Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis and narrative review.

“Second, we calculated Egger’s tests to assist in the interpretation of the funnel plots, which is a statistical test used to detect funnel plot asymmetry (Egger et al., 1997).”

“The Compas et al. (2001) definition is linked to a control-based model of coping that includes primary control coping (i.e., efforts to directly act on the source of stress or one’s emotions, including problem solving and emotional expression), secondary control coping (i.e., efforts to adapt to the source of stress,…”

“Third, we conducted trim and fill analyses (Duval & Tweedie, 2000) to determine how many studies would need to be included above or below the meta-analytic mean to make the funnel plot symmetrical.”

“…paradigms that elicit negative emotions and instruct participants to use specific emotion regulation strategies to regulate the experience of negative emotion (e.g., Gross & John, 2003; Belden, Luby, Pagliaccio, & Barch, 2014; Belden, Pagliaccio, Murphy, Luby, & Barch, 2015; Webb et al., 2012).”

“Emotion dysregulation has been measured primarily with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”

“Several extant psychological models centre avoidance as a maladaptive coping mechanism, which exacerbates mental health problems and trauma-related distress (e.g. Compas et al., 2017; Ehlers & Clark, 2000).”

“As stated above, the effects of specific StressLEv and changes in coping strategies among youths before and after the pandemic remain unknown, and the effects of social support and EI on changes in youths’ coping strategies and mental health remain unclear (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Likewise, Compas et al. (2017) also found adolescent girls were more prone to utilize cognitive coping strategies in contrast to their counterparts.”

“…parents who respond to their children ’ s negative emotions in supportive ways foster their children ’ s emotion regulation abilities (Perry et al., 2020; Spinrad et al., 2020), which could be among the most important developmental foundations for coping with novel stressors (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Self-regulation is an important determinant of mental health and well-being (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Cognitive reappraisal has been shown to be protective in both internalizing and externalizing psychiatric symptoms (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Traditionally, coping has featured prominently in research with young people due to consistently observed associations between ways of coping and symptoms of psychopathology (Compas et al. 2017).”

“In contrast to previous research establishing favorable effects of emotional expression, 40,41 our findings indicated an adverse association between online engagement for emotional expression and suicide risks.”

“Previous research has demonstrated that emotion regulation [25,26], negative self-thoughts [27-29], resilience [30,31], and stress [32] are important psychological processes for healthy development, such as establishing relationships and adjusting to stressful situations [33], in nonthird culture kid populations.”

“(acting directly on the source of stress), secondary control (strategies to adapt to the source of stress), and disengagement coping (strategies to take distance to the source of stress; Compas et al., 2017), the present study will examine single coping strategies in relation to depressive symptoms.”

“Coping strategies that focus on the ability to adapt to a problem, rather than trying to change a source of stress, are characterized as secondary control coping and include skills such as acceptance, cognitive reappraisal, positive thinking, and distraction (Compas et al., 2017; Connor-Smith, Compas, Wadsworth, Thoms…”

“Self-report often fails to capture backgrounded emotional processes, including automatic emotion management (Compas et al. 2017).”

“Clear consensus on the definitions of coping with frustration and SR is needed in identifying the boundaries of what is and is not included within each of these constructs (Compas et al. 2017).”

“Several recent reviews have outlined the historical challenge of establishing a common working definition of emotion regulation (e.g., Beauchaine, 2015a, 2015b; Compas et al., 2017; Eisenberg, Spinrad, & Eggum, 2010; Jones, Bailey, Barnes, & Partee, 2016; Nigg, 2017).”

“When confronted with family conflicts and other issues, they struggle to employ mature cognitive strategies to manage negative emotions and are more likely to resort to avoidance strategies [110].”

“These could include stress management support groups based on cognitive behavioral principles, courses that focus on values clarification, time management, and behavior modification, or experiential activities including volunteer work, recreational challenges, and outdoor adventures (Compas et al., 2017; Chang et al.,…”

“In this stressful transition, positive coping style can take efforts to reduce negative emotions and enhance positive emotions across situations [50].”

“Psychologically, girls tend to engage in emotion-focused and ruminative coping, which prolongs distress, while boys are more likely to use problem-focused strategies that enhance perceived control (Compas et al., 2017; Satici, 2020).”

“Adolescence is a challenging period that heightens the risk of psychological issues and maladjustment (Compas et al., 2017), particularly in the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and the rise of social media and internet addiction (Ciacchini et al., 2023; Scafuto et al., 2023).”

“…with recent studies on the comorbidity of depression and anxiety, which have shown that symptoms of depression and anxiety often co-occur among adolescents and may share underlying mechanisms such as difficulties in emotional regulation, cognitive distortions, and lack of coping strategies 46,47 .”

“- Absence-of-coping across all events (independent variable) is expected to correlate with higher psychopathological symptoms (see Compas et al., 2017; Madigan et al., 2016) as measured by Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (dependent variables) than other strategies.”

“6, the high schizo-typy group exhibited higher levels of schizotypal traits, NA, and used both higher emotion suppression and re-appraisal than the low schizotypy group.”

“Simulta-neously, research has revealed that relationships may be a prevalent cause of stress throughout adolescence [62].”

“…general population, the use of primary and secondary control coping strategies is related to lower levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescents, while the use of disengagement coping strategies is related to higher levels of psychopathology among children and adolescents [15].”

“Similarly, avoidance and denial strategies are linked to higher psychological symptoms [37] as well as to a decrease in quality of life, and self-esteem and an increase in psychological distress [38].”

“Contrarily, problem-focused coping has the potential to reduce the likelihood of recurrence of the respective situation (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Emotion dysregulation (ED), is the inability to flexibly respond to and manage emotions, which is a central component of psychopathology in adolescence[45].”

“Accordingly, maladaptive coping, such as suppression, avoidance, and denial, has a reinforcing effect on psychopathological symptoms [28].”

“…meta-analyses on rumination, a form of perseverative cognition that focuses on negative content, have established that rumination has a large positive correlation with symptoms of psychopathology, with an especially large effect on depressive symptoms (Aldao et al., 2010; Compas et al., 2017).”

“Yet, the majority of existing measures of emotion regulation have focused on assessing selfreported cognitive elements of one’s responses to emotional experiences [3].”

“Additionally, future studies could consider other potential individual resource factors that may be malleable and responsive to intervention efforts, such as adolescents ’ mindset and coping strategies (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Cognitive, social, emotional, and biological development during adolescence has implications for students` development of coping and emotion regulating skills (Compas et al. 2017; Skinner and Zimmer-Gembeck 2016).”

“Accumulating evidence has identified certain dispositional coping styles, particularly those involving active coping, that are protective against a host of negative mental health outcomes and promotive of positive development during adolescence (Clarke, 2006; Compas et al., 2017).”

“Moreover, adolescent- and other informant reports of these constructs have been found to be highly correlated (e.g. Compas, Desjardins, et al., 2014; Compas et al., 2017).”

“3,6,11 For instance, a recent study in a clinical sample of youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), ADHD, and anxiety disorders reported associations with emotion regulation impairment and severity of externalizing and internalizing symptoms.”

“Such variability perpetu - ates blurred boundaries between coping strategies, com - plicating efforts to build standardized assessments and impeding comparability of findings across studies [ 17, 55 ].”

“As such, deficits in tolerance and time management may demonstrate disproportionately strong associations with mental health outcomes such as SI during adolescence [82].”

“For example, Skinner et al. [27] proposed that coping instances constitute ways of coping, families of coping strategies and adaptive processes, while Compas et al. [28] suggested that there are three levels of coping (domains, factors and strategies).”

“Without these capacities, adolescents may struggle to mobilize coping strategies, increasing their vulnerability to internalizing symptoms such as depression and anxiety (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Previous research suggests that traits like neuroticism or conscientiousness, economic hardship, and the availability of academic support systems can impact both stress levels and resilience (Compas et al. 2017; Luthar 2015).”

“However, inadequate emotional flexibility skills in adolescents are a risk factor for internalizing and externalizing problems (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Nearly 75% of IC/BPS patients report widespread pain and nearly half report a comorbid somatic syndrome; psychological distress and pain interference are typically higher in patients with widespread pain than in those with localized pain [10, 11].”

“Moreover, a meta-analysis also suggested that frequent use of maladaptive CERSs will induce depression (Compas et al., 2017 ).”

“Others have suggested that use of distraction coping strategies may be adaptive when an individual feels they have little control or ability to actively address their stressor (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Adaptive coping strategies are those that are effective in reducing or mitigating stress, leading to improved outcomes [58].”

“The more mature a person is, the more effective they are able to make the use of emotion-focused coping strategies such as distancing, self-control and positive reappraisal [48].”

“However, an individual’s choice of a specific coping strategy depends on his or her perceived controllability of the stressor (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Some researchers have argued that adolescents’ coping strategies during the phase of adolescence when their brains change (Crone & Konijn, 2018), are critical for reducing psychopathological risk and developing resilience (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Theory posits that learning to use coping strategies effectively changes over time as the adolescent develops [80].”

“Another key factor that can influence the pain experience are emotion regulation skills (Gross, 2002; Hamilton et al., 2004; Paquet et al., 2005; Connelly et al., 2007; Agar-Wilson and Jackson, 2012; Braams et al., 2012; Compas et al., 2017; Koechlin et al., 2018; Aaron et al., 2020).”

“…ondifferent domains of stressors; engagement–disengagement is commonly used in the interpersonal stress domain (and their links with psychopathology; Compas et al., 2001, 2017) and adaptive–maladaptive is used in the academic challenges domain (stemming from a model of motivational resilience…”

“While emotional regulation is often conceptualized separately from coping, their interplay has been increasingly recognized.(16) Emotional regulation is the ability to modulate one’s emotional arousal such that an optimal level of engagement with one’s environment is fostered.”

“Coping strategies can be adaptive or maladaptive (Compas et al., 2017; Conklin et al., 2015;Meng &D’Arcy, 2015).”

“From the observational learning perspective, problematic drinking behaviors modeled by family members (especially parents), if observed during the childhood, may be perceived by young adults as a viable option of coping when experiencing a heightened level of stress (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Avoidance coping may be an effective short term strategy for distracting and resting from the stressor, however in the long-term coping tends to require the individual to integrate painful experiences into existing schemas (Compas et al., 2017).”

“The current incorporation of emotional regulation strategies in prevention programmes has been highlighted by numerous authors as playing a key role in the control and prevention of internalizing and externalizing symptoms due to the association between them (Compas et al., 2017; Eisenberg et al. 2009; Hentges et al.,…”

“between emotion regulation and symptoms of psychopathology in children and adolescents.(1) For children, emotional dysregulation can lead to an array of social problems in schools,(2) while emotion regulation is a central correlate of behavioral and emotional problems in adolescents.”

“Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies can increase NA (Compas et al., 2017), and NA has been found to be predictive of mental disorders such as major depression (Watson, Clark, & Stasik, 2011) and increase suicidal risk”