens, M. J. A. G., Mackey, W. E., Dunsmoor, J. E., Homberg, J. R., & Kroes, M. C. W. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73139-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Reconsolidation and Fear Extinction: An Update
Raskin, M., & Monfils, M. (2023) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2023_438 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Metamemory ratings predict long-term changes in reactivated episodic memories
Yacoby, A., Dudai, Y., & Mendelsohn, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00020 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ganho-Ávila, A., Guiomar, R. N. R. M., Valério, D., Gonçalves, Ó. F., & Almeida, J. (2021) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-021-06248-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hussain, S., Menchaca, I., Shalchy, M. A., Yaghoubi, K. C., Langley, J. A., Seitz, A. R., Hu, X. P., & Peters, M. A. K. (2023) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110733 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dural, S., Gür, E., & Çetınkaya, H. (2022) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-022-00536-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Picco, S., Bavassi, L., Fernández, R. S., & Pedreira, M. E. (2022) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.07.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Weems, C. F. (2025) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-025-00528-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Interfering with fear memories by eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
Jellestad, L., Zeffiro, T. A., Piccirelli, M., Malamud, J., Klimke, B. B. M., Rauen, K., Rufer, M., Orr, S. P., & Mueller‐Pfeiffer, C. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.04.006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ecker, B. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Disorders · doi:10.26502/jppd.2572-519x0226 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Preventing fear return in humans: Music-based intervention during reactivation-extinction paradigm
Verma, A., Mitra, S., Khamaj, A., Kant, V., & Asthana, M. K. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293880 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Is it possible to modify fear memories in humans with extinction training within a single day?
Redondo, J., Rey, J. F., & Gonzalez-Gonzalez, D. (2018) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-018-1017-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hardwicke, T. E. (2017) · doi:10.31237/osf.io/r4c32 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Fear Learning
Stjepanović, D., & LaBar, K. S. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn102 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Reconsolidation and Trauma Memory
Kessler, H., Blackwell, S. E., & Kehyayan, A. (2017) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45066-7_22 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
AMPA Receptor Plasticity in Retrieval, Reconsolidation and Post-retrieval Extinction of Memories
Rao‐Ruiz, P., Schmitz, L. J. M., Smit, A. B., & Spijker, S. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24364-1_2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zuccolo, P. F., & Hunziker, M. H. L. (2018) · Revista Brasileira de Análise do Comportamento · doi:10.18542/rebac.v14i2.7532 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic β-Blocker
Kindt, M., Soeter, M., & Sevenster, D. (2014) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/52151-v · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Guo, W., Li, W., Liu, Y.-C., Zhao, Y., Xu, L., & Qi-xin, Z. (2024) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-024-01324-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Oyarzún, J. P., Lopez-Barroso, D., Fuentemilla, L., Cucurell, D., Pedraza, C., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., & de Diego-Balaguer, R.
- Affiliations
- Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge (ES)
- Universidad de Málaga (ES)
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-06-29
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e38849
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3387215
- OpenAlex
- W2091957319
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 6.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Generalitat de Catalunya (2009 SGR 93)
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- Universitat de Barcelona
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- fear memory reconsolidation, extinction training, fear extinction, auditory fear conditioning, anxiety disorders, skin conductance response, fear reinstatement, replication, aversive sounds
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Humans, Male, Memory, Photic Stimulation, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
