Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis and narrative review.

“Second, we calculated Egger’s tests to assist in the interpretation of the funnel plots, which is a statistical test used to detect funnel plot asymmetry (Egger et al., 1997).”

“The Compas et al. (2001) definition is linked to a control-based model of coping that includes primary control coping (i.e., efforts to directly act on the source of stress or one’s emotions, including problem solving and emotional expression), secondary control coping (i.e., efforts to adapt to the source of stress,…”

“Third, we conducted trim and fill analyses (Duval & Tweedie, 2000) to determine how many studies would need to be included above or below the meta-analytic mean to make the funnel plot symmetrical.”

“…paradigms that elicit negative emotions and instruct participants to use specific emotion regulation strategies to regulate the experience of negative emotion (e.g., Gross & John, 2003; Belden, Luby, Pagliaccio, & Barch, 2014; Belden, Pagliaccio, Murphy, Luby, & Barch, 2015; Webb et al., 2012).”

“Emotion dysregulation has been measured primarily with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”

“High emotional reactivity is a robust indicator of emotional problems and psychopathology (Compas et al., 2017; McLaughlin et al., 2011; Shapero & Steinberg, 2013).”

“…studies linking frequent use of suppression in children and adolescents with experiencing more negative emotion, increased risk for anxiety and depressive symptoms, and lower levels of social well-being (Chervonsky & Hunt, 2019; Compas et al., 2017; Gross & Cassidy, 2019; Schaefer et al., 2017).”

“Previous research has well documented that cognitive reappraisal is significantly and positively associated with higher levels of psychological well-being (Brewer et al., 2016; Hu et al., 2014) and lower levels of psychopathological symptoms (Compas et al., 2017; Schäfer et al., 2017).”

“However, since associations between SR facets and internalizing symptoms may differ depending on symptom level [29], understanding how SR facets relate to different trajectories of internalizing symptoms is crucial.”

“…variables, as well as the need to identify developmental changes in coping strategies and their efficacy in limiting the deleterious effects of stressful situations (Compas et al., 2017; Persike & Seiffge-Krenke, 2012, 2016; Rodriguez et al., 2014; Roubinov & Luecken, 2013; Swanson et al., 2011).”

“For example, people dealing with stress via avoidance were found to be more likely to manifest anxiety, depression, or symptoms of an eating disorder, while people who respond to stress with problem-solving are at lower risk of these outcomes [24].”

“Background Given that childhood and adolescence is accompanied by many challenges that elicit intense emotions [1], there has been a growing interest in understanding emotion regulation strategies (ERS) and their development in childhood and adolescence [2].”

“Because the literature has shown that video game use is related to emotion regulation, and higher emotion regulation is in turn associated with better mental health and psychosocial functioning (Compas et al., 2017), the present study examined the possible mediating role of emotional self-efficacy in the relationship…”

“Future research should focus on the development of coping to increase understanding about risk and resilience across the life span (Compas et al., 2017) and especially emerging adulthood (Leipold et al., 2019).”

“Distraction is known for increasing the negative thoughts and preventing the individual from taking necessary action [44,57].”

“…and positively associated with greater psychosocial health (Clarke, 2006) and are negatively related to psychopathology during adolescence (Compas et al., 2017); in contrast, motives related to drinking to cope are positively associated with alcohol use and problems (Cooper, Russell,…”

“…theories (Windle, 2011), while the negative association with Avoidance Coping reinforces its maladaptive nature, consistent with previous studies indicating that avoidance strategies are linked to increased distress and poorer mental health outcomes (Compas et al., 2017; Skinner et al., 2003).”

“Certain coping strategies can be classified as either healthy or unhealthy [63, 64], for instance, the use of adaptive versus maladaptive coping strategies is associated with varying levels of psychological symptoms, adjustment, and overall well-being [65, 66].”

“23,24 More recent literature has elucidated various coping mechanisms among individuals suffering from urinary dysfunction 24,25 Psychosocial Impact in OAB Overactive bladder is a complex of symptoms including urinary urgency with or without incontinence (OAB wet versus OAB dry), as well as urinary…”

“Meta-analytic evidence suggests reappraisal is associated with lower psychopathology symptoms while suppression and rumination are associated with elevated levels of psychopathology [13].”

“Emotion regulation ability, the ability to effectively regulate and manage emotions, is crucial for youth ’ s socio-emotional competence and adjustment (Compas et al., 2017; Schäfer et al., 2017).”

“Therefore, the concurrent reduction in disengagement coping and increases in active engagement coping knowledge and behavior show promise for preventing both anxiety and depressive problems (Compas et al., 2017).”

“…negative coping behaviors, such as rumination and worry, are at reduced risk for symptoms of psychopathology, including internalizing problems (Compas et al., 2017); thus, attachment security may protect against the risks associated with MDS in part via endowing children with protective…”

“Similar results were also found in other current pieces of research in children and adolescents (Andrés et al., 2016,Compas et al., 2017, Schäfer et al., 2017).”

“…(e.g., selection and modification of situations that give rise to emotion) and intrinsic (e.g., deployment of attention in response to emotion) processes inherent in monitoring, evaluating, and adapting both positive and negative emotional reactions (see Compas et al., 2015, 2017, for reviews).”

“Emotion regulation (ER) skills are involved in the monitoring, evaluation and modification of emotional reactions (Compas et al., 2017) and likely to be crucial for children’s adjustment during the pandemic, considering that some characteristics of this scenario (e.g., mandatory home confinement,…”

“…因而在 加工情绪信息时出现异常, 引发问题行为(Henderson et al., 2015; Meyer et al., 2018)。Cisler, Olatunji, Feldner 和 Forsyth (2010)提出的关于焦虑的情绪 调节模型也指出, 个体情绪调节模式的差异, 特 别是在恐惧情境下不同的情绪加工过程是形成焦 虑的原因。该模型提出了情绪调节影响焦虑的短 期和长期两种效应, 短期效应指在恐惧情境下即 时的情绪调节诱发了焦虑情绪, 同时还增强了个 体的生理、认知及行为改变。长期效应指个体发 展出长期且相对稳定的不适应情绪调节策略, 从…”

“…esencial para comprender la vinculación inespecífica entre el maltrato infantil y las múltiples formas de psicopatología (p. ej., Beauchaine, 2015; Compas et al., 2017; Heleniak et al., 2016; Milojevich, Norwalk, & Sheridan, 2019; Schäfer, Naumann, Holmes, Tuschen-Caffier, & Samson, 2017;…”

“It is emphasized that suppression or maintenance of negative emotions through maladaptive ER strategies may increase the likelihood of psychopathological conditions [84, 85].”

“In contrast, problem-focused coping strategies, such as positive reinterpretation, and emotion-focused coping strategies, such as regulating emotional responses by venting (Ben-Zur, 2009; Compas et al., 2017), can have positive results.”

“Our findings regarding the association between ACEs and diminished active and emotional coping strategies align with studies suggesting that early adversities compromise the development of active emotional regulation and problem-solving skills [17, 25, 42].”

“These findings are consistent with prior research indicating that distraction can serve as an adaptive mechanism for short-term emotional regulation, particularly under high-stress conditions when immediate problem-solving is not feasible (Cherewick et al., 2016b; Compas et al., 2017).”

“Considering specific dimensions of ER is a useful approach as each aspect of the controllability dimension is associated with both common and specific outcomes (e.g., Compas et al., 2017; Suveg et al., 2009).”

“Emotion regulation refers to the capacity to understand and manage emotional expression effectively and is a central mechanism in the development of mental health problems [14–16].”

“A persistently reduced level of interpersonal support reduces the satisfaction of individuals’ psychological needs, which lead to doubts about self-worth, negative attitude toward the future and subsequent low meaning in life [62, 63].”

“Effective parental monitoring can reduce the frequency and duration of teenagers’ use of smartphones and guide the formation of correct smartphone addiction prevention concepts and use strategies when teenagers’ self-control ability is not fully mature [43, 44].”

“Therefore, several factors that have been linked to youth mental health, such as youth emotion regulation (Compas et al., 2017), parental stress (Barroso et al., 2018), and harsh parenting (Pinquart, 2021), may warrant examination as potential mechanisms of change related to youth reports.”

“Improved emotion regulation and provision of supportive coping skills though art 41,42 may help offset emotion dysregulation and negative behaviours such as aggression and impulsivity 14,43 .”

“…et al., 2008; Hyde et al., 2008) and anxiety (Newman & Llera, 2011; Young et al., 2019) in adults, a growing body of research has identified emotion regulation as a transdiag-nostic factor that contributes to externalizing problems across the lifespan (Compas et al., 2017; Lahey et al., 2017).”

“Research has found that deficiencies in emotional processing are associated with psychological distress up to even the level of psychopathology (e.g., Compas et al., 2017; Gross & Jazaieri, 2014).”

“There are adverse effects of suppressed emotions on psychological problems (Brenning et al., 2022; Compas et al., 2017), and the parents’ use of suppression strategy with the contribution of such negative beliefs might be a vulnerability factor for childhood psychopathologies.”

“…is associated with adolescent internalizing symptomatology (e.g., Ollendick & Grills, 2016), which is also influenced by less efficient ER (e.g., Compas et al., 2017 ), our findings indi - cate that one crucial mechanism through which perceived control exerted by parents can heighten…”

“, 2014), more internalizing problems during childhood and adolescence (Compas et al., 2017), and poorer social support (Chervonsky & Hunt, 2019).”

“A relatively large body of evidence suggests that disengagement coping strategies are typically positively related to internalizing symptoms (e.g., Compas et al., 2017; Connor-Smith et al., 2000; Wadsworth et al., 2011).”

“Remarkably, we also found that girls also reported lower levels of emotion regulation, contrary to previous research indicating that boys show more emotion dysregulation, especially during adolescence [3].”

“When faced with adversity, individuals may adopt both adaptive and maladaptive coping mechanisms in order to deal with their situation (Amnie, 2018), with the latter increasing the risk of self- harm or other harmful behaviours (Aldao et al., 2010; Compas et al., 2017).”

“As adolescents have enhanced susceptibility to the effects of stress, due in part to ongoing development of brain regions crucial for stress management (Tottenham and Galván, 2016), maladaptive coping and immature emotion regulation increase the risk of developing psychopathology in this age range (Compas et al., 2017…”

“While cognitively based coping strategies, such as S&P, may come online during adolescence (Compas et al., 2017), we are aware of no scholarly work that maps changes in the frequency of S&P coping across time.”

“As mentioned above, the strategies of Emotional regulation and Emotional support seeking to friends correspond to primary control, that of Positive thinking corresponds to secondary control (e.g., Compas et al., 2017; Connor-Smith & Flachsbart, 2007; Zimmer-Gembeck & Skinner, 2016).”

“In this sense, Compas et al. (2017) highlight the strategies of emotional suppression, avoidance and denial, since these are related to higher levels of certain psychological symptoms.”

“Early adolescents are still consolidating individual stress regulation skills, and high social support may lead to a temporary recourse on peers rather than internal strategies [74,75].”

“Existing research has validated that close parent–child relationships buffer against external stressors’ negative effects on child mental health [30, 31].”

“However, as children transition into early adolescence (i.e. Grades 3 – 5), they begin to develop more complex and adaptive regulatory strategies, which may reduce their reliance on basic inhibitory control in coping with emotional challenges (Compas et al., 2017).”

“It is measured in terms of both emotion regulation and coping strategies (Compas et al., 2017; Gross, 2015; Lazarus, 2000).”

“These factors may interact with adolescents ’ developing emotion regulation abilities, making it crucial to understand how adolescents navigate these challenges in daily life (Compas et al., 2017).”