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Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis and narrative review.
Open accessAbstract
In this meta-analytic and narrative review, we examine several overarching issues related to the study of coping, emotion regulation, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence, including the conceptualization and measurement of these constructs. We report a quantitative meta-analysis of 212 studies (N = 80,850 participants) that measured the associations between coping and emotion regulation with symptoms of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Within the meta-analysis we address the association of broad domains of coping and emotion regulation (e.g., total coping, emotion regulation), intermediate factors of coping and emotion regulation (e.g., primary control coping, secondary control coping), and specific coping and emotion regulation strategies (e.g., emotional expression, cognitive reappraisal) with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. For cross-sectional studies, which made up the majority of studies included, we examine 3 potential moderators: age, measure quality, and single versus multiple informants. Finally, we separately consider findings from longitudinal studies as these provide stronger tests of the effects. After accounting for publication bias, findings indicate that the broad domain of emotion regulation and adaptive coping and the factors of primary control coping and secondary control coping are related to lower levels of symptoms of psychopathology. Further, the domain of maladaptive coping, the factor of disengagement coping, and the strategies of emotional suppression, avoidance, and denial are related to higher levels of symptoms of psychopathology. Finally, we offer a critique of the current state of the field and outline an agenda for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record
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“Significant links are noted between maladaptive strategy use, reduced self-efficacy and increased depression and anxiety symptoms (Carthy et al., 2010; Compas et al., 2017; Ehring et al., 2010).”
From Outcomes From an Online Pilot Mindfulness Based Intervention with Adolescents: A Comparison by Categories of Risk. (2023) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Preliminary evidence suggests those who employ a greater variety of adaptive coping strategies report reduced anxiety and depression, and increased psychological functioning and self-efficacy (Compas et al., 2017; Suhr et al., 2017).”
From Outcomes From an Online Pilot Mindfulness Based Intervention with Adolescents: A Comparison by Categories of Risk. (2023) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As confirmed in a recent meta-analysis of 212 studies (80,850 participants), avoidant coping strategies such as disengagement, emotional suppression, and denial were associated with concurrent and subsequent psychopathology (Compas et al. 2017).”
From Child Sexual Abuse as a Unique Risk Factor for the Development of Psychopathology: The Compounded Convergence of Mechanisms (2021) · cites this paper as Compas et al. 2017
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“Emotion regulation is a well-established factor that is linked to behavioral health and mental health, including substance use and mood and anxiety disorders [24].”
From Effectiveness of the Botvin High School LifeSkills Training Intervention on Adolescent Substance Use: A Cluster Randomized Trial (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“suppression and rumination have been positively associated (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Compas et al., 2017; Hu et al., 2014; Prefit, Candea, & Szentagotai-Tatar, 2019; Seligowski, Lee, Bardeen, & Orcutt, 2015), and reappraisal has been negatively associated (Aldao et al., 2010; Hu et al., 2014; Prefit et al., 2019; but see Seligowski et al., 2015) with psychopathology.”
From Emotion regulation as mediator between childhood adversity and psychopathology: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“suppression and rumination have been positively associated (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Compas et al., 2017; Hu et al., 2014; Prefit, Candea, & Szentagotai-Tatar, 2019; Seligowski, Lee, Bardeen, & Orcutt, 2015), and reappraisal has been negatively associated (Aldao et al., 2010; Hu et al., 2014; Prefit et al., 2019; but see Seligowski et al., 2015) with psychopathology.”
From Emotion regulation as mediator between childhood adversity and psychopathology: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Broader measures of emotion regulation, such as difficulties (Prefit et al., 2019; Seligowski et al., 2015) and abilities (Compas et al., 2017), have also shown consistent associations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms.”
From Emotion regulation as mediator between childhood adversity and psychopathology: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“The relations between emotion regulation and psychopathology have also been consistently supported in meta-analyses.”
From Emotion regulation as mediator between childhood adversity and psychopathology: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
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Items 101–200 of 1,005
Domhardt, M., Engler, S., Nowak, H., Lutsch, A., Baumel, A., & Baumeister, H. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/29742 · Cited by 41
“…children and adolescents, considering the consistent pattern of significant findings across studies in our review, as well as by allowing for comprehensive earlier research highlighting the overall importance of emotion regulation competencies for mental health in childhood and adolescence [78].”
Age-related differences in affective control and its association with mental health difficulties
Schweizer, S., Parker, J., Leung, J. T., Griffin, C., & Blakemore, S. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000099 · Cited by 55
Vestad, L., & Tharaldsen, K. B. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2021.1939145 · Cited by 40
“…mindset (Molden & Dweck, 2006) may help develop more active coping approaches, and emotional regulation and mindfulness have shown to be closely linked to emotion-focused coping (Compas et al., 2017), SECs that target such problem – and emotion-focused coping are central in the intervention.”
BackgroundIntrapersonal Emotion Regulation Difficulties and Maladaptive Interpersonal Behavior in Adolescence
Schwartz-Mette, R., Lawrence, H. R., Shankman, J., Fearey, E., & Harrington, R. V. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00739-z · Cited by 40
Development of emotion regulation across the first two years of college
Park, C. L., Williams, M. K., Hernandez, P. R., Agocha, V. B., Lee, S. Y., Carney, L. M., & Loomis, D. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.09.009 · Cited by 58
“Changes in cognitive processing, metacognitive skills, and capacities for planning may influence maturation of emotion regulation skills (Caballero et al., 2016; Compas et al., 2017; Riediger & Klipker, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, Y., Xu, W., McDonnell, D., & Wang, J.-L. (2024) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106796 · Cited by 39
Core self-evaluation and subjective wellbeing: A moderated mediation model
Chen, W., Yang, T., & Luo, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1036071 · Cited by 39
Adolescent Psychosocial Adjustment during COVID-19: An Intensive Longitudinal Study
Wang, M., Henry, D. A., Scanlon, C. L., Toro, J. D., & Voltin, S. E. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2021.2007487 · Cited by 45
Beames, J. R., Li, S., Newby, J. M., Maston, K., Christensen, H. M., & Werner‐Seidler, A. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-021-00432-z · Cited by 60
“In general, active coping strategies are related to better adjustment to stress and improved mental health compared to passive strategies [15, 16].”
BackgroundCollege from home during COVID-19: A mixed-methods study of heterogeneous experiences
Morris, M. E., Kuehn, K. S., Brown, J., Nurius, P. S., Zhang, H., Sefidgar, Y. S., Xu, X., Riskin, E. A., Dey, A. K., Consolvo, S., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251580 · Cited by 43
“These findings fit with models of stress coping responses that associate disengagement with higher risks for psychopathology [17].”
BackgroundResultZimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Clear, S. J., & Campbell, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.11.003 · Cited by 38
Experience-dependent neurodevelopment of self-regulation in adolescence
Meredith, W. J., & Silvers, J. A. (2024) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101356 · Cited by 47
“…adolescence may reflect suboptimal context-strategy pairing across situations or difficulty in successfully engaging a particular regulatory skill (e.g., failure to extinguish negative affect for a familiar, non-threatening stimulus; Compas et al., 2017; McLaughlin et al., 2011; Silk et al., 2003).”
Stein, G. L., Salcido, V. V., & Alvarado, C. J. G. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2022.2158838 · Cited by 40
“More broadly, engaged coping processes are purposeful efforts to regulate affect, including active cognitive restructuring and seeking emotional support, which can include problem-solving coping (Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundCoping during COVID-19: examining student stress and depressive symptoms
Mushquash, A. R., & Grassia, E. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1865379 · Cited by 38
Stapersma, L., van den Brink, G., van der Ende, J., Bodelier, A., van Wering, H. V., Hurkmans, P., Mearin, M., Jong, A. E. V. D. M.-D., Escher, J., & Utens, E. M. W. J. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-019-09791-6 · Cited by 38
“Cognitive coping is implicated in the etiology and the maintenance of anxiety and depression [17, 18] and is therefore important as well in studying youth with IBD.”
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“Despite past research linking EI with maladaptive strategies [21] and psychological problems with maladaptive strategies [4,22], in our two studies maladaptive strategies were not found to be significant mediators of suicidal ideation.”
BackgroundResultProfiles of Coping with Ethnic-Racial Discrimination and Latina/o Adolescents’ Adjustment
McDermott, E. R., Umaña-Taylor, A., & Zeiders, K. H. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0958-7 · Cited by 37
Yeo, A. J., Germán, M., Wheeler, L. A., Camacho, K., Hirsch, E., & Miller, A. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12374 · Cited by 37
Evans, S. C., Blossom, J. B., & Fite, P. J. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.05.006 · Cited by 36
“An inability to cope with negative emotions can increase risk for both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology (Compas et al., 2017).”
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“Several theoretical models suggest that individual’s ability to cope with stressful events and to regulate emotions play a critical role to understand the development of psychopathological outcomes in response to stressful situations (e.g., Compas et al., 2017).”
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Hong, E.-J., & Kangas, M. (2021) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2021.23 · Cited by 42
“…has gained momentum over the last two decades (Webb, Miles, & Sheeran, 2012) with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (e.g., chronic suppression) shown to be a reliable predictor of psychopathology in adults (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010) and children (Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundParent–child attachment and mental health in young adolescents: a moderated mediation analysis
Tan, R., Yang, Y., Huang, T., Lin, X., & Hua, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1298485 · Cited by 59
Isbister, K., Cottrell, P. S., Cecchet, A., Dagan, E., Theofanopoulou, N., Bertran, F. A., Horowitz, A. J., Mead, N., Schwartz, J. B., & Slovák, P. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3491083 · Cited by 40
“In sum, constructive emotion regulation is crucial for maintaining child mental health [14], has links to other important protective life factors such as coping and emotional resilience [8, 64], but can also become one of the strongest risk factors if insuciently developed [1].”
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“In general stress and coping literature, approach and problem-focused coping allow for instrumental action regarding distressing experiences that in turn reduces externalizing and internalizing problems (Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialActive emotion regulation mediates links between shyness and social adjustment in preschool
Hipson, W. E., Coplan, R. J., & Séguin, D. G. (2019) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12372 · Cited by 45
Self-regulation and control in personality functioning
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Suicide in African American Adolescents: Understanding Risk by Studying Resilience
Robinson, W. L., Whipple, C. R., Keenan, K., Flack, C. E., & Wingate, L. (2022) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072220-021819 · Cited by 34
Human Decision-making is Susceptible to AI-driven ManipulationPreprint
Sabour, S., Liu, J. M., Liu, S., Yao, C. Z., Cui, S., Zhang, X., Zhang, W., Cao, Y., Bhat, A., Guan, J., et al. (2025) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.07663 · Cited by 34
“…that involves identifying specific actions to address the situation, developing alternative perspectives, and constructive engagement with support networks, which has shown the strongest correlations with increasing user’s mental well being and lower rates of anxiety and depression 80,82 .”
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Anderson, A. S., Siciliano, R. E., Gruhn, M. A., Bettis, A. H., Reising, M. M., Watson, K. H., Dunbar, J. P., & Compas, B. E. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05363-w · Cited by 31
“However, in a meta-analysis by Compas et al. (2017), informant (e.g., single vs. multiple-informant) was tested as a moderator of the relations among coping factors and strategies with internalizing and externalizing problems in cross-sectional studies, yielding few significant effects.”
InfluentialSelf-citationEvli, M., & Şimşek, N. (2022) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2022.07.008 · Cited by 49
Marr, N. S., Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.079 · Cited by 41
Coiro, M. J., Watson, K. H., Ciriegio, A., Jones, M. T., Wolfson, A. R., Reisman, J., & Compas, B. E. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02444-6 · Cited by 40
“The RSQ has demonstrated excellent internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent and construct validity (Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationCoulombe, B. R., & Yates, T. M. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13639 · Cited by 48
“In turn, coping is a primary determinant of psychopathology following stressful events for children and adolescents (Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMorris, A. S., Wakschlag, L. S., Krogh‐Jespersen, S., Fox, N. A., Planalp, B. M., Perlman, S. B., Shuffrey, L. C., Smith, B. A., Lorenzo, N. E., Amso, D., et al. (2020) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-020-00025-3 · Cited by 37
Jackson, J. L., Gerardo, G. M., Monti, J. D., Schofield, K. A., & Vannatta, K. A. (2017) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsx154 · Cited by 34
Wang, X., Lu, J., Liu, Q., Yu, Q., Fan, J., Gao, F., Han, Y., Liu, X., Yao, R., & Zhu, X. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.061 · Cited by 33
Predictors of Parental Coping During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Survey in Germany
Clemens, V., Köhler-Dauner, F., Ziegenhain, U., & Fegert, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.715327 · Cited by 33
Keller, M., Zweerings, J., Klasen, M., Zvyagintsev, M., Iglesias, J., Quiñones, R. M., & Mathiak, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.715898 · Cited by 36
A mindfulness-based promotive coping program improves well-being in college undergraduates
Long, R., Halvorson, M., & Lengua, L. J. (2021) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1895986 · Cited by 33
“For example, vulnerable coping strategies (e.g., avoidance) are critical elements in the development of anxiety and depression (e.g., Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundKahn, J., Cohen, R. F., Tubiana, A., Legrand, K., Wasserman, C., Carli, V., Apter, A. S., Balázs, J., Banzer, R., Baralla, F., et al. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01476-w · Cited by 57
Prussien, K. V., DeBaun, M. R., Yarboi, J., Bemis, H., McNally, C. M., Williams, E. K., & Compas, B. E. (2017) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsx141 · Cited by 37
“In comparison with the pain coping model, a control-based model of coping and emotion regulation organizes engagement coping into three distinct groups: primary control coping, secondary control coping, and disengagement (Compas et al., 2012, 2017).”
Self-citationBellerby, R., Smith, C. R., Kyme, S. R., Gee, J., Günthert, U., Green, A., Rakha, E., Barrett-Lee, P., & Hiscox, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2016.00145 · Cited by 33
Emotion Dysregulation in ADHD and Other Neurodevelopmental Conditions: A Co-Twin Control Study
Astenvald, R., Frick, M. A., Neufeld, J., Bölte, S., & Isaksson, J. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00528-0 · Cited by 32
“However, it is also possible that the effect of age on ED is not linear, and research focusing on specific developmental periods or age differences regarding ED is scarce, needing further scrutiny [48].”
BackgroundShum, C., Dockray, S., & McMahon, J. (2024) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316241231918 · Cited by 39
“One study reported that when CR was used alongside other adaptive ER strategies such as distraction, the effect of CR on PWB was signi fi cant, however, when used alone, it was not (Compas et al., 2017).”
InfluentialPsychometric Validation of the Persian Self-Compassion Scale Youth Version
Nazari, N., Hernández, R. M., Ocaña-Fernández, Y., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01801-7 · Cited by 43
“The promotion of adaptive coping strategies, such as self-compassion, during early adolescence may reduce the risk of internalizing disorders in the later stages of adolescence and emerging adulthood (Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundRomer, A. L., Hariri, A. R., & Strauman, T. J. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.051 · Cited by 37
Lucas‐Molina, B., Quintanilla, L., Sarmento‐Henrique, R., Babarro, J. M., & Giménez‐Dasí, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165726 · Cited by 48
Chue, A. E., Gunthert, K. C., Kim, R. W., Alfano, C. A., & Ruggiero, A. R. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.05.006 · Cited by 28
Uhl, K., Halpern, L. F., Tam, C., Fox, J. K., & Ryan, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01474-w · Cited by 43
“In a recent review, Compas et al. (2017) highlighted the commonalities between the concepts of coping and emotion regulation, noting that, although coping occurs in response to a stressor and emotion regulation in response to both positive and negative emotions, a unifying feature is the critical…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDepression, Anxiety, and Suicide Among Adolescents: Sex Differences and Future Perspectives
Toro, G. V. R., Arias, P., de la Torre‐Luque, A., Singer, J. B., & Lagunas, N. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14103446 · Cited by 38
“Cognitive reappraisal and acceptance play a role in emotion regulation, and their ability to reduce anxiety is likely mediated by their effect on decreasing internalizing symptoms [61].”
Wu, Q., Yang, M., Wu, K., Su, H., Huang, C., Xu, Z., Ho, H. C., Zheng, H., Zhang, W., Tao, J., et al. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160554 · Cited by 31
Betegón, E., Rodríguez-Medina, J., del-Valle, M., & Irurtia, M. J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063602 · Cited by 30
“Therefore, the capacity to regulate or modulate emotional states is key to maintaining good mental health [17].”
BackgroundGardner, A. A., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., & Modecki, K. L. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12549 · Cited by 36
Schiltz, H. K., Gohari, D., Park, J., & Lord, C. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231217337 · Cited by 40
“…distraction) have been linked with mental health difficulties, including higher levels of psychological distress, anxiety, and depression in both autistic (Khor et al., 2014; Muniandy et al., 2021, 2022) and non-autistic (Compas et al., 2017; Nielsen & Knardahl, 2014; Tran & Lumley, 2019) samples.”
BackgroundLandry, J., Asokumar, A., Crump, C., Anisman, H., & Matheson, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.968383 · Cited by 38
“Coupled with misappraisals, young children may lack effective coping strategies that might otherwise diminish distress (Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundHiekkaranta, A., Kirtley, O., Lafit, G., Decoster, J., Derom, C., Hert, M. D., Gülöksüz, S., Jacobs, N., Menne-Lothmann, C., Rutten, B., et al. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2t6gy · Cited by 29
Does the Transdiagnostic EMOTION Intervention Improve Emotion Regulation Skills in Children?
Loevaas, M. E. S., Sund, A. M., Lydersen, S., Neumer, S., Martinsen, K., Holen, S., Patras, J., Adolfsen, F., & Reinfjell, T. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-01324-1 · Cited by 29
Kuehn, K. S., King, K. M., Linehan, M. M., & Harned, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000496 · Cited by 28
“As emotion regulation and coping are overlapping constructs (Compas et al., 2017), and due to the fact that the DERS measures emotion regulation in a multidimensional and hierarchical fashion (see Smith, McCarthy, and Zapolski (2009) for an overview on limitations of analyzing these kinds of…”
BackgroundMethodMartínez-Líbano, J., & Yeomans‐Cabrera, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1407021 · Cited by 30
Emotion regulation styles and the tendency to learn from academic failures
Sharabi, Y., & Roth, G. (2024) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12696 · Cited by 28
“The conceptualization of coping is strongly related to emotion regulation, and several attempts have recently been made to determine overlaps and distinctions between the two (Benita, 2020; Compas et al., 2017).”
Effect of Psychosocial Interventions on Children and Youth Emotion Regulation: A Meta-Analysis
Espenes, K., Tørmoen, A. J., Rognstad, K., Nilsen, W., Waaler, P. M., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., & Kjøbli, J. (2024) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-024-01373-3 · Cited by 34
“…and maintenance of diverse forms of psychopathology; consequently, emotion regulation has been framed as a central target of interventions for a range of clinical difficulties across children, adolescents, and adult populations (e.g., Aldao et al., 2016; Compas et al., 2017; Gratz et al., 2015).”
Parental warmth predicts more child pro-social behaviour in children with better emotion regulation.
Yavuz, H., Colasante, T., & Malti, T. (2022) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12425 · Cited by 28
Wolff, J., Thomas, S. A., Hood, E., Bettis, A. H., Rizzo, C. J., & Liu, R. T. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.075 · Cited by 28
“Emotion regulation is described as a multifaceted process beginning with awareness of one’s experience and moving toward engaging in strategies to regulate specific emotions (Gross, 2014), and these skills are central to models of risk and resilience for depression and related psychopathology (Aldao et al., 2010; Comp…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAkfirat, O. (2020) · European Journal of Education Studies · doi:10.46827/ejes.v7i9.3267 · Cited by 28
“Inadequate emotion regulation in response to stressful events can trigger pathological conditions (Compas et al., 2017; Denny, et al., 2009; Gross & Thomson, 2007; Mennin, et al., 2007).”
BackgroundEmotional reactivity to daily events in youth with anxiety disorders
Herres, J., Caporino, N., Cummings, C. M., & Kendall, P. (2018) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2018.1472492 · Cited by 28
“Though definitions vary, emotion regulation typically refers to the “processes of monitoring, evaluation, and modification of emotional reactions” (Compas et al., 2017, p. 941).”
BackgroundMelero, S., Orgilés, M., Espada, J. P., & Morales, A. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2516 · Cited by 32
Pegg, S. L., Dickey, L., Mumper, E. E., Kessel, E. M., Klein, D., & Kujawa, A. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13438 · Cited by 27
“…to declare. uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript Indeed, dysregulation of emotion is a key process underlying the development of both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Compas et al., 2017; Sheppes, Suri, & Gross, 2015).”
BackgroundA review of research on music and coping in adolescence.
Miranda, D. (2019) · Psychomusicology: Music, Mind & Brain · doi:10.1037/pmu0000229 · Cited by 27
Salerni, N., & Messetti, M. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12020159 · Cited by 34
“…given that the ability to e ff ectively manage and respond to emotional experiences plays a central role in children’s psychological functioning [49,67]. of psychopathology, including conduct disorders, oppositional defiant ones and ADHD, can be considered real regulation disorders given that the…”
Wisman, M. A., Emmelkamp, J., Dekker, J., & Christ, C. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100596 · Cited by 35
Trompeter, N., Bussey, K., Forbes, M., Hay, P., Goldstein, M., Thornton, C. E., Basten, C. J., Heruc, G., Roberts, M. E., Byrne, S., et al. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00898-1 · Cited by 26
“Additionally, adolescence marks a key developmental period in terms of the onset of weight and shape concerns (Gowers & Shore, 2001), as well as emotion dysregulation (Bailen et al., 2018; Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundDefayette, A. B., Whitmyre, E. D., López, R., Brown, B. A., Wolff, J. C., Spirito, A., & Esposito-Smythers, C. L. (2021) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.07.001 · Cited by 33
Self-Rated Mentalizing Mediates the Relationship Between Stress and Coping in a Non-Clinical Sample
Schwarzer, N.-H., Nolte, T., Fonagy, P., & Gingelmaier, S. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294121994846 · Cited by 34
“Negative coping is associated with increased psychological symptoms, decreased life satisfaction, psychiatric disorders, and increased distress (e.g. Compas et al., 2017; Gustems-Carnicer & Calderon, 2013).”
BackgroundBrinke, L. T., Schuiringa, H. D., & Matthys, W. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103833 · Cited by 35
Specialized Smartphone Intervention Apps: Review of 2014 to 2018 NIH Funded Grants
Hansen, W. B., & Scheier, L. M. (2019) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/14655 · Cited by 28
“Apps often focus on pain, anxiety, stress and emotion management [100,101].”
Ansar, N., Nissen-Lie, H., Zahl-Olsen, R., Bertelsen, T., Elliott, R., & Stiegler, J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2022.2079130 · Cited by 25
“Difficulties in emotion regulation are commonly recognized as a transdiagnostic component in the development and maintenance of a broad range of internalizing and externalizing problems (Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation and tic disorders in children
Ruhrman, D., Mikulincer, M., Apter, A., Benaroya-Milshtein, N., & Steinberg, T. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01912-5 · Cited by 26
“Previous work has demonstrated the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and major childhood psychopathologies [42], including depression, anxiety, ADD in children (e.”
BackgroundDunbar, A. S., Ahn, L. H., Coates, E. E., & Bynum, M. S. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13680 · Cited by 29
“Chronic stressors increase risk for repeated heightened reactivity, which may overload stress response systems and make regulation more difficult (Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotion Regulation with Parents and Friends and Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior
Lindsey, E. W. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8040299 · Cited by 30
“A major conclusion of both meta-analyses [13,14] was the need for additional research to provide a more detailed account of how specific emotion regulation strategies may be linked to internalizing and externalizing symptoms.”
BackgroundInfluentialGao, D., Bullock, A., & Liu, J.-S. (2021) · Journal des adolescens · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.01.001 · Cited by 25
The impact of social support on adolescent coping in the context of urban poverty.
Reife, I., Duffy, S. N., & Grant, K. E. (2019) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000296 · Cited by 35
Stories for All Ages: Narrating Anger Reduces Distress Across Childhood and Adolescence
Wainryb, C., Pasupathi, M., Bourne, S. V., & Oldroyd, K. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000495 · Cited by 25
“…childhood and adolescence Emotion regulation is a central concern in developmental psychology, with broad relevance to adaptive outcomes (e.g., Compas et al., 2017; Gross & Thompson, 2007; Mullin & Hinshaw, 2007; Thompson, 2014; Valiente, Eisenberg, Fabes, Spinrad, & Sulik, 2015; Zeman,…”
Goger, P., Rozenman, M., & Gonzalez, A. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101563 · Cited by 25
“Over time, this cycle may become problematic, as avoidance may teach individuals that they are not able to tolerate enduring distressing emotional states (Amstadter, 2008) and may lead to significant anxiety and other internalizing problems (Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundCoping with Relationship Stress in Adolescence: A Decade in Review
Erath, S. A., & Pettit, G. S. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12603 · Cited by 24
Online support seeking, co-rumination, and mental health in adolescent girls
Mackenzie, E., McMaugh, A., Van Bergen, P., & Parada, R. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1040636 · Cited by 24
Son, H., & Kim, N. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16112152 · Cited by 26
“Specifically, the ability to share emotional needs has been reported as essential for the development of healthy coping strategies in children and adolescents [12,13].”
BackgroundEffects of emotionally oriented parental interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zahl‐Olsen, R., Severinsen, L., Stiegler, J. R., Fernee, C. R., Simhan, I., Rekdal, S. S., & Bertelsen, T. B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1159892 · Cited by 29
“, neglectful, harsh, or coercive parenting styles, with little acceptance of experiencing or expressing a range of emotions) are associated with poorer mental health in children (Compas et al., 2017), adolescents (Schäfer et al.”
BackgroundQuinn, M. E., & Shields, G. S. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221149736 · Cited by 28
Shi, Z., & Wang, Q. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12649 · Cited by 29
“Numerous cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have shown that approach coping negatively relates, whereas avoidance coping positively relates to emotional maladjustment (e.g., anxiety and depression) among adolescents (for a review, see Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBozicevic, L., Pascalis, L. D., Montirosso, R., Ferrari, P. F., Giusti, L., Cooper, P., & Murray, L. (2020) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022120971353 · Cited by 28
External food cue responsiveness and emotional eating in adolescents: A multimethod study
Schneider-Worthington, C. R., Smith, K. E., Roemmich, J. N., & Salvy, S.-J. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105789 · Cited by 23
Larsson, K., Aspeqvist, E., Falkenström, F., Andersson, G., Svedin, C., & Zetterqvist, M. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02540-3 · Cited by 23
Fang, S., Barker, E. T., Arasaratnam, G., Lane, V., Rabinovich, D. B., Panaccio, A. J., O’Connor, R. M., Nguyen, C. T., & Doucerain, M. M. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3508 · Cited by 35
“…individuals better at understanding, accepting, managing and expressing appropriate emotions are considered to have better emotion regulation (Gratz and Roemer 2004), and youth with better emotion regulation tend to report fewer internalising problems (Compas et al. 2017; Schäfer et al. 2017).”
Özdemir, C., & Kaplan, A. (2024) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.13007 · Cited by 30
Prout, T. A., Rice, T., Chung, H., Gorokhovsky, Y., Murphy, S. M., & Hoffman, L. (2021) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2021.1980626 · Cited by 25
“There is a growing awareness of the importance of emotion regulation (ER) for children with externalizing disorders (Cavanagh et al., 2017; Compas et al., 2017; Halligan et al., 2013; Mullin & Hinshaw, 2020; Mitchison et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPolack, R. G., Everaert, J., Uddenberg, C., Kober, H., & Joormann, J. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vaef2 · Cited by 23
Eichengreen, A., Zaidman‐Zait, A., Most, T., & Golik, G. (2021) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2021.1905161 · Cited by 30
“This change may be partly explained by a growing ability to deploy complex cognitive coping strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal of a situation (Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundKopelman-Rubin, D., Siegel, A., Weiss, N., & Kats-Gold, I. (2020) · Children & Schools · doi:10.1093/cs/cdaa022 · Cited by 23
Rose, T., Hope, M. O., Thurman, D., Forrester, P., & Rose, R. A. (2020) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798420937856 · Cited by 68
“That said, the results did not support the hypothesized link between NRI and perceived stress, which was surprising given the established relationship between coping and stress (Aldwin, 2007; Compas et al., 2017).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Compas, B. E., Jaser, S. S., Bettis, A. H., Watson, K. H., Gruhn, M. A., Dunbar, J. P., Williams, E., & Thigpen, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 939-991
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- PMC
- PMC7310319
- OpenAlex
- W2626086283
- Cited by
- 1,555
- References
- 396
- Citations by year
- 2026: 300 · 2025: 273 · 2024: 215 · 2023: 181 · 2022: 173 · 2021: 169 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 10.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH100258 and T32 MH018921)
- National Cancer Institute (R01 CA118332)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DP3 DK097678)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- coping, emotion regulation, child psychopathology, adolescent psychopathology, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, cognitive reappraisal, emotional expression, disengagement coping, emotional suppression, avoidance, denial, maladaptive coping, adaptive coping, informant effects, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Self-Control, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Emotions, Humans
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