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Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis and narrative review.
Open accessAbstract
In this meta-analytic and narrative review, we examine several overarching issues related to the study of coping, emotion regulation, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence, including the conceptualization and measurement of these constructs. We report a quantitative meta-analysis of 212 studies (N = 80,850 participants) that measured the associations between coping and emotion regulation with symptoms of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Within the meta-analysis we address the association of broad domains of coping and emotion regulation (e.g., total coping, emotion regulation), intermediate factors of coping and emotion regulation (e.g., primary control coping, secondary control coping), and specific coping and emotion regulation strategies (e.g., emotional expression, cognitive reappraisal) with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. For cross-sectional studies, which made up the majority of studies included, we examine 3 potential moderators: age, measure quality, and single versus multiple informants. Finally, we separately consider findings from longitudinal studies as these provide stronger tests of the effects. After accounting for publication bias, findings indicate that the broad domain of emotion regulation and adaptive coping and the factors of primary control coping and secondary control coping are related to lower levels of symptoms of psychopathology. Further, the domain of maladaptive coping, the factor of disengagement coping, and the strategies of emotional suppression, avoidance, and denial are related to higher levels of symptoms of psychopathology. Finally, we offer a critique of the current state of the field and outline an agenda for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record
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“Significant links are noted between maladaptive strategy use, reduced self-efficacy and increased depression and anxiety symptoms (Carthy et al., 2010; Compas et al., 2017; Ehring et al., 2010).”
From Outcomes From an Online Pilot Mindfulness Based Intervention with Adolescents: A Comparison by Categories of Risk. (2023) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Preliminary evidence suggests those who employ a greater variety of adaptive coping strategies report reduced anxiety and depression, and increased psychological functioning and self-efficacy (Compas et al., 2017; Suhr et al., 2017).”
From Outcomes From an Online Pilot Mindfulness Based Intervention with Adolescents: A Comparison by Categories of Risk. (2023) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As confirmed in a recent meta-analysis of 212 studies (80,850 participants), avoidant coping strategies such as disengagement, emotional suppression, and denial were associated with concurrent and subsequent psychopathology (Compas et al. 2017).”
From Child Sexual Abuse as a Unique Risk Factor for the Development of Psychopathology: The Compounded Convergence of Mechanisms (2021) · cites this paper as Compas et al. 2017
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“Emotion regulation is a well-established factor that is linked to behavioral health and mental health, including substance use and mood and anxiety disorders [24].”
From Effectiveness of the Botvin High School LifeSkills Training Intervention on Adolescent Substance Use: A Cluster Randomized Trial (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“suppression and rumination have been positively associated (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Compas et al., 2017; Hu et al., 2014; Prefit, Candea, & Szentagotai-Tatar, 2019; Seligowski, Lee, Bardeen, & Orcutt, 2015), and reappraisal has been negatively associated (Aldao et al., 2010; Hu et al., 2014; Prefit et al., 2019; but see Seligowski et al., 2015) with psychopathology.”
From Emotion regulation as mediator between childhood adversity and psychopathology: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“suppression and rumination have been positively associated (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Compas et al., 2017; Hu et al., 2014; Prefit, Candea, & Szentagotai-Tatar, 2019; Seligowski, Lee, Bardeen, & Orcutt, 2015), and reappraisal has been negatively associated (Aldao et al., 2010; Hu et al., 2014; Prefit et al., 2019; but see Seligowski et al., 2015) with psychopathology.”
From Emotion regulation as mediator between childhood adversity and psychopathology: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Broader measures of emotion regulation, such as difficulties (Prefit et al., 2019; Seligowski et al., 2015) and abilities (Compas et al., 2017), have also shown consistent associations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms.”
From Emotion regulation as mediator between childhood adversity and psychopathology: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“The relations between emotion regulation and psychopathology have also been consistently supported in meta-analyses.”
From Emotion regulation as mediator between childhood adversity and psychopathology: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Compas et al., 2017
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Aziz, M., Chemnad, K., Al-Harahsheh, S. T., Abdelmoneium, A., Bagdady, A., Hassan, D. A., & Ali, R. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-51655-x · Cited by 25
“Maladaptive coping refers to disengagement, avoidance, suppressing emotions, and denial, which could all lead to poor health outcomes 61 .”
BackgroundEwert, C., Büchner, A., & Schröder–Abé, M. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02295-1 · Cited by 26
“One could assume that especially coping strategies such as acceptance and positive reframing which are helpful to regulate emotions in an adaptive way (Compas et al., 2017) might clearly be relevant mediators in the relation between SC and affective well-being.”
Zhang, Q.-C., Zhou, Y.-L., & Ho, S. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15793-4 · Cited by 22
Coping with poverty-related stress: A narrative review
Mayo, C. O., Pham, H. T., Patallo, B., Joos, C. M., & Wadsworth, M. (2022) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2022.101024 · Cited by 22
Emotional Self-Regulation in Everyday Life: A Systematic Review
Alarcón-Espinoza, M., Sanduvete-Chaves, S., Anguera, M., García, P. S., & Chacón-Moscoso, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.884756 · Cited by 22
Speidel, R., Galarneau, E., Elsayed, D., Mahhouk, S., Filippelli, J., Colasante, T., & Malti, T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182212180 · Cited by 21
“Meta-analytic evidence identifies emotion regulation as a robust indicator of mental health, including lower internalizing and externalizing symptoms [36].”
BackgroundAdversity and Emotional Functioning
Milojevich, H. M., Lindquist, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2021) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-021-00054-w · Cited by 38
The Role of Suppression and the Maintenance of Euthymia in Clinical Settings
Merlo, E. M., Stoian, A. P., Motofei, I. G., & Settineri, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.677811 · Cited by 16
The relationship between parental involvement in childhood and depression in early adulthood
Cong, X., Hosler, A. S., Tracy, M., & Appleton, A. A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.108 · Cited by 30
Rodríguez‐Menchón, M., Orgilés, M., Fernández‐Martínez, I., Espada, J. P., & Morales, A. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-00988-5 · Cited by 27
Profiles of Cognitive Emotion Regulation and their Association with Emotional Traits
Lasa-Aristu, A., Egido, B. D., Tello, F. P. H., Amor, P. J., & Domínguez-Sánchez, F. J. (2019) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.5093/clysa2019a6 · Cited by 33
“…differences in processes involving attention and memory has shown that these can affect the selection of strategies and the true effectiveness of emotional control in the context of affective disorders (Compas et al., 2017; Joormann & Gotlib, 2010; Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008).”
BackgroundSmith, C., Sorsdahl, K. R., & van der Westhuizen, C. (2024) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152476 · Cited by 25
Ansar, N., Nissen-Lie, H., & Stiegler, J. (2023) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2023.2218539 · Cited by 21
“Several studies have shown that parents play a key role in their children ’ s mental health and wellbeing (Belsky et al., 2020; Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundKeleynikov, M., Benatov, J., & Cohen, N. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02530-8 · Cited by 21
“…overviews have focused mainly on coping (Benson, 2014; Lai & Oei, 2014; Vernhet et al., 2019), a closely related concept that is nevertheless not specific to ER, since it encompasses a wider range of processes, including cognition, behavior, physiology, and sources of stress (Compas et al., 2017).”
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“As reasons, a lack of coping and adaptation strategies [34] and a higher stress level in general [35] are suggested.”
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Cho, E., Dietrich, M., Friedman, D., Gilmer, M., Gerhardt, C., Given, B., Hendricks-Ferguson, V., Hinds, P., & Akard, T. (2022) · The American journal of hospice & palliative care · doi:10.1177/10499091221100809 · Cited by 21
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“A better understanding of the variables that should become the focus of prevention efforts is key for the development of emotional resilience, a known protection factor against mental health disorders (Compas et al., 2017; Gross et al., 2019; Daniel et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAddictive Use of Online Sexual Activities and its Comorbidities: a Systematic Review
Hermand, M., Benyamina, A., Donnadieu‐Rigole, H., Petillion, A., Amirouche, A., Roméo, B., & Karila, L. (2020) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-020-00301-3 · Cited by 27
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Zhao, W., & Ma, R. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104735 · Cited by 30
Early childhood education for sustainability: Outcomes for social and emotional learning
Watt, B. A., & Frydenberg, E. (2024) · Australasian Journal of Early Childhood · doi:10.1177/18369391241287939 · Cited by 24
“Facets of SEL relevant to ECEFS include empathy, emotional experience connected to awareness of another ’ s affective state (Hoffman, 2008) and coping, the process of attempts to manage stress and the demands of everyday life (Compas et al., 2017).”
Baetens, I., Hove, L. V., Azadfar, Z., Heel, M. V., & Soyez, V. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13071852 · Cited by 26
“A possible explanation for the association between mental health problems and NSSI behavior is the lack of adequate emotion regulation strategies [28].”
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“Therefore, Compas [72] concluded that both primary, and secondary controlled participation coping are associated with adaptive mental health, including enhancement of positive emotions, and reduction of negative emotions, and effective coping occurs when the positive effects of coping or protective…”
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“Chronic stress over time experienced by the NDC sibling group may contribute to vulnerability to psychopathology during important developmental periods, moderated by difficulties in emotion regulation, and executive functioning (Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundBrief Assessment of Adaptive and Maladaptive Coping Strategies During Pandemic
Cortêz, P. A., Veiga, H. M. D. S., Pereira, A. C. S., Lessa, J. P. A., Martins, J. Z., Fernandes, S. C. S., Filho, S. R. P., Queluz, F. N. F. R., Frick, L. T., & Peres, R. S. (2023) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-023-00274-y · Cited by 37
“When individuals can use adaptative coping strategies in their daily life, even if it is complex and stressful, psychopathological outcomes are less probable, fostering the importance of coping in the current pandemic context (Compas et al., 2017).”
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“As adolescent students’ well-being is one of the most crucial predictors of adolescents’ mental health [1, 4], and additionally because of adolescence itself as a psychologically risky developmental stage, adolescent students’ wellbeing is considered the psychological cornerstone of a healthy transition from childhood…”
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Zurbriggen, C., Jendryczko, D., & Nußbeck, F. W. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001031 · Cited by 27
“Despite the widely recognized importance of understanding emotion regulation in adolescence, we still lack knowledge about how exactly the use of emotion regulation and coping skills develop from middle childhood to adolescence (Compas et al., 2017; Lennarz et al., 2019).”
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“…psychopathology, as well as SITBs more specifically, shows strong evidence for cross-sectional associations among deficits in regulation abilities and elevated symptoms (e.g., Compas et al., 2017; Cha et al., 2017; Pisani et al., 2013; Rajappa, Gallager, & Miranda, 2012; Weinberg & Klonsky, 2009).”
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“Cognition and behaviour play a central role in dealing with stressful events in emotions regulation (Compas et al., 2017; Kraaij & Garnefski, 2019).”
BackgroundDaily Mood Reactivity to Stress during Childhood Predicts Internalizing Problems Three Years Later
Bai, S., Robles, T. F., Reynolds, B. M., & Repetti, R. L. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00650-7 · Cited by 21
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“Indeed, impaired ER has been associated with several forms of psychopathology and behavioral difficulties, such as anxiety, depression, and aggression (Compas et al., 2017; Gumora & Arsenio, 2002; Hubbard, 2001).”
BackgroundYan, C.-Q., Liu, Y., Xiao, T., & Zhang, T.-C. (2026) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2026.2625059 · Cited by 19
Lee, A. H., Kitagawa, Y., Mirhashem, R., Rodriguez, M., Hilerio, R., & Bernard, K. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424000737 · Cited by 26
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“We considered ways of coping within each of three highly salient stressor domains for adolescents— academics, interactions with parents, and peer relationships [10–13]—and in general (across the three domains).”
BackgroundMethodHow are you coping? Stress, coping, burnout, and aggression in forensic mental healthcare workers
Spaan, P., van den Boogert, F., Bouman, Y. H. A., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., & Roza, S. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1301878 · Cited by 24
Asgarizadeh, A., Sharp, C., & Ghanbari, S. (2023) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-023-00231-2 · Cited by 19
“However, the classification of styles or strategies as “adaptive” and “maladaptive” has been discouraged since the utility of each one is context-dependent [90, 91].”
BackgroundAssessing parental emotion regulation in the context of parenting: A systematic review
Zhang, X., Beatty, A., Abela, K. R., Melo, M. F., Kenny, M., Atkinson, L. R., & González, A. (2023) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2023.101092 · Cited by 27
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“, 2011) and externalizing (Compas et al., 2017) problems, particularly in stressful contexts (Larson et al.”
BackgroundResilience, Social Support, and Health in Emerging Adults With and Without Chronic Health Conditions
Lynch, M. K., Bazier, A., Ward, S., Rand, K. L., & Hirsh, A. T. (2023) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968221148322 · Cited by 21
“This concept overlaps with other positive psychology constructs (Martz & Livneh, 2016) such as self-esteem (Balgiu, 2017) and selfefficacy (Cal et al., 2015), the latter of which is also related to the flexible use of coping skills (Compas et al., 2017), including social support.”
BackgroundLongitudinal Analysis of Adolescent Adjustment: The Role of Attachment and Emotional Competence
Jiménez-Rodríguez, T., de la Barrera, U., Schoeps, K., Valero-Moreno, S., & Montoya-Castilla, I. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9111711 · Cited by 19
“In this sense, adolescence is a lifecycle stage with an increased likelihood of developing psychological and adjustment problems [6].”
BackgroundVolkaert, B., Wante, L., Loeys, T., Boelens, E., & Braet, C. (2021) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-021-09478-y · Cited by 27
Spatio-temporal dynamics of stress-induced network reconfigurations reflect negative affectivity
Kühnel, A., Czisch, M., Sämann, P., Binder, E., & Kroemer, N. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.07.16.452622 · Cited by 19
Home environment and its contribution to early childhood regulatory capabilities
Galvagno, L. G. G., Grandis, C. D., Jaume, L. C., & Elgier, Á. M. (2020) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2020.1796655 · Cited by 27
“These two capacities are associated with lots of aspects of psychological functioning, and impairments in both abilities are implicated in a variety of developmental and acquired disorders (Compas et al., 2017; Müller & Kerns, 2015).”
BackgroundBoileau, L., Gaudreau, P., Gareau, A., & Chamandy, M. (2020) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12346 · Cited by 27
Parent Socialization of Coping and Child Emotion Regulation Abilities: A Longitudinal Examination
Peisch, V. D., Dale, C. F., Parent, J. M., & Burt, K. B. (2019) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12516 · Cited by 31
Stress Processing Mediates the Link Between Momentary Self-compassion and Affective Well-being
Ewert, C., Hoffmann, C. F. A., & Schröder-Abé, M. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01954-z · Cited by 18
Keskiner, E. Ş., Şahin, E., Topkaya, N., & Yiğit, Z. (2024) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs15010006 · Cited by 18
“…as ignoring, may lead individuals to avoid emotional processing of stressful situations, higher levels of rumination, reduced utilization of adaptive emotion regulation strategies, and diminished social support (Compas et al., 2017; Hayes et al., 2012; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 2008; Taylor, 2011).”
InfluentialSchwarzer, N.-H., Heim, N., Gingelmaier, S., Fonagy, P., & Nolte, T. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241261902 · Cited by 21
“Conversely, strategies re fl ecting adaptive emotion regulation, such as the cognitive reappraisal of challenging emotional states, predict positive mental health outcomes (Aldao et al., 2010; Compas et al., 2017).”
Salcido, V. V., & Stein, G. L. (2023) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12893 · Cited by 19
McKone, K. M. P., Edershile, E. A., Ladouceur, C. D., & Silk, J. S. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422001079 · Cited by 30
“The effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies in adolescence broadly mirrors the adult literature, as evidenced by two recent meta-analyses in children and adolescents (Compas et al., 2017; Schäfer et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialScherer, K. R., Costa, M., Ricci-Bitti, P. E., & Ryser, V.-A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.857419 · Cited by 19
Ng, Z. J., Willner, C. J., Mannweiler, M. D., Hoffmann, J. D., Bailey, C. S., & Cipriano, C. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-022-09691-4 · Cited by 27
MindfulNest: Strengthening Emotion Regulation with Tangible User Interfaces
Speer, S., Hamner, E., Tasota, M., Zito, L., & Byrne-Houser, S. K. (2021) · International Conference on Multimodal Interaction · doi:10.1145/3462244.3479917 · Cited by 18
“There have been efforts in the past to measure the effects of various coping models [6] [8].”
BackgroundBlöte, A. W., Miers, A. C., & Westenberg, P. M. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00880-3 · Cited by 24
Ranjbar, H. A., Hekmati, I., Eşkin, M., & Jobson, L. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02010-0 · Cited by 18
How Does Family Connectedness Contribute to Youths' Health? The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies.
Gervais, C., & Jose, P. (2019) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12514 · Cited by 18
Weihs, K., McConnell, M. H., Wiley, J., Crespi, C. M., Sauer-Zavala, S., & Stanton, A. (2019) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5037 · Cited by 18
“Coping and emotion regulation (ER) processes are used to initiate, delay, terminate, modify the form or content, or modulate the amount or intensity of a person's cognitive, emotional, behavioral, or physiological reactions to obstacles to goal attainment.(12) They include many of the same strategies, but it is rare f…”
BackgroundThe temporal association between emotional clarity and depression symptoms in adolescents
Blöte, A. W., & Westenberg, P. M. (2019) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.01.005 · Cited by 17
Brinsley, J., Schmidt, M., Curtis, R., Simpson, C. E. M., Edwards, J. K., Eglitis, E., Gosse, G., Broad, M., Jardine, B., Taddeo, E., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-01053-8 · Cited by 21
Murray, A., Russell, A., & Alfaro, F. A. C. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424001263 · Cited by 17
“Emotion dysregulationhas been hypothesizedtobeanimportant transdiagnostic factor, contributing to symptoms and associated impairments in a range of conditions, including ADHD, internalizing problems, and externalizing problems (e.g., Aldao et al., 2016; Compas et al., 2017; Faraone et al., 2019).”
Asbrand, J., Spirkl, N., Reese, G., Spangenberg, L., Shibata, N., & Dippel, N. (2024) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2024.2388255 · Cited by 22
“Finally, other correlates of mental health warrant consideration, such as trait coping strategies (e.g., Compas et al., 2017) and intolerance of uncertainty as a relevant factor for psychopathology, most relevantly anxiety (e.g., Carleton, 2012; Correa et al., 2019).”
Adolescent coping and social media use moderated anxiety change during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Myruski, S., Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., & Buss, K. A. (2023) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12267 · Cited by 21
Lauriola, M., Iannattone, S., & Bottesi, G. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-01020-1 · Cited by 17
Eichengreen, A., Broekhof, E., Tsou, Y.-T., & Rieffe, C. (2022) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01900-9 · Cited by 17
“Approach strategies are negatively associated with internalizing symptoms such as depression and anxiety [13, 22, 23], and with externalizing symptoms such as aggression and conduct disorder [13].”
BackgroundInfluentialShift and Persist in Mexican American Youth: A Longitudinal Test of Depressive Symptoms
Stein, G. L., Jensen, M. R., Christophe, N. K., Cruz, R. A., Romero, M. M., & Robins, R. W. (2022) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12714 · Cited by 25
Vilović, T., Božić, J., Furlan, S. Ž., Vilović, M., Kumrić, M., Martinović, D., Rušić, D., Rađa, M., & Tomičić, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11020438 · Cited by 19
“In addition, investigations have shown the importance of appropriate coping with experienced stress, as some of the coping mechanisms can help us reduce stress in a manner that will promote positive psychological outcomes (“adaptive” coping), whereas some of them can lead to even more exacerbated stress in the long te…”
BackgroundMuniandy, M., Richdale, A. L., Arnold, S. R. C., Trollor, J. N., & Lawson, L. P. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101764 · Cited by 18
Anderson, A. S., Watson, K. H., Reising, M. M., Dunbar, J. P., Bettis, A. H., Gruhn, M. A., & Compas, B. E. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01879-y · Cited by 19
Self-citationTumanova, V., Wilder, B., Gregoire, J., Baratta, M., & Razza, R. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.600790 · Cited by 18
Conceptual and Historical Perspectives
Cloninger, S. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.004 · Cited by 8
Sun, S.-F., Crooks, N., DiClemente, R., & Sales, J. (2020) · Psychological Trauma · doi:10.1037/tra0000562 · Cited by 17
“Dysfunctional ER or emotion dysregulation is linked to the development of psychopathology, poor academic performance, and juvenile arrest (Compas et al., 2017; Kemp et al., 2017; Schäfer et al., 2017)—all of which are relevant issues for justice-involved African-American youth.”
BackgroundCooley, J. L., Blossom, J. B., Tampke, E. C., & Fite, P. J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1731819 · Cited by 21
“A second limitation involves the current study’s reliance on child reports of emotion regulation; Compas et al. (2017) have highlighted the need for a multi–informant approach to research on this construct, and future work would benefit from utilizing parent and/or teacher ratings of children’s…”
BackgroundThe "Heart" of depression during early adolescence.
Tu, K., Li, X., & Cohen, J. R. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21862 · Cited by 17
Shi, R.-G., Wang, K. T., Xie, Z.-Y., Zhang, R., & Liu, C. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407519839146 · Cited by 17
Kuang, B., Peng, S., Xie, X., & Hu, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00186 · Cited by 19
“Compas et al. (2017) found that emotional suppression was significantly positively associated with internalizing symptoms during childhood and adolescence.”
BackgroundNeuroticism and emotion regulation through music listening: A meta-analysis
Miranda, D., & Blais-Rochette, C. (2018) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/1029864918806341 · Cited by 21
Boldi, A., Rapp, A., & Birk, M. (2024) · International journal of human computer interactions · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2423343 · Cited by 16
“Coping strategies for stress fall into unconscious and conscious categories (Compas et al., 2017; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984).”
Colella, G. M., Palermiti, A. L., Bartolo, M. G., Servidio, R. C., & Costabile, A. (2024) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-024-00265-2 · Cited by 17
“This theory posits that individuals who encounter stressors may use ineffective coping mechanisms that ultimately exacerbate their distress (Compas et al., 2017).”
Beyazıt, U., Yurdakul, Y., & Ayhan, A. B. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01817-3 · Cited by 22
Resilience following childhood adversity: The need for a heuristic multilevel dynamic framework
Pasteuning, J., Gathier, A. W., Vinkers, C. H., & Sep, M. S. C. (2024) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104069 · Cited by 22
“Compas et al. (2017) do not provide an explicit definition of resilience, but only imply that resilient individuals do not develop symptoms of psychopathology (Compas et al., 2017).”
Knowles, K. A., & Tolin, D. (2024) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-024-01684-4 · Cited by 16
Quyen, B., McKone, K. M. P., Hamilton, J. L., Stone, L. B., Ladouceur, C. D., & Silk, J. S. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423001359 · Cited by 27
“Such pronounced emotional reactivity underscores the need for adolescents to learn to implement adaptive emotion regulation strategies, as ineffective emotion regulation strategies are linked to depressive symptoms among teens (Aldao et al., 2010; Compas et al., 2017; Schäfer et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialNobakht, H. N., Steinsbekk, S., & Wichstrøm, L. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13845 · Cited by 26
Keskin, G., Lougheed, J. P., & Duncan, R. (2022) · Social development (Oxford. Print) · doi:10.1111/sode.12660 · Cited by 16
Villacura-Herrera, C., Gaete, J., Andaur, J., Meza, D., Robinson, J., & Núñez, D. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03833-1 · Cited by 16
Bilsky, S. A., Olson, E. K., Luber, M. J., Petell, J. A., & Friedman, H. P. (2022) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12074 · Cited by 18
Hackman, D. A., Duan, L., McConnell, E. E., Lee, W. J., Beak, A. S., & Kraemer, D. J. M. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01833 · Cited by 16
“In this way, positive school climates may reduce stressors but also provide youth with the resources to cope effectively and thus perhaps also modify the appraisal or experience of varied stressors (Compas et al., 2017; Blascovich & Mendes, 2010; Chen, Langer, Raphaelson, & Matthews, 2004; Pearlin & Schooler, 1978).”
BackgroundKerr, M. L., Rasmussen, H. F., Smiley, P., Buttitta, K., & Borelli, J. (2021) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.06.004 · Cited by 16
Desatnik, A., Bel‐Bahar, T., Taylor, L., Nolte, T., Crowley, M. J., Fonagy, P., & Fearon, P. R. M. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.010 · Cited by 22
DeYoung, C. G., & Blain, S. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.026 · Cited by 34
Huffhines, L., Jackson, Y., & Stone, K. J. (2020) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-020-00305-1 · Cited by 16
“…and externalizing symptoms in children and adolescents; findings indicated that approach/direct coping was significantly negatively associated with both internalizing and externalizing symptoms, such that greater use of approach/direct coping was associated with fewer symptoms (Compas et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialMaternal postpartum depression is a risk factor for infant emotional variability at 4 months
Væver, M. S., Egmose, I., Smith‐Nielsen, J., & Tharner, A. (2020) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21846 · Cited by 17
“Also, children’s ability to shift between emotional displays and to regulate their negative emotions is considered a key factor in their healthy and adaptive socioemotional development (Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundFragkaki, I., Cima, M., Verhagen, M., Maciejewski, D. F., Boks, M. P., van Lier, P. A. C., Koot, H. M., Branje, S., & Meeus, W. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0939-x · Cited by 24
Laboratory and Self-Report Methods To Assess Reappraisal and Distraction in Youth
Bettis, A. H., Henry, L. M., Prussien, K. V., Vreeland, A., Smith, M. R., Adery, L. H., & Compas, B. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1466306 · Cited by 16
“How youth cope with and regulate emotions in response to stress is a central feature for understanding individual differences in risk and resilience childhood and adolescence (Compas et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe association between child maltreatment and shame: A meta-analysis
Zhang, H., Wang, X., Zhang, Q., Zhao, M., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107557 · Cited by 16
The Efficacy of Experiential Dynamic Therapies: A 10‐Year Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Update
Lilliengren, P., Mechler, J., Lindqvist, K., Maroti, D., & Johansson, R. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70086 · Cited by 19
“Research further suggests dysfunctional emotion regulation may be a mediator between adverse childhood experiences and psychiatric disorders (e.g., Compas et al. 2017; Malik et al. 2015; Miu et al. 2022), emphasizing its potential role for understanding developmental psychopathology (Cavicchioli et…”
Chang, S. S. H., Vaingankar, J. A., Tan, B. C. W., Tan, Y. W. B., Samari, E., Archana, S., Chua, Y. C., Lee, Y. P., Tang, C. Y. Z., Verma, S. K., et al. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00885-6 · Cited by 21
“Avoidance coping is considered to be maladaptive and reliance on this style of coping is associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms [75, 76] and NSSI behaviours [77, 78] in youths.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Compas, B. E., Jaser, S. S., Bettis, A. H., Watson, K. H., Gruhn, M. A., Dunbar, J. P., Williams, E., & Thigpen, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 939-991
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- PMC
- PMC7310319
- OpenAlex
- W2626086283
- Cited by
- 1,555
- References
- 396
- Citations by year
- 2026: 300 · 2025: 273 · 2024: 215 · 2023: 181 · 2022: 173 · 2021: 169 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 10.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH100258 and T32 MH018921)
- National Cancer Institute (R01 CA118332)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DP3 DK097678)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- coping, emotion regulation, child psychopathology, adolescent psychopathology, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, cognitive reappraisal, emotional expression, disengagement coping, emotional suppression, avoidance, denial, maladaptive coping, adaptive coping, informant effects, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Self-Control, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Emotions, Humans
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