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Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis and narrative review.
Open accessAbstract
In this meta-analytic and narrative review, we examine several overarching issues related to the study of coping, emotion regulation, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence, including the conceptualization and measurement of these constructs. We report a quantitative meta-analysis of 212 studies (N = 80,850 participants) that measured the associations between coping and emotion regulation with symptoms of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Within the meta-analysis we address the association of broad domains of coping and emotion regulation (e.g., total coping, emotion regulation), intermediate factors of coping and emotion regulation (e.g., primary control coping, secondary control coping), and specific coping and emotion regulation strategies (e.g., emotional expression, cognitive reappraisal) with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. For cross-sectional studies, which made up the majority of studies included, we examine 3 potential moderators: age, measure quality, and single versus multiple informants. Finally, we separately consider findings from longitudinal studies as these provide stronger tests of the effects. After accounting for publication bias, findings indicate that the broad domain of emotion regulation and adaptive coping and the factors of primary control coping and secondary control coping are related to lower levels of symptoms of psychopathology. Further, the domain of maladaptive coping, the factor of disengagement coping, and the strategies of emotional suppression, avoidance, and denial are related to higher levels of symptoms of psychopathology. Finally, we offer a critique of the current state of the field and outline an agenda for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record
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“Significant links are noted between maladaptive strategy use, reduced self-efficacy and increased depression and anxiety symptoms (Carthy et al., 2010; Compas et al., 2017; Ehring et al., 2010).”
From Outcomes From an Online Pilot Mindfulness Based Intervention with Adolescents: A Comparison by Categories of Risk. (2023) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Preliminary evidence suggests those who employ a greater variety of adaptive coping strategies report reduced anxiety and depression, and increased psychological functioning and self-efficacy (Compas et al., 2017; Suhr et al., 2017).”
From Outcomes From an Online Pilot Mindfulness Based Intervention with Adolescents: A Comparison by Categories of Risk. (2023) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As confirmed in a recent meta-analysis of 212 studies (80,850 participants), avoidant coping strategies such as disengagement, emotional suppression, and denial were associated with concurrent and subsequent psychopathology (Compas et al. 2017).”
From Child Sexual Abuse as a Unique Risk Factor for the Development of Psychopathology: The Compounded Convergence of Mechanisms (2021) · cites this paper as Compas et al. 2017
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“Emotion regulation is a well-established factor that is linked to behavioral health and mental health, including substance use and mood and anxiety disorders [24].”
From Effectiveness of the Botvin High School LifeSkills Training Intervention on Adolescent Substance Use: A Cluster Randomized Trial (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“suppression and rumination have been positively associated (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Compas et al., 2017; Hu et al., 2014; Prefit, Candea, & Szentagotai-Tatar, 2019; Seligowski, Lee, Bardeen, & Orcutt, 2015), and reappraisal has been negatively associated (Aldao et al., 2010; Hu et al., 2014; Prefit et al., 2019; but see Seligowski et al., 2015) with psychopathology.”
From Emotion regulation as mediator between childhood adversity and psychopathology: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“suppression and rumination have been positively associated (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Compas et al., 2017; Hu et al., 2014; Prefit, Candea, & Szentagotai-Tatar, 2019; Seligowski, Lee, Bardeen, & Orcutt, 2015), and reappraisal has been negatively associated (Aldao et al., 2010; Hu et al., 2014; Prefit et al., 2019; but see Seligowski et al., 2015) with psychopathology.”
From Emotion regulation as mediator between childhood adversity and psychopathology: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Broader measures of emotion regulation, such as difficulties (Prefit et al., 2019; Seligowski et al., 2015) and abilities (Compas et al., 2017), have also shown consistent associations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms.”
From Emotion regulation as mediator between childhood adversity and psychopathology: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“The relations between emotion regulation and psychopathology have also been consistently supported in meta-analyses.”
From Emotion regulation as mediator between childhood adversity and psychopathology: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialCoping flexibility and psychological adjustment to stressful life changes: A meta-analytic review.
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McRae, K., Gross, J. J., Weber, J., Robertson, E. R., Sokol-Hessner, P., Ray, R. D., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Ochsner, K. N. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr093 · Cited by 655 · cited 1×
“A consistent pattern of findings has emerged, suggesting that increased activation during reappraisal of emotional stimuli occurs in several areas of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), including the ventromedial, ventrolateral, and dorsolateral PFC (e.g., Belden et al., 2014, 2015; Dougherty et al., 2015; McRae et al., 2012…”
BackgroundThe Neural Bases of Distraction and Reappraisal
McRae, K., Hughes, B., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Gross, J. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21243 · Cited by 642 · cited 1×
“, working memory, attentional control) may provide a foundation for the use of coping and emotion regulation, as these processes often require the use of complex cognitive skills (Campbell et al., 2009; Eisenberg & Zhou, 2016; McRae et al., 2010).”
BackgroundTroy, A. S., Shallcross, A. J., & Mauss, I. B. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613496434 · Cited by 641
Emotional regulation and emotional development
Thompson, R. A. (1991) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf01319934 · Cited by 641 · cited 2×
“In addition, the process model of emotion regulation by Gross, Thompson and colleagues includes responses that are directed toward other processes in addition to emotions (e.g., Gross, 2015; Gross & Thompson, 2007; Thompson, 1991, 1994; Thompson & Calkins, 1996; Thompson & Goodman, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodRutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
(2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118381953 · Cited by 639
Stressors and Child and Adolescent Psychopathology: Measurement Issues and Prospective Effects
Grant, K., Compas, B., Thurm, A., McMahon, S., & Gipson, P. Y. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_23 · Cited by 618 · cited 1×
“Grant et al. (2004) identified more than 50 prospective longitudinal studies that provided evidence that exposure to stressful events and chronic adversity predicts increases in both internalizing and externalizing symptoms over time.”
BackgroundSelf-citationRutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Rutter, M. (2002) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444300895 · Cited by 573 · cited 1×
“After a longstanding debate regarding the structure of psychopathology, a significant shift has occurred in the conceptualization of psychopathology, with recognition that symptoms of disorder occur both on continua as well as in discrete categories (Hyman, 2010; Rutter et al., 2011).”
BackgroundDevelopment of a Self-Report Coping Measure for Elementary School Children
Causey, D. L., & Dubow, E. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2101_8 · Cited by 567
Development of a Brief Coping Checklist for Use with Pediatric Populations
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“Studies included in the current meta-analysis that measured the domain of total coping used a wide range of measures that capture a diverse array of strategies (e.g., Adolescent Coping Scale [ACS], Frydenberg & Lewis, 1993; CCSC, Ayers et al., 1996; CEMS, Zeman et al., 2010; Kidcope, Spirito, Stark, & Williams, 1988).”
BackgroundGARNEFSKI, N., LEGERSTEE, J., KRAAIJ, V., VAN DEN KOMMER, T., & TEERDS, J. (2002) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.2002.0507 · Cited by 561
Mauss, I. B., Bunge, S. A., & Gross, J. J. (2007) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00005.x · Cited by 538 · cited 1×
“Some processes that are initially automatic may be brought under purposeful control, and processes that require effort may become automatized with repeated practice (e.g., Evers et al., 2014; Hankin, Badanes, Smolen, & Young, 2015; Mauss et al., 2007).”
BackgroundStressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Evidence of moderating and mediating effects
Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Thurm, A. E., McMahon, S. D., Gipson, P. Y., Campbell, A. J., Krochock, K., & Westerholm, R. I. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.011 · Cited by 537 · cited 3×
“…events appears to function as a distal risk factor whose association with internalizing and externalizing symptoms is both mediated and moderated by more proximal factors, including the ways children and adolescents cope with stressful events and regulate their emotions (Grant et al., 2003, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAnger and Sadness Regulation: Predictions to Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms in Children
Zeman, J. L., Shipman, K., & Suveg, C. M. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3103_11 · Cited by 516
Reschly, A. L., Huebner, E. S., Appleton, J. J., & Antaramian, S. (2008) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20306 · Cited by 513
When are adaptive strategies most predictive of psychopathology?
Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023598 · Cited by 505
Coping and adjustment in distressed and healthy adolescents
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Stress, Coping, and Relationships in Adolescence
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“In addition to the three models of coping using CFA highlighted by Skinner et al. (2003) noted above (Ayers et al., 1996; Connor-Smith et al., 2000; Walker et al., 1997), two additional models of coping have been tested using CFA (Frydenberg & Lewis, 1993; Seiffge-Krenke, 1995).”
MethodInfluentialCompensatory control and the appeal of a structured world.
Landau, M. J., Kay, A. C., & Whitson, J. A. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038703 · Cited by 479
Measurement of emotion dysregulation in adolescents
Weinberg, A., & Klonsky, E. D. (2009) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0016669 · Cited by 477
Perceived stress, coping, and adjustment in adolescents
Hampel, P., & Petermann, F. (2006) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.02.014 · Cited by 477
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“(Compas et al., 2001; p. 89) Eisenberg and colleagues (e.g., Eisenberg et al., 1997, 2010) Emotion Regulation “Processes used to manage and change if, when, and how (e.g., how intensely) one experiences emotions and emotion-related motivational and physiological states, as well as how emotions are…”
BackgroundChildren's coping strategies: Moderators of the effects of peer victimization?
Ladd, G. W., & Skinner, K. (2002) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.2.267 · Cited by 469
Coping with Family Conflict and Economic Strain: The Adolescent Perspective
Wadsworth, M., & Compas, B. (2002) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/1532-7795.00033 · Cited by 464
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Self-citationLochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.4.571 · Cited by 438 · cited 1×
“…that interventions targeting coping and emotion regulation skills are efficacious in the prevention and treatment of psychopathology in children and adolescents (e.g., Compas et al., 2010; Lochman & Wells, 2004; Tein, Sandler, Ayers, & Wolchik, 2006; Tein, Sandler, MacKinnon, & Wolchik, 2004).”
BackgroundDifferences in sensitivity to parenting depending on child temperament: A meta-analysis.
Slagt, M., Dubas, J. S., Deković, M., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000061 · Cited by 429
Eccleston, C., Crombez, G., Scotford, A., Clinch, J., & Connell, H. (2004) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2003.11.008 · Cited by 418
Testing the 8-Syndrome Structure of the Child Behavior Checklist in 30 Societies
Ivanova, M. Y., Achenbach, T. M., Dumenci, L., Rescorla, L. A., Almqvist, F., Weintraub, S., Bilenberg, N., Bird, H., Chen, W. J., Dobrean, A., et al. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410701444363 · Cited by 416 · cited 1×
“These dimensions have been identified in studies of children, adolescents, and adults and across a wide range of cultures and countries (e.g., Ivanova et al., 2007a; Ivanova et al., 2007b; Rescorla et al., 2012).”
BackgroundParental Emotion Coaching and Dismissing in Family Interaction
Lunkenheimer, E., Shields, A., & Cortina, K. (2007) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00382.x · Cited by 413
Davey, J., Turner, R. M., Clarke, M. J., & Higgins, J. P. (2011) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-160 · Cited by 404
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Perceived Parenting Styles, Depersonalisation, Anxiety and Coping Behaviour in Adolescents
Wolfradt, U., Hempel, S., & Miles, J. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00092-2 · Cited by 399
Zhou, Q., Chen, S. H., & Main, A. (2012) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00176.x · Cited by 397
Compas, B. E., Jaser, S. S., Dunbar, J. P., Watson, K. H., Bettis, A. H., Gruhn, M. A., & Williams, E. K. (2013) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12043 · Cited by 391 · cited 6×
“T hi s ar tic le is in te nd ed so le ly fo r th e pe rs on al us e of th e in di vi du al us er an d is no t to be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. mants of these efforts (e.g., Compas et al., 2014a).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe double-edged sword: Emotional regulation for children at risk
Thompson, R. A., & Calkins, S. D. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007021 · Cited by 388 · cited 2×
“In addition, the process model of emotion regulation by Gross, Thompson and colleagues includes responses that are directed toward other processes in addition to emotions (e.g., Gross, 2015; Gross & Thompson, 2007; Thompson, 1991, 1994; Thompson & Calkins, 1996; Thompson & Goodman, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodMavroveli, S., Petrides, K. V., Rieffe, C., & Bakker, F. (2007) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151006x118577 · Cited by 386
Stress and psychopathology in children and adolescents: is there evidence of specificity?
McMahon, S. D., Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Thurm, A. E., & Ey, S. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00105 · Cited by 375 · cited 1×
“Further, McMahon et al. (2003) found evidence that exposure to stressful events and chronic adversity is a nonspecific risk T hi s do cu m en t is co py ri gh te d by th e A m er ic an Ps yc ho lo gi ca l A ss oc ia tio n or on e of its al lie d pu bl is he rs .”
BackgroundSelf-citationA Neurodevelopmental Perspective on the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Framework
Casey, B. J., Oliveri, M. E., & Insel, T. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.006 · Cited by 369 · cited 3×
“Research in psychopathology has been reshaped by an emphasis on underlying processes as reflected in the RDoC from the National Institute of Mental Health (Casey et al., 2014; Insel & Cuthbert, 2015).”
MethodInfluentialClarke, A. T. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9001-x · Cited by 368 · cited 7×
“Examples include adolescents coping with social stressors (Clarke, 2006), adolescents coping with relationship stressors (Seiffge-Krenke, 2011), children coping with the chronic stress associated with poverty (Evans & Kim, 2013), and children and adolescents coping with chronic illness (Aldridge &…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTemperament, stress reactivity, and coping: implications for depression in childhood and adolescence
Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J., & Jaser, S. S. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3301_3 · Cited by 361
Self-citationAbela, J. R. Z., Brozina, K., & Haigh, E. A. P. (2002) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1019873015594 · Cited by 353
Development and Initial Validation of the Children's Sadness Management Scale
Zeman, J. L., Shipman, K., & Penza‐Clyve, S. (2001) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1010623226626 · Cited by 350
Lahey, B. B., Van Hulle, C. A., Singh, A. L., Waldman, I. D., & Rathouz, P. J. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.192 · Cited by 341
Social Anxiety and Peer Relations in Early Adolescence: Behavioral and Cognitive Factors
Erath, S. A., Flanagan, K. S., & Bierman, K. L. (2007) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9099-2 · Cited by 333
The generalizability of the Youth Self-Report syndrome structure in 23 societies.
Ivanova, M. Y., Achenbach, T. M., Rescorla, L. A., Dumenci, L., Almqvist, F., Bilenberg, N., Bird, H., Broberg, A. G., Dobrean, A., Döpfner, M., et al. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.5.729 · Cited by 331 · cited 1×
“These dimensions have been identified in studies of children, adolescents, and adults and across a wide range of cultures and countries (e.g., Ivanova et al., 2007a; Ivanova et al., 2007b; Rescorla et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation: a transdiagnostic perspective on a new RDoC domain
Fernandez, K. C., Jazaieri, H., & Gross, J. J. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9772-2 · Cited by 329
Ronel, N., & Haimoff-Ayali, R. (2010) · International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x09332314 · Cited by 327 · cited 2×
“After a longstanding debate regarding the structure of psychopathology, a significant shift has occurred in the conceptualization of psychopathology, with recognition that symptoms of disorder occur both on continua as well as in discrete categories (Hyman, 2010; Rutter et al., 2011). Further, the National Institute o…”
BackgroundCopeland, W., Shanahan, L., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.12.014 · Cited by 324
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & van Etten, M. (2005) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.12.009 · Cited by 315
Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and emotional problems in 9–11-year-old children
Garnefski, N., Rieffe, C. J., Jellesma, F. C., Terwogt, M. M., & Kraaij, V. (2006) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-006-0562-3 · Cited by 308
Rescorla, L., Ginzburg, S., Achenbach, T., Ivanova, M., Almqvist, F., Begovac, I., Bilenberg, N., Bird, H., Chahed, M., Dobrean, A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.717870 · Cited by 303 · cited 1×
“…from children’s and adolescents’ self-reports and reports from other informants including parents, teachers, mental health professionals, and trained observers (e.g., Achenbach, McConaughy, & Howell, 1987; De Los Reyes et al., 2015; Podsakoff, MacKenzie, & Podsakoff, 2012; Rescorla et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAdrian, M. C., Zeman, J. L., & Veits, G. M. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.03.009 · Cited by 297
Development and validation of the pain response inventory for children
Walker, L. S., Smith, C. A., Garber, J., & Van Slyke, D. A. (1997) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.392 · Cited by 292 · cited 3×
“The three factors in the RSQ parallel factors included in two other coping measures: the Pain Response Inventory (PRI; active, accommodative, passive coping; Walker et al., 1997) and the Children’s Coping Strategies Checklist (CCSC; active coping, avoidance, distraction; Ayers et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMethodThompson, R. J., Mata, J., Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.01.007 · Cited by 288
Categorical versus dimensional approaches to diagnosis: methodological challenges.
Kraemer, H., Noda, A., & O'Hara, R. (2004) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(03)00097-9 · Cited by 286 · cited 1×
“In addition, Kraemer, Noda, and O’Hara (2004) note that although both categorical and dimensional approaches are fundamentally equivalent, dimensional approaches are advantageous for hypothesis testing because of the loss of power associated with the use of categorical variables.”
BackgroundSpecific Coping Behaviors in Relation to Adolescent Depression and Suicidal Ideation
Horwitz, A. G., Hill, R. M., & King, C. (2010) · Journal des adolescens · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.10.004 · Cited by 281
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Development of Maladaptive Coping: A Functional Adaptation to Chronic, Uncontrollable Stress
Wadsworth, M. E. (2015) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12112 · Cited by 268
Coping dimensions, life stress, and adolescent substance use: A latent growth analysis.
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Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in anxious children
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Lougheed, J. P., & Hollenstein, T. (2012) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2012.00663.x · Cited by 233
Rumination and Worry in Nonclinical Adolescents
Muris, P., Roelofs, J., Meesters, C., & Boomsma, P. (2004) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/b:cotr.0000045563.66060.3e · Cited by 230
Emotion dysregulation and anxiety in children and adolescents: Gender differences
Bender, P. K., Reinholdt-Dunne, M. L., Esbjørn, B. H., & Pons, F. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.03.027 · Cited by 228
Rough-and-Tumble Play and the Development of the Social Brain
Pellis, S. M., & Pellis, V. C. (2007) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00483.x · Cited by 225
Initial Validation of the Emotion Expression Scale for Children (EESC)
Penza‐Clyve, S., & Zeman, J. L. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3104_12 · Cited by 225
Stress physiology and developmental psychopathology: Past, present, and future
Doom, J. R., & Gunnar, M. R. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000667 · Cited by 223 · cited 1×
“…toward an increasing emphasis on physiological aspects of the stress response system including reactivity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (e.g., Doom & Gunnar, 2013; Han, Miller, Cole, Zahn-Waxler, & Hastings, 2015) and cardiac vagal tone (e.g., McLaughlin, Alves, & Sheridan, 2014).”
BackgroundHarkness, K. L., & Monroe, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000178 · Cited by 223 · cited 1×
“This encompasses efforts to regulate responses (including emotions) to acute life events, chronic stressors, daily hassles, and conditions of chronic adversity, all of which have been shown to be significant risk factors for symptoms of psychopathology (Harkness & Monroe, 2016).”
BackgroundSeltzer, M., Orsmond, G., & Esbensen, A. (2009) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361308097119 · Cited by 222
Phillips, K. F., & Power, M. (2007) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.523 · Cited by 218
Effective regulation of affect: An action control perspective on emotion regulation
Webb, T. L., Schweiger Gallo, I., Miles, E., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2012) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2012.718134 · Cited by 216 · cited 2×
“Several reviews have examined the associations between coping and emotion regulation and symptoms of psychopathology in adults (e.g., Aldao et al., 2010; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2012; Webb et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMorris, A., Silk, J., Morris, M. D. S., Steinberg, L., Aucoin, K., & Keyes, A. W. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021021 · Cited by 215
Compas, B., Champion, J. E., Forehand, R., Cole, D., Reeslund, K. L., Fear, J. M., Hardcastle, E. J., Keller, G., Rakow, A., Garai, E., et al. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020459 · Cited by 213 · cited 1×
“…that interventions targeting coping and emotion regulation skills are efficacious in the prevention and treatment of psychopathology in children and adolescents (e.g., Compas et al., 2010; Lochman & Wells, 2004; Tein, Sandler, Ayers, & Wolchik, 2006; Tein, Sandler, MacKinnon, & Wolchik, 2004).”
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Lengua, L. J., & Long, A. (2002) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0193-3973(02)00129-6 · Cited by 207
Dempsey, M. T. (2002) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.72.1.102 · Cited by 207 · cited 1×
“Eisenberg et al. (2010) described the association of children’s emotion regulation with internalizing and externalizing problems.”
BackgroundPiña, A., Villalta, I. K., Ortiz, C. D., Gottschall, A. C., Costa, N. M., & Weems, C. F. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410802148228 · Cited by 205
Gender Differences and Similarities in Adolescents’ Ways of Coping
Piko, B. F. (2001) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395396 · Cited by 205
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407000600 · Cited by 204
Protective and vulnerability factors of depression in normal adolescents.
Muris, P., Schmidt, H. G., Lambrichs, R., & Meesters, C. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00026-7 · Cited by 203
Ahmed, S. R., Kia‐Keating, M., & Tsai, K. H. (2011) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9424-3 · Cited by 202
Wadsworth, M. E., Raviv, T., Compas, B. E., & Connor-Smith, J. K. (2005) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-005-5056-2 · Cited by 201
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Davis, S. K., & Humphrey, N. (2012) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.05.007 · Cited by 191
Coping With Relationship Stressors: A Decade Review
Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2011) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00723.x · Cited by 187 · cited 2×
“Examples include adolescents coping with social stressors (Clarke, 2006), adolescents coping with relationship stressors (Seiffge-Krenke, 2011), children coping with the chronic stress associated with poverty (Evans & Kim, 2013), and children and adolescents coping with chronic illness (Aldridge & Roesch, 2007; Blount…”
BackgroundTein, J.-Y., Sandler, I. N., MacKinnon, D. P., & Wolchik, S. A. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.4.617 · Cited by 186
Co-rumination predicts the onset of depressive disorders during adolescence.
Stone, L. B., Hankin, B. L., Gibb, B. E., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023384 · Cited by 186
Jaser, S., Langrock, A. M., Keller, G., Merchant, M. J., Benson, M. A., Reeslund, K. L., Champion, J. E., & Compas, B. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_18 · Cited by 186
Self-citationSullivan, T. N., Helms, S. W., Kliewer, W. L., & Goodman, K. L. (2009) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00531.x · Cited by 183
Rescorla, L., Ivanova, M., Achenbach, T., Begovac, I., Chahed, M., Drugli, M., Emerich, D. R., Fung, D., Haider, M., Hansson, K., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.09.012 · Cited by 183 · cited 1×
“These dimensions have been identified in studies of children, adolescents, and adults and across a wide range of cultures and countries (e.g., Ivanova et al., 2007a; Ivanova et al., 2007b; Rescorla et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSex differences in adolescent chronic pain and pain‐related coping
Keogh, E., & Eccleston, C. (2006) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.03.004 · Cited by 180
Garnefski, N., Boon, S., & Kraaij, V. (2003) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/a:1025994200559 · Cited by 179
Vagal tone and temperament as predictors of emotion regulation strategies in young children
Santucci, A. K., Silk, J. S., Shaw, D. S., Gentzler, A. L., Fox, N. A., & Kovács, M. (2008) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20283 · Cited by 179
Sim, L. A., & Zeman, J. L. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9003-8 · Cited by 176
Compas, B., Boyer, M., Stanger, C., Colletti, R., Thomsen, A., Dufton, L., & Cole, D. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.6.1132 · Cited by 172 · cited 3×
“For example, the ways in which children cope with chronic pain as reported by parents and children have been shown to predict cross-informant reports of anxiety and depression in latent variable analyses (Compas et al., 2006b).”
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Duncombe, M. E., Havighurst, S. S., Holland, K. A., & Frankling, E. J. (2012) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-012-0290-5 · Cited by 166
Examination of the Response Styles Theory in a Community Sample of Young Adolescents
Hilt, L. M., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (2010) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9384-3 · Cited by 165
Relationship Between Religious Coping and Suicidal Behaviors Among African American Adolescents
Molock, S., Puri, R., Matlin, S. L., & Barksdale, C. (2006) · The Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798406290466 · Cited by 163
The interplay of emotional instability, empathy, and coping on prosocial and aggressive behaviors
Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., McGinley, M. M., García, P. S., Porcar, A. M. T., & Sandman, D. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.022 · Cited by 163
Bal, S., van Oost, P., de Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Crombez, G. (2003) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(03)00137-6 · Cited by 162
Krueger, R. F., & Markon, K. E. (2006) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00418.x · Cited by 162
Brenning, K., Soenens, B., Braet, C., & Bosmans, G. (2012) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01372.x · Cited by 160
Wills, T. A., Sandy, J. M., & Yaeger, A. M. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.1.3 · Cited by 159
Troy, A. S., Ford, B. Q., McRae, K., Zarolia, P., & Mauss, I. B. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000210 · Cited by 158
Stress, coping, and behavioural problems among rural and urban adolescents.
Elgar, F., Arlett, C., & Groves, R. (2003) · Journal des adolescens · doi:10.1016/s0140-1971(03)00057-5 · Cited by 158
Multilevel perspectives on pathways to resilient functioning
Cicchetti, D., & Curtis, W. J. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407000314 · Cited by 156 · cited 1×
“…and externalizing symptoms and disorders in childhood and adolescence and for the development of interventions for the prevention and treatment of these symptoms and disorders (e.g., Cicchetti & Curtis, 2007; Kraemer, Lowe, & Kupfer, 2005; Luthar, 2006; Masten, 2001, 2014; Troy & Mauss, 2011).”
BackgroundIndividual differences in adolescent health symptoms: the effects of gender and coping
Wilson, G. S., Pritchard, M. E., & Revalee, B. (2005) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.08.004 · Cited by 156
Predictors of psychological adjustment in school-age children infected with HIV.
Bachanas, P. J., Kullgren, K., Schwartz, K. S., Lanier, B., Mcdaniel, J., Smith, J., & Nesheim, S. R. (2001) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/26.6.343 · Cited by 156
Emotion response coherence: A dual-process perspective
Evers, C., Hopp, H., Gross, J. J., Fischer, A. H., Manstead, A. S. R., & Mauss, I. B. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.11.003 · Cited by 154
Catanzaro, S. J., & Laurent, J. (2004) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.04.001 · Cited by 154
Weisz, J. R., McCabe, M. A., & Dennig, M. D. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.62.2.324 · Cited by 154
Tan, P., Forbes, E. E., Dahl, R., Ryan, N., Siegle, G., Ladouceur, C., & Silk, J. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02469.x · Cited by 152
Parent reports of coping and stress responses in children with recurrent abdominal pain.
Thomsen, A., Compas, B., Colletti, R., Stanger, C., Boyer, M., & Konik, B. S. (2002) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/27.3.215 · Cited by 150
Self-citationSimons, L., Claar, R., & Logan, D. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn029 · Cited by 150
Responses to Depression in Children: Reconceptualizing the Relation Among Response Styles
Abela, J. R., Aydin, C. M., & Auerbach, R. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9143-2 · Cited by 149
Folkman, S., Chesney, M., Pollack, L., & Coates, T. (1993) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199307000-00002 · Cited by 147
(2006) · The Development of the High Priesthood during the pre-Hasmonean Period · doi:10.1163/9789047408758_004 · Cited by 147 · cited 1×
“For example, in a seminal review of the structure of coping, Skinner et al. (2003) identified more than 400 different subtypes that have appeared in research across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.”
BackgroundFeng, X., Keenan, K. E., Hipwell, A. E., Henneberger, A. K., Rischall, M. S., Butch, J., Coyne, C. A., Boeldt, D., Hinze, A. K., & Babinski, D. E. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014617 · Cited by 144
Executive function, coping, and behavior in survivors of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Campbell, L. K., Scaduto, M., Slyke, D. V. V., Niarhos, F., Whitlock, J., & Compas, B. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn080 · Cited by 143 · cited 3×
“, working memory, attentional control) may provide a foundation for the use of coping and emotion regulation, as these processes often require the use of complex cognitive skills (Campbell et al., 2009; Eisenberg & Zhou, 2016; McRae et al., 2010). Researchers have begun to identify neurobiological substrates of these…”
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Risk and resiliency processes in ethnically diverse families in poverty.
Wadsworth, M. E., & Santiago, C. D. (2008) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.399 · Cited by 141
Testing a Model of Pain Appraisal and Coping in Children With Chronic Abdominal Pain.
Walker, L. S., Smith, C. A., Garber, J., & Claar, R. L. (2005) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.4.364 · Cited by 140
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Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L., & Clemens, V. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3 · Cited by 1,807
“With increasing levels of psychopathology, capacity for emotion regulation and adaptive coping is reduced, while maladaptive coping increases [56], a pattern also observed in children and adolescents with a history of child maltreatment [57].”
BackgroundSelf-regulation in childhood as a predictor of future outcomes: A meta-analytic review.
Robson, D. A., Allen, M. S., & Howard, S. J. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000227 · Cited by 759
“…(problems related to disruptive and Self-regulation in Childhood 9 aggressive behavior) and internalizing problems (emotional or psychological states related to depression, withdrawal, anxiety, loneliness, or suicidal thoughts) in children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 years (Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGruber, J., Prinstein, M. J., Clark, L. A., Rottenberg, J., Abramowitz, J. S., Albano, A. M., Aldao, A., Borelli, J. L., Chung, T., Davila, J., et al. (2021) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000707 · Cited by 697
“COVID-19 also directly affects other risk factors for depression, such as emotion regulation and coping (Gross & Jazaieri, 2014) and may interfere with many protective forms of responding, such as seeking of social support and use of problem-focused coping strategies (e.g., thinking of various ways to solve a problem,…”
BackgroundPsychological Resilience: An Affect-Regulation Framework
Troy, A. S., Willroth, E. C., Shallcross, A. J., Giuliani, N. R., Gross, J. J., & Mauss, I. B. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020122-041854 · Cited by 655
“Affect is thus a superordinate concept that includes stress responses and emotions, as well as other phenomena such as impulses and mood (Compas et al. 2017, Epel et al. 2018, Gross 2015, Marroquin et al. 2017).”
InfluentialRapee, R. M., Oar, E. L., Johnco, C. J., Forbes, M. K., Fardouly, J., Magson, N. R., & Richardson, C. E. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103501 · Cited by 533
Metadata
- Authors
- Compas, B. E., Jaser, S. S., Bettis, A. H., Watson, K. H., Gruhn, M. A., Dunbar, J. P., Williams, E., & Thigpen, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 939-991
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- PMC
- PMC7310319
- OpenAlex
- W2626086283
- Cited by
- 1,555
- References
- 396
- Citations by year
- 2026: 300 · 2025: 273 · 2024: 215 · 2023: 181 · 2022: 173 · 2021: 169 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 10.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH100258 and T32 MH018921)
- National Cancer Institute (R01 CA118332)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DP3 DK097678)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- coping, emotion regulation, child psychopathology, adolescent psychopathology, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, cognitive reappraisal, emotional expression, disengagement coping, emotional suppression, avoidance, denial, maladaptive coping, adaptive coping, informant effects, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Self-Control, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Emotions, Humans
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