Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis and narrative review.

“Second, we calculated Egger’s tests to assist in the interpretation of the funnel plots, which is a statistical test used to detect funnel plot asymmetry (Egger et al., 1997).”

“The Compas et al. (2001) definition is linked to a control-based model of coping that includes primary control coping (i.e., efforts to directly act on the source of stress or one’s emotions, including problem solving and emotional expression), secondary control coping (i.e., efforts to adapt to the source of stress,…”

“Third, we conducted trim and fill analyses (Duval & Tweedie, 2000) to determine how many studies would need to be included above or below the meta-analytic mean to make the funnel plot symmetrical.”

“…paradigms that elicit negative emotions and instruct participants to use specific emotion regulation strategies to regulate the experience of negative emotion (e.g., Gross & John, 2003; Belden, Luby, Pagliaccio, & Barch, 2014; Belden, Pagliaccio, Murphy, Luby, & Barch, 2015; Webb et al., 2012).”

“Emotion dysregulation has been measured primarily with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”

“This is consistent with the idea that academic demands, increased social pressures, and concerns about future academic or professional pathways may intensify stress during mid-to-late adolescence [51,52].”

“Specifically, the ability to cope and regulate emotions in stressful circumstances may play a crucial role in the development of resilience (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Individuals with a history of childhood emotional trauma often develop rigid and maladaptive coping patterns characterised by low mindfulness and poor regulatory flexibility (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Besides, emotion regulation was found a vital component in managing and modifying emotional reactivity and expressivity, and it could play a crucial role in internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Compas et al. 2017).”

“34 Though such reviews have contributed to the knowledge of coping with chronic pain, they lack the ability to explore the unique meanings behind chronic pain experiences.”

“Despite the existence of multiple definitions, coping strategies are most commonly defined as cognitive and behavioural efforts made in response to a threat (Lazarus & Folk-man, 1984), or, in other words, as intentional responses to a stressful life event (Compas et al., 2017).”

“…increases psychopathology risk and compromises emotion regulation (Juster et al., 2015; Loman & Gunnar, 2010; Mays et al., 2018), and higher adversity-related symptoms reflecting lifespan PTSS (e.g., marked arousal alterations) in response to all adversity and loss exposures (Compas et al., 2017).”

“The employment of a wide range of coping strategies in the face of the pandemics may facilitate resilient functioning among youth in the face of enduring stressors (Compas et al., 2017)”

“Indeed, strategies used by children to regulate their emotions have been linked to various emotional and behavioral problems (Cavicchioli et al., 2023; Compas et al., 2017; Sch¨afer et al., 2017).”

“16,28,31,77 One possible explanation for the difference in results from prior research may be that many of the stressors associated with COVID-19 were uncontrollable and prolonged (e.g. employment shut-downs, economic loss) so it was unlikely that some kinds of approach coping would successfully…”

“In early childhood, the capacity for independent regulation increases dramatically, as does the repertoire of strategies available to the child (Compas et al., 2017).”

“The term “coping” refers to the methods of coping with, reacting to, resisting, and managing stress [10,11].”

“…& Cicchetti, 2016; Masten, 2021; Masten et al., 2021) provide a useful higher-order home for the study of the development of coping in children and youth (Compas et al., 2017; Garmezy & Rutter, 1983; Skinner & Zimmer-Gembeck, 2007, 2016, 2023; Tyrell & Masten, 2023; Zimmer-Gembeck & Skinner, 2016).”

“Other research suggests the adaptive nature of using a specific coping style depends on the perceived controllability of the stressor (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Alternatively, as children grow and mature, they might develop the capacity to manage their emotions autonomously (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Temperament (Nigg, 2006; Rothbart and Posner, 2006) and appraisal and coping (Compas et al., 2017), that is, the assessment and effortful management of a stressor, have also been shown to contribute to youth psychopathology above the effects of experiences of stress or adversity (Wadsworth and Berger, 2006; Pitzer et…”

“In middle and late adolescence, adolescents’ abilities to cope with emotions is enhanced, and they can better manage and express emotions.(33) Therefore, in this stage, there was no correlation between body image dissatisfaction and aggressive behavior.”

“As noted in adult (Gracey et al., 2009; Lyon et al. 2021) and adolescent (Compas et al., 2017; King et al., 2020) literature, some exposure to challenge or difficulty might be a necessary substrate to adaptation, incorporating shifts in self-awareness, identity and self-concept.”

“Only two (Davies et al., 2011; van de Laar et al., 2015) of the studies that focussed on the relation between pretreatment CERS and treatment outcome used the same instrument (Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire) that was applied in the present study.”

“Deficits in individual ability to regulate emotions is a key mechanism in the development of psychopathology (Compas et al., 2017; McLaughlin & Lambert, 2017; Yap et al., 2007), and emotion regulation skills are shaped in part through repeated exchanges with parents (Tan et al., 2020).”

“Moreover, the strategies that are used to cope with these minor stressors might contribute to the intensity of stress responses (Sladek, Doane, Luecken, & Eisenberg, 2016) and be associated with psychopathological symptoms (Compas et al., 2017).”

“одним из способов регуляции эмоционального фона [12].”

“Children who effectively cope have better physical, emotional, and psychological outcomes (Compas et al., 2017; Zimmer-Gembeck & Skinner, 2016).”

“Which coping methods are used may be the primary factor that explains the resilience of some adolescents, while others are affected by stress (Compas et al., 2017).”

“Adolescence is a developmental phase that can be characterized by new challenges, daily hassles, and stress (Compas et al. 2017; Jackson and Goossens 2006).”

“…and difficulties in regulating emotion have been linked to risk for various psychopathologies across the life span (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Compas et al., 2017; Eisenberg, Spinrad, & Eggum, 2010; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2012; Schäfer, Naumann, Holmes, Tuschen-Caffier, & Samson, 2017).”

“…(i.e., the capacity to cause an intended outcome), three types of coping can be distinguished – primary control coping, secondary control coping, and disengagement coping (Compas, Jaser, Dunn, & Rodriguez, 2012; Compas et al., 2001, 2017; Connor-Smith, Compas, Wadsworth, Thomsen, & Saltzman, 2000).”

“These models seem to use concepts as coping and emotion regulation interchangeably, whereas the Process Model of Emotion Regulation distinguishes these processes (Compas et al., 2017; Gross, 2015).”

“During this process, positive coping style can reduce people’s negative affect and promote affective well-being [51].”

“Despite typical cursory acknowledgements that ER is an ongoing and ubiquitous process, ER is usually conceptualized in relation to symptoms and dysfunction (e.g., Compas et al., 2017; Klein et al., 2022).”

“During this stage, young athletes experience heightened emotional reactivity and are still developing effective strategies for emotional regulation and coping with stress [1].”

“Adaptive coping includes help-seeking, emotion regulation, and problem-solving, whereas maladaptive coping involves avoidance, substance use, and self-harm [16, 58].”

“The found unidimensionality can be partly attributed to the age of our sample because adolescents are still developing coping mechanisms and emotional and behavioral regulation (Compas et al., 2017; Silvers, 2022).”

“…across personal, educational, and social settings that can often be pervasive and challenging for their adjustment, coping and emotion regulation (Compas et al., 2017; Dvořáková et al., 2019; Skinner & Zimmer-Gembeck, 2016), and the extended period of time that youth now seek and value…”

“While most research has focused on single emotion regulation strategies and their associations with psychopathology (Compas et al., 2017; emotion generation process at the appraisal stage, by changing how the situation is viewed in light of motivational concerns.”

“However, the impact of worry varies based on individuals’ cognitive–affective capabilities, such as monitoring negative thinking and implementing emotion regulation (ER) and coping strategies (Compas et al. 2017).”

“…takes a holistic, de fi cit-oriented view of ER focusing on individual ’ s overall inability to identify and regulate emotions (Bunford et al., 2020; Compas et al., 2017; Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Paulus et al., 2021) and is often considered a broader, latent domain of ER (Compas et al., 2017).”

“…that use of less effective cognitive emotional strategies is associated with negative mental health outcomes, such as depression and anxiety (Compas et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2020) while the use of effective strategies is inversely proportional to negative mental health outcomes (Martin &…”

“…suggest that lower use of adaptive ER strategies such as cognitive reappraisal, problem-solving, and acceptance have been associated with various forms of psychopathology, including depression and anxiety, particularly among adolescent girls (Compas et al., 2017; Schäfer et al., 2017).”

“Outcomes include acceptance, positive self-image, problem-solving skills, quality of life, control of symptoms and social participation (Audulv et al., 2016), as well as social exclusion, avoidance and self-blame (Compas et al., 2017).”

“…for these strategies in this study, in comparison with previous studies among young adults, could be that some types of coping strategies are used less frequently in early adolescence than in adulthood because they involve more complex cognitive and emotional processes (Compas et al., 1993, 2017).”

“Importantly, emotion regulation difficulties and maladaptive regulation strategies have been associated with risk for psychopathology in children and adolescents [27], in particular internalising symptoms [28], anxiety disorders and disruptive behaviour disorders [13].”

“Conversely, ongoing experiences of small yet chronic negative events over time may result in stress-induced vulnerability to mental ill health (Compas et al., 2017) and sleep di ffi culties (Lynch et al., 2021).”

“This effect is consistent with the lower level of externalized symptoms associated with greater use of an individual-level problem-solving strategy demonstrated in a meta-analysis 31 .”

“The literature also indicates that, while adolescent coping styles tend to center on individual efforts, social supports also play an important role as a ‘back up system’ in the event of stress (20).”

“En contraste, bajos niveles de RE pueden des-encadenar diferentes consecuencias negativas relaciona-das con la desadaptación contextual, el desajuste en la vida cotidiana y el malestar personal (Compas et al., 2017; Zafar et al., 2021).”

“Inadequate co-regulation might compromise the child’s development of building a repertoire of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and biological strategies for regulation (Beeghly and Tronick 2011; Compas et al. 2017), and higher levels of child externalizing problems have been reported (Olson et al.”

“It does make sense that children in the 10 to 15 age group would be more likely to utilize cognitive coping strategies, such as rumination, as these tend to develop in middle childhood to later childhood [25].”

“…strategies used in the process of coping and emotion regulation encompass a number of skills such as problem solving, seeking social support, escape and distraction, emotional expression and suppression, acceptance, and cognitive reappraisal (Compas et al., 2017; Zimmer-Gembeck & Skinner, 2011).”

“Furthermore, although the use of emotion regulation and coping strategies depends on the context or situation (Compas et al., 2017; Gratz & Roemer, 2004), it has been shown that some coping and emotion regulation strategies are more related to psychopathological profiles.”

“A growing body of literature suggests that ER plays a central role in the onset and maintenance of externalizing disorders (Cavanagh et al., 2017; Compas et al., 2017; Halligan et al., 2013; Mitchison et al., 2020; Mullin et al., 2007).”

“Fortunately, previous research has found that some adaptive and effective coping skills can alleviate the adverse impact of transitional developmental stress (e.g., Compas et al., 2017; Dabrowska & Pisula, 2010; Jang et al., 2019).”

“Historically, these styles were thought to be either adaptive (e.g., for Approach coping, Social Support-Seeking) or maladaptive (for Avoidance coping), based on how they are associated with psychopathology (Aldao et al., 2010; Compas et al., 2017; Eftekhari et al., 2009).”

“, 2014) are the same as strategies associated with adjustment among children from a wide range of populations (Compas et al., 2017; Zimmer-Gembeck & Skinner, 2016), Madres Apoyando el Desarrollo Emocional de Sus Hijos could easily be adapted for use with other racial and ethnic groups.”

“children, adolescents’ ER no longer depends on the assistance and guidance of parents or others [7, 43].”

“The CCSC is one of three measures of coping that meet the criteria as top-down, theory-driven measures (Compas et al ., 2017; Skinner et al ., 2003) .”

“Due to the possible negative effects that social support could have in certain situations (Compas et al., 2017; Rankin et al., 2018), the objective of this study included an in-depth analysis of the relationships between different dimensions of social support (i.e., social support seeking as a…”

“Specifically, difficulties with ER may impede empathic or prosocial responding in social situations (Lemerise & Arsenio, 2000), with studies demonstrating that this results in externalizing behavior in adolescents (Compas et al., 2017).”