The DOI matches its Crossref record; 104 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 37 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses.
Open accessAbstract
Whether spanking is helpful or harmful to children continues to be the source of considerable debate among both researchers and the public. This article addresses 2 persistent issues, namely whether effect sizes for spanking are distinct from those for physical abuse, and whether effect sizes for spanking are robust to study design differences. Meta-analyses focused specifically on spanking were conducted on a total of 111 unique effect sizes representing 160,927 children. Thirteen of 17 mean effect sizes were significantly different from zero and all indicated a link between spanking and increased risk for detrimental child outcomes. Effect sizes did not substantially differ between spanking and physical abuse or by study design characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Claims the paper makes
28 Own result · 21 Own interpretation · 10 No full text of the sources · 7 Own method · 6 Sources not found · 4 Not checked yet · 3 No basis given · 2 Supported · 1 Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A series of cross-lagged studies (Berlin et al., 2009; Gershoff, Lansford, Sexton, Davis-Kean, & Sameroff, 2012; McLeod, Kruttschnitt, & Dornfeld, 1994; Sheehan & Watson, 2008) has demonstrated that spanking predicts changes in children’s behavior, over and above their initial levels and the child effect of early problem behavior on later spanking.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Berlin et al., 2009 source
The Results (page unavailable) describe cross-lagged models that estimated spanking-to-child-outcome paths alongside child-behavior-to-later-spanking paths. They report that spanking at age 1 predicted aggressive behavior problems at age 2, while aggressive behavior problems at age 2 did not predict spanking at age 3. The finding is specific to these low-income toddlers and these ages; other spanking-to-aggression paths were not significant. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites Gershoff et al., 2012 source
The Results section describes a cross-lagged model that tests whether kindergarten spanking predicts third-grade externalizing behavior while controlling for initial behavior and the reverse path from early externalizing behavior to later spanking. The Abstract reports that early spanking predicted increases in externalizing behavior, while early externalizing behavior predicted more spanking. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not matchedcites McLeod et al., 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining four meta-analyses were not significantly different from zero.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Main Meta-Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meta-analyses focused specifically on spanking were conducted on a total of 111 unique effect sizes representing 160,927 children.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Abstract
plainn = 160,927- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirteen of 17 mean effect sizes were significantly different from zero and all indicated a link between spanking and increased risk for detrimental child outcomes.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only 75 studies met all four criteria and were retained for the meta-analyses.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Method > Coding of Studies for Inclusion or Exclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Longitudinal effect sizes of the bivariate links between spanking and later child outcomes do not rule out the potential for a child elicitation effect; however, so few studies report a coefficient that controls only for initial child behavior (and not for a range of other covariates) that we are unable to meta-analyze them.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Remaining Concerns About the Research on Spanking and Child Outcomes > Spanking Has Only Been Linked With Negative Child Outcomes in Cross-Sectional or Methodologically Weak Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effect sizes did not substantially differ between spanking and physical abuse or by study design characteristics.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The magnitude of the mean effect size for spanking was 65% of the magnitude of the mean effect size for physical abuse.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Moderator Analyses Comparing Spanking With Physical Abuse
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 13 statistically significant mean effect sizes ranged in size from .15 to .64.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Main Meta-Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the tests were significant, indicating that the risk of publication bias for any of our mean effect sizes is small.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Tests for Publication Bias
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 40
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“analysis of data from a national randomized controlled trial of the federal Head Start program for low income children found that parents in the program significantly reduced their spanking, which was in turn linked with decreases in child aggression over time (Gershoff, Ansari, Purtell, & Sexton, 2016).”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Gershoff, Ansari, Purtell, & Sexton, 2016 source
The Results report a significant reduction in spanking associated with Head Start participation. The Discussion states that reduced spanking predicted reduced child aggression over time. The paper also cautions that the indirect effect of Head Start on aggression through spanking was not statistically significant; the claim does not say that it was. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Both behaviors involve parents intentionally hitting (and hurting) children, albeit to different degrees (Gershoff, 2013)”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Alone Is Associated With Detrimental Outcomes, but in Similar Ways to Physical Abuse
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Gershoff, 2013 source
The section “Spanking Is Linked With Numerous Adverse Side Effects” states that spanking and physical abuse both involve hitting and purposefully hurting children. It says the difference is often one of degree—such as duration or force—rather than intent. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The weighted mean effect size for spanking was d = .25, while for physical abuse it was d = .38. Both were significantly different from zero and both were positive in sign”
- Also stated in: § Spanking Alone Is Associated With Detrimental Outcomes, but in Similar Ways to Physical Abuse · plain
“Spanking in these studies was significantly associated with detrimental outcomes with an effect size d = .25, while the mean effect size for physical abuse for these studies was significant and d = .38”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Moderator Analyses Comparing Spanking With Physical Abuse
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Spanking Alone Is Associated With Detrimental Outcomes, but in Similar Ways to Physical Abuse · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The largest effect size was for physical abuse; the more children are spanked, the greater the risk that they will be physically abused by their parents.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In childhood, parental use of spanking was associated with low moral internalization, aggression, antisocial behavior, externalizing behavior problems, internalizing behavior problems, mental health problems, negative parent–child relationships, impaired cognitive ability, low self-esteem, and risk of physical abuse from parents.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Main Meta-Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three outcomes in childhood were not significantly associated with spanking in the meta-analyses: immediate defiance, child alcohol or substance abuse, and low-self regulation.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In adulthood, prior experiences of parental use of spanking were significantly associated with adult antisocial behavior, adult mental health problems, and with positive attitudes about spanking.”
- Also stated in: § Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes · plain
“Three of the four adult outcomes were significantly associated with a history of spanking from parents: adult antisocial behavior, adult mental health problems, and adult support for physical punishment.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Main Meta-Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of the comparisons were nonsignificant, indicating that the effect sizes did not vary by study characteristic.”
- Also stated in: § Moderator Analyses by Study Characteristics · plain
“Average effect sizes also did not significantly vary based on how spanking was measured, how it was indexed, whether the raters of spanking and outcome were independent, the time period over which spanking was measured, the country of the study, or the age group of the children studied.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Moderator Analyses by Study Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Moderator Analyses by Study Characteristics · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An important observation about the meta-analyses is that the individual studies are highly consistent: 71% of all of the effect sizes, and 99% of the significant effect sizes, indicated a significant association between parental spanking and detrimental child outcomes.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of the 111 individual effect sizes, 102 were in the direction of a detrimental outcome with 78 of these statistically significant. In contrast, nine of the effect sizes were in the direction of a beneficial outcome but only one (Tennant, Detels, & Clark, 1975) was statistically different from zero.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Main Meta-Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tennant, Detels, & Clark, 1975 source
plaincorrelationaln = 111- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall mean weighted effect size across all of the 111 study-level effect sizes was d = .33, with a 95% confidence interval of .29 to .38; this mean effect was statistically different from zero, Z = 14.84, p < .001.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Main Meta-Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spanking was significantly associated with 13 of the 17 outcomes examined. In each case, spanking was associated with a greater likelihood of detrimental child outcomes.”
- Also stated in: § Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes · plain
“Thirteen of the 17 child outcomes examined were found to be significantly associated with parents’ use of spanking.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Main Meta-Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 111 unique effect sizes were derived from data representing 204,410 child measurement occasions; these studies included data from a total of 160,927 unique children.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Main Meta-Analyses
plainn = 160,927- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two of the studies contributed more than one effect size, yielding a total of 10 pairs of effect sizes for spanking and physical abuse.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Moderator Analyses Comparing Spanking With Physical Abuse
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirteen of 17 mean effect sizes were significantly different from zero and all indicated a link between spanking and increased risk for detrimental child outcomes.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These analyses did not find any support for the contentions that spanking is only associated with detrimental outcomes when it is combined with abusive methods or that spanking is only associated with such outcomes in methodologically weak studies.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While it was indeed true that the majority of studies (70%) were cross-sectional or retrospective in nature, the effect sizes for the longitudinal and experimental studies were not significantly different from the effect sizes for the cross-sectional studies (see Table 4).”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Effect Sizes Are Similar Across Study Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The mean effect size across all studies, d = .33, was smaller than the overall mean effect size reported by Gershoff (2002), d = .40, but still statistically significant.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Alone Is Associated With Detrimental Outcomes, but in Similar Ways to Physical Abuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gershoff (2002) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The meta-analyses presented here found no evidence that spanking is associated with improved child behavior and rather found spanking to be associated with increased risk of 13 detrimental outcomes.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, both effect sizes are significant and positive, indicating that both are associated with more undesirable child outcomes.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Remaining Concerns About the Research on Spanking and Child Outcomes > Spanking Has Been Confounded With Harsher Forms of Physical Punishment
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while not a perfect solution, longitudinal bivariate coefficients are decidedly stronger methodologically than within-time coefficients.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Remaining Concerns About the Research on Spanking and Child Outcomes > Spanking Has Only Been Linked With Negative Child Outcomes in Cross-Sectional or Methodologically Weak Studies
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All study-level effect sizes were calculated independently by each of the authors; for all effect sizes, agreement was achieved to at least the third decimal place.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Method > Coding of Effect Sizes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The failure to reach significance for immediate defiance appears to result from the small n (150), while for child alcohol or substance abuse and low self-regulation the cause appears to be heterogeneity in effect sizes.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Each of these four meta-analyses included a different set of articles and came to varied conclusions, namely that physical punishment is largely ineffective and harmful (Gershoff, 2002), that physical punishment is effective under certain circumstances (Larzelere & Kuhn, 2005), and that physical punishment is linked with children’s cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems but only modestly (F”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the second step of coding, each of these 558 potential studies was coded independently by each of the authors. Any disagreements in coding were resolved through follow-up discussion.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Method > Coding of Studies for Inclusion or Exclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The finding that spanking was not linked with immediate defiance was unexpected given the opposite findings in the Gershoff (2002) meta-analyses.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gershoff (2002) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When discrepancies occurred in effect size calculations, the discrepancy was discussed, and then each author independently recalculated the effect size. This process was repeated, if necessary, until consensus was achieved.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Method > Coding of Effect Sizes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While this is clearly a beneficial outcome, the uniqueness of the sample limits the generalizability of this finding and may explain why this study is an outlier”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Taken together, these meta-analyses provide evidence that physical punishment is associated with negative child outcomes, particularly when the outcomes are divided into finer-grained categories (Ferguson, 2013; Gershoff, 2002) rather than when they are grouped into broad categories (Paolucci & Violato, 2004), and that harsher methods of physical punishment are more strongly associated with”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Previous Meta-Analyses of Physical Punishment and Spanking
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The only study that found a significant association with a beneficial outcome, Tennant, Detels, and Clark (1975), had a unique sample (U.S. Army soldiers stationed in West Germany in 1971 and 1972, most of whom were White [77%]), and found that soldiers who recalled being spanked were less likely to report using amphetamines or opiates.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tennant, Detels, & Clark (1975) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The circumstances of experimentally manipulated spanking thus are likely to be unusual, leading to concern that experiments with parental spanking may suffer from a lack of external validity.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Remaining Concerns About the Research on Spanking and Child Outcomes > Spanking Has Only Been Linked With Negative Child Outcomes in Cross-Sectional or Methodologically Weak Studies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, parents’ use of spanking is not easily or ethically studied through an experimental design, as children cannot be randomly assigned to parents with varying predispositions to spank, nor can parents typically be randomly assigned to spank or not spank.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Remaining Concerns About the Research on Spanking and Child Outcomes > Spanking Has Only Been Linked With Negative Child Outcomes in Cross-Sectional or Methodologically Weak Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two primary concerns that have been raised about past meta-analyses are that spanking has been confounded with potentially abusive parenting behaviors in some studies and that spanking has only been linked with detrimental outcomes in methodologically weak studies (Baumrind, Larzelere, & Cowan, 2002; Ferguson, 2013; Larzelere & Kuhn, 2005).”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of these studies using advanced statistical methods found evidence that the pathway is entirely one of selection or child elicitation, or that spanking predicts improvements in children’s behavior over time”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the association only indicates that milder and more severe corporal punishment are linked, and that the former may increase the risk that children will also be physically abused.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Alone Is Associated With Detrimental Outcomes, but in Similar Ways to Physical Abuse
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding indicates that methodologically stronger studies did not find significantly smaller effect sizes than methodologically weaker studies, lending more confidence to the findings from the main meta-analyses that include both.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Effect Sizes Are Similar Across Study Characteristics
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“given that a correlational association is a necessary condition for a causal relationship (Shadish et al., 2001), we can conclude that the data are consistent with a conclusion that spanking is associated with undesirable outcomes.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Shadish et al., 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“many researchers have argued that spanking and physical abuse are on a continuum of violence against children, and that spanking can escalate into physical abuse (Straus, 2001)”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Alone Is Associated With Detrimental Outcomes, but in Similar Ways to Physical Abuse
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Straus, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“randomized experiments of spanking are difficult if not ethically impossible to conduct, and thus this shortcoming of the literature will be difficult to correct through future studies.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Randomized experiments of spanking are ethically impossible or difficult to conduct.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As most of the included studies were correlational or retrospective (72%), causal links between spanking and child outcomes cannot be established by these meta-analyses.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across study designs, countries, and age groups, spanking has been linked with detrimental outcomes for children, a fact supported by several key methodologically strong studies that isolate the ability of spanking to predict child outcomes over time.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A major concern raised about the spanking literature in general and previous meta-analyses in particular is that their reliance on cross-sectional designs may mask what are truly child-elicitation effects (Baumrind et al., 2002; Ferguson, 2013; Larzelere et al., 2004). In other words, associations between spanking and problematic behavior may reflect the fact that difficult children elicit more sp”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Effect Sizes Are Similar Across Study Characteristics
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“most instances of substantiated physical abuse (75%), like all instances of spanking, begin as responses to children’s misbehavior (Durrant et al., 2006).”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Alone Is Associated With Detrimental Outcomes, but in Similar Ways to Physical Abuse
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Durrant et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across all categories, methodologically stronger study designs identified the same risk for negative outcomes as did weaker study designs, suggesting that the associations between spanking and child outcomes are robust to study design.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Effect Sizes Are Similar Across Study Characteristics
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the mean effect size for all studies from Table 2, d = .33, is closer to the mean effect size for physical abuse in Table 3 than it is to the mean effect size for spanking from these 10 select effect sizes, indicating that spanking and physical abuse have relations with child outcomes that are similar in magnitude and identical in direction.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Alone Is Associated With Detrimental Outcomes, but in Similar Ways to Physical Abuse
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Approximately 80% of children are spanked.
“when extrapolated to the population in which 80% of children are being spanked”
The paper relies on this without support.
Randomized experiments of spanking are ethically impossible or difficult to conduct.
“randomized experiments of spanking are difficult if not ethically impossible to conduct”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The meta-analysis of Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor (2016) found no effect size difference between spanking and physical abuse, demonstrating that both share similar associations with detrimental child outcomes.”
From The evolved nest, oxytocin functioning, and prosocial development (2023) · cites this paper as Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor (2016)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Over a span of five decades, numerous cross-cultural studies, longitudinal investigations (Berlin et al., 2009; Gershoff et al., 2012), and large meta-analyses (Gershoff, 2002; Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor, 2016) provide converging evidence regarding the harmful outcomes, which include depression or depressed mood (Fergusson et al., 2008), antisocial behavior (Straus et al., 1997), substance use, Su”
From The evolved nest, oxytocin functioning, and prosocial development (2023) · cites this paper as Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor (2016)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentz = 14.84reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = 14.84, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
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“Ferguson (2013) analyzed 45 studies; of these, 11 were included in the current meta-analyses.”
BackgroundMethod(2002) · Cited by 13,211
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799
Gershoff, E. T. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.539 · Cited by 2,165 · cited 15×
“The first and most widely cited of the meta-analyses was by Gershoff (2002).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialExposure to childhood sexual and physical abuse and adjustment in early adulthood
Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2008) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.12.018 · Cited by 910 · cited 5×
“…outcomes 2.00 1.00 .00 1.00 2.00 Adult alcohol or substance abuse 2,596 4,796 .13 .08 .35 Baer and Corrado (1974) 93 107 .41 .13 .69 Fergusson, Boden, and Horwood (2008) 341 2,504 .29 .18 .40 Lynch et al. (2006) 576 1,640 .05 .05 .14 Tennant, Detels, and Clark (1975) 1,586 545 .13…”
BackgroundInfluentialHarbord, R. M., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2008) · The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0800800403 · Cited by 897
Poverty, Parenting, and Children's Mental Health.
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InfluentialCommittee on the rights of the child
Vincent, G. (2009) · Docs.school Publications · Cited by 733
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 924
Lansford, J. E., Zietz, S., Putnick, D. L., Deater-Deckard, K. D., Bradley, R. H., Costa, M. E., Esposito, G., & Bornstein, M. H. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104692 · Cited by 35
Yildirim, E. D., & Roopnarine, J. L. (2017) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12465 · Cited by 31
Alaazi, D. A., Salami, B. O., Yohani, S. C., Vallianatos, H., Okeke‐Ihejirika, P., & Nsaliwa, C. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.013 · Cited by 29
Durrant, J. E., Stewart-Tufescu, A., & Afifi, T. O. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104297 · Cited by 30
Physical punishment and Colombian children and adolescents' cognitive and behavioral outcomes
Cuartas, J. A., Ward, K. P., Ma, J., & Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C. (2020) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101140 · Cited by 34
Self-citationEthnicity and Parental Discipline Practices: A Cross‐National Comparison
Silveira, F., Shafer, K. M., Dufur, M. J., & Roberson, M. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12715 · Cited by 29
Cuartas, J. A., McCoy, D. C., Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C., & Gershoff, E. T. (2020) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001114 · Cited by 32
“…between physical punishment and child outcomes are sensitive (i.e., not robust) to different model specifications and covariates (Larzelere et al., 2018), although another meta-analysis instead found the associations to be robust to a range of covariates (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationFeasibility pilot of an adapted parenting program embedded within the Thai public health system
McCoy, A., Lachman, J. M., Ward, C. L., Tapanya, S., Poomchaichote, T., Kelly, J., Mukaka, M., Cheah, P. Y., & Gardner, F. E. M. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11081-4 · Cited by 31
Conservative Protestantism and attitudes toward corporal punishment, 1986–2014
Hoffmann, J. P., Ellison, C. G., & Bartkowski, J. P. (2016) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.09.010 · Cited by 31
Differences in Parents’ Attitudes Toward Spanking Across Socioeconomic Status and Region, 1986–2016
Hines, C. T., Kalil, A., & Ryan, R. M. (2021) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-021-02803-7 · Cited by 28
Gershoff, E. T., Font, S. A., Taylor, C. A., Garza, A. B., Olson-Dorff, D., & Foster, R. H. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.09.040 · Cited by 29
Self-citationPrevalence of Spanking in US National Samples of 35-Year-Old Parents From 1993 to 2017
Mehus, C. J., & Patrick, M. E. (2020) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.2197 · Cited by 29
Kwok, S. Y. C. L., & Fang, S. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105435 · Cited by 36
Antwi-Boasiako, K., Fallon, B., King, B., Trocmé, N., & Fluke, J. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105425 · Cited by 30
Taylor, C. A., McKasson, S., Hoy, G., & DeJong, W. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0586-3 · Cited by 29
Infant temperament, parenting and behavior problems: Variation by parental education and income
Padilla, C. M., Hines, C. T., & Ryan, R. M. (2020) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101179 · Cited by 28
Lee, S. J., Pace, G. T., Ward, K. P., Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C., & Ma, J. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104573 · Cited by 28
“…compared to White parents in the U.S., the associations of spanking to negative child outcomes were the same or similar for White and African American children (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016a) and White, African American, and American Indian children (Ward, Lee, Limb, & Grogan-Kaylor, 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMcRae, E. M., Stoppelbein, L., O’Kelley, S. E., Fite, P. J., & Smith, S. B. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-020-01019-z · Cited by 35
Qi, D., & Wu, Y. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105387 · Cited by 30
Predictors of parental use of corporal punishment in Ukraine
Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C., Burlaka, V., Ma, J., Lee, S. J., Castillo, B., & Churakova, I. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.03.003 · Cited by 28
“Most research examining the predictors of parental physical punishment has been conducted in high-income countries (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
InfluentialSelf-citationDurrant, J. E., Plateau, D. P., Ateah, C. A., Holden, G. W., Barker, L., Stewart-Tufescu, A., Jones, A. D., Ly, G., & Ahmed, R. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025416687415 · Cited by 28
“…including weak moral internalization, aggression and antisocial behavior, externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, mental health problems, poor parent–child relationships, low self-esteem, impaired cognitive ability, and escalation to severe violence (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
BackgroundPerspectives of Early Adolescents, Parents, and Grandparents on Parenting Behaviors in China
Luo, N., Heel, M. V., & Leeuwen, K. G. V. (2020) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431620912476 · Cited by 28
Francis, T., & Baker‐Henningham, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.582961 · Cited by 28
“Additional factors considered under effectiveness were: (1) the optimal group size, (2) parent understanding and skill using the strategies, (3) parent motivation, (4) parents’ reports on their use of the strategies at home, (5) parents’ ability to generalize their use of the strategies, (6) ensuring the sessions are…”
BackgroundUnpacking the Impacts of a Universal Parenting Program on Child Behavior
Altafim, E. R. P., McCoy, D. C., & Linhares, M. B. M. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13491 · Cited by 27
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Spanking Have Similar Associations with Early Behavior Problems
Ma, J., Lee, S. J., & Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C. (2021) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.01.072 · Cited by 28
“Research demonstrates that the physical punishment including spanking that young children are commonly exposed to can escalate into more severe physical abuse that warrants intervention by the child welfare system.(10,45,46) Our findings provide additional empirical evidence to support the American Academy of Pediatri…”
ResultSelf-citationThe evolved nest, oxytocin functioning, and prosocial development
Tarsha, M. S., & Narvaez, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1113944 · Cited by 25
“, 2012), and large meta-analyses (Gershoff, 2002; Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor, 2016) provide converging evidence regarding the harmful outcomes, which include depression or depressed mood (Fergusson et al.”
BackgroundAlampay, L. P., Lachman, J. M., Mamauag, B. L., Madrid, B. J., Ward, C. L., Hutchings, J., Alinea, M. C. D., & Gardner, F. E. M. (2018) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96592-5_15 · Cited by 34
Parents' Beliefs About Children
Miller, S. A. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874513.001.0001 · Cited by 26
Rodriguez, C. M., Wittig, S. M. O., & Silvia, P. (2020) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104563 · Cited by 27
Antwi-Boasiako, K., Fallon, B., King, B., Trocmé, N., & Fluke, J. (2021) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106048 · Cited by 25
Daily Stress and Use of Aggressive Discipline by Parents during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Freisthler, B., Wolf, J. P., Chadwick, C., & Renick, K. (2021) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-021-00340-y · Cited by 27
“…and psychological aggression (i.e. threatening and demeaning a child) are both associated with actual child maltreatment and have longterm negative consequences for children (Gershoff, 2002; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; King et al., 2018; Lee et al., 2014; Masud et al., 2019; Rodriguez, 2010).”
BackgroundExamining Patterns of Exposure to Family Violence in Preschool Children: A Latent Class Approach
Grasso, D. J., Petitclerc, A., Henry, D. B., McCarthy, K. J., Wakschlag, L. S., & Briggs‐Gowan, M. J. (2016) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22147 · Cited by 25
“Our harsh parenting class findings also highlight risk associated with harsh physical discipline, which was underlined in a recent meta-analysis providing evidence for an adverse effect of spanking on child outcomes, above and beyond physical abuse (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
BackgroundHolden, G. W., Hawk, C. K., Smith, M. M., Singh, J. P., & Ashraf, R. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025416687414 · Cited by 25
“This is defined as ‘‘noninjurious, openhanded hitting with the intention of modifying child behavior’’ (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016, p. 453).”
BackgroundSng, K. I., Hawes, D. J., Raine, A., Ang, R. P.-H., Ooi, Y. P., & Fung, D. S. S. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.04.026 · Cited by 25
Heel, M. V., Noortgate, W. V. D., Bijttebier, P., Colpin, H., Goossens, L., Verschueren, K., & Leeuwen, K. G. V. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000644 · Cited by 25
Violent disciplinary behaviors towards left-behind children in 20 counties of rural China
Yang, C., Liu, X., Yang, Y., Huang, X., Song, Q., Wang, Y., & Zhou, H. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105016 · Cited by 25
Liu, W., Guo, S., Qiu, G., & Zhang, S. X. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105027 · Cited by 27
Sensitive Periods for the Effect of Child Maltreatment on Psychopathology Symptoms in Adolescence
Dunn, E. C., Busso, D. S., Davis, K. A., Smith, A. D. A. C., Mitchell, C. M., Tiemeier, H. W., & Susser, E. (2023) · Complex Psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000530120 · Cited by 24
“…studies suggest physical discipline practices, such as spanking, slapping, and hitting [20], are associated with various negative developmental outcomes, including increased child aggression [21], slower cognitive development [22], and poor mental health in childhood [23] and adolescence [20].”
BackgroundTaylor, C. A., Fleckman, J. M., & Lee, S. J. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.009 · Cited by 24
Predictors of Change in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Parent-Child Aggression Risk
Rodriguez, C. M., Silvia, P., & Pu, D. F. (2018) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.008 · Cited by 26
Gemara, N., & Nadan, Y. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520908026 · Cited by 26
Protective legislation: The “third pillar” of the welfare state
Olsen, G. M. (2018) · Social Policy and Administration · doi:10.1111/spol.12471 · Cited by 24
Beckmann, L. (2019) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2019.1616602 · Cited by 26
“…exposure to parental physical and verbal aggression has been outlined as a major social and public health concern, with potentially long-lasting, deleterious effects on the behavioural and emotional adjustment of children (for a review, see e.g. Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
BackgroundWolf, S., & Suntheimer, N. M. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104518 · Cited by 24
Piché, G., Huỳnh, C., Clément, M., & Durrant, J. E. (2016) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2006 · Cited by 24
Ma, J., Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C., & Klein, S. M. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.019 · Cited by 24
Self-citationHellmann, D. F., Stiller, A., Glaubitz, C., & Kliem, S. (2018) · Journal of family psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000391 · Cited by 21
Fleckman, J. M., Taylor, C. A., Theall, K. P., & Andrinopoulos, K. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.11.023 · Cited by 25
McRae, E. M., Stoppelbein, L., O’Kelley, S. E., Fite, P. J., & Greening, L. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1299-6 · Cited by 26
Attachment Style and the Association of Spanking and Child Externalizing Behavior
Ward, K. P., Lee, S. J., Pace, G. T., Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C., & Ma, J. (2019) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2019.06.017 · Cited by 24
“Indeed, the associations between spanking and child externalizing behavior have been consistently found in the spanking literature.(4) Empirical evidence suggests that these associations are largely consistent across multiple contexts,(4) even when the mother-child relationship is high in warmth.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCuartas, J. A., Gershoff, E. T., Bailey, D. H., Gutierrez-Torres, M. A., & McCoy, D. C. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02164-y · Cited by 30
“12); United States: 37% (ref.”
InfluentialSelf-citationForce Signs: Ideologies of Corporal Discipline in Academia and the Marshall Islands
Berman, E. (2018) · Journal of Linguistic Anthropology · doi:10.1111/jola.12175 · Cited by 23
“Corporal punishment is defined as exclusively physical and distinct from other forms of discipline (Gershoff 2002, 540; Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor 2016, 2; Straus et al. 1998; UNICEF 2014a, 4).”
BackgroundInfluentialNormative Trends in Physically Aggressive Behavior: Age-Aggression Curves from 6 to 24 Months
Lorber, M. F., Vecchio, T. D., Slep, A. M. S., & Scholer, S. J. (2018) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.10.025 · Cited by 26
“Children’s ongoing exposure to some types of dysfunctional parenting (eg, corporal punishment) is often stable(27) and associated with multiple adverse health outcomes.(28,29) In this context, the physician can play a pivotal role in educating parents about how to respond to physical aggression and other behavior prob…”
Authoritarianism and the transgenerational transmission of corporal punishment
Clemens, V., Decker, O., Plener, P. L., Witt, A., Sachser, C., Brähler, E., & Fegert, J. M. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104537 · Cited by 24
Kang, J. M., & Guo, H. (2021) · China Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/17525098.2021.1956760 · Cited by 29
“Based on existing studies (Baumrind 1971; Dornbusch et al. 1987; Knight et al. 2000; Lamborn et al. 1991; Ginsburg and Bronstein 1993; Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor 2016; Simons and Conger 2007; McKinney and Renk 2008), the authoritative parenting style has been found to be more effective than the…”
BackgroundMethodHarries, T., Curtis, A., Valpied, O., Baldwin, R., Hyder, S., & Miller, P. G. (2022) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-022-00437-y · Cited by 23
Lansford, J. E., Godwin, J. W., Bornstein, M. H., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K. D., Giunta, L. D., Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P. O., Pastorelli, C., et al. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001328 · Cited by 23
“In a meta-analysis of spanking and child outcomes, the effect size linking corporal punishment and externalizing behavior was moderate (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016), even in longitudinal studies controlling for prior externalizing behavior to reduce the possibility that children with more…”
BackgroundResult‘Bad Apple’ peer effects in elementary classrooms: the case of corporal punishment in the home
Le, K. T., & Nguyen, M. (2019) · Education Economics · doi:10.1080/09645292.2019.1667306 · Cited by 31
“Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor (2016) report that exposure to CPH is associated with internalizing behavioral problems.”
BackgroundGrusec, J. E., & Davidov, M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108920780 · Cited by 23
Doyle, F. L., Morawska, A., Higgins, D. J., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/732ws · Cited by 23
Ward, K. P., Lee, S. J., Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C., Ma, J., & Pace, G. T. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105606 · Cited by 25
Self-citationSalmon, S., Chartier, M., Roos, L. E., & Afifi, T. O. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106177 · Cited by 24
Miller‐Perrin, C., & Perrin, R. D. (2018) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-018-0096-x · Cited by 22
Intimate Partner Violence: A Multinational Test of Cultural Spillover Theory
Lysova, A. V., & Straus, M. A. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519839421 · Cited by 22
“Within the family, there was the commonlaw right of husbands to “physically chastise an errant wife,” and the right, indeed in most societies the obligation, to use corporal punishment to correct persistent misbehavior (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; Straus, Douglas, & Medeiros, 2014).”
BackgroundSocial workers’ constructions of child risk and protection in the Ultra-Orthodox Jewish community
Gemara, N., Nadan, Y., & Roer‐Strier, D. (2020) · Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1177/1468017320956966 · Cited by 23
“…(Murray & Farrington, 2010), a low level of parental education (Sonego et al., 2013), parental unemployment (Pissarides & Wadsworth, 2013), corporal punishment (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016), and the lack of access to educational and enrichment activities (Marchetti et al., 2016), among others.”
BackgroundColey, R. L., Spielvogel, B., Kruzik, C., Miller, P. L., Betancur, L., & Votruba‐Drzal, E. (2021) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2020.12.006 · Cited by 23
Spank, slap, or hit? How labels alter perceptions of child discipline.
Brown, A. S., Holden, G. W., & Ashraf, R. (2016) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000080 · Cited by 22
Predictors of Internalizing Behaviors in Ukrainian Children
Burlaka, V., Kim, Y. J., Crutchfield, J. M., Lefmann, T. A., & Kay, E. S. (2017) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12289 · Cited by 22
Barajas-Gonzalez, R. G., Calzada, E. J., Huang, K., Covas, M., Castillo, C. M., & Brotman, L. M. (2018) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2018.1524242 · Cited by 22
“Some meta-analyses indicate that spanking is associated with a range of adverse child outcomes (Gershoff, 2002; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016), but estimates”
BackgroundParent discipline and pre-schoolers’ social skills
Tompkins, V., & Villaruel, E. (2020) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2020.1763978 · Cited by 21
“…relation was moderated by race (Deater-Deckard, Dodge, Bates, & Pettit, 1996), later work has failed to replicate that finding, including in meta-analytic work (Gershoff et al., 2012; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; Lansford et al., 2011; MacKenzie, Nicklas, Waldfogel, & Brooks-Gunn, 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLiu, W., Qiu, G., Zhang, S. X., & Fan, Q. (2021) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2021.1985323 · Cited by 21
“Parental corporal punishment is found to be related to a range of negative cognitive, emotional, and behavioral outcomes in child (Ferguson, 2013; Gershoff, 2002; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016), and school bullying may be one of the coping responses.”
BackgroundParental Discipline and Early Childhood Development in Rural China
Fatima, H., Zhao, S., Yue, A., Li, S., & Shi, Y. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14041988 · Cited by 21
Afifi, T. O., Salmon, S., Stewart-Tufescu, A., Taillieu, T., Fortier, J., MacMillan, H. L., Durrant, J. E., & Holden, G. W. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12856-z · Cited by 21
Physical discipline as a normative childhood experience in Singapore
Sudo, M., Won, Y. Q., Chau, W. W.-Y., Meaney, M. J., Kee, M. Z. L., Chen, H., Eriksson, J. G., Yap, F. K. P., Rifkin-Graboi, A. E., Tiemeier, H. W., et al. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00632-9 · Cited by 21
“Further, studies in the United States providing fine-grained reports of prevalence rates by each year of child age suggest that exposure to physical discipline peaks in and gradually declines after the preschool years [35, 39].”
BackgroundInfluentialChanging Health Care Professionals’ Attitudes Toward Spanking
Burkhart, K. M., Knox, M. S., & Hunter, K. E. (2016) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922816667313 · Cited by 21
“Moreover, research has shown that effect sizes for spanking and negative child outcomes do not substantially differ from the effect sizes found for physical abuse.(12) Children learn empathy and the underlining moral message of not hurting others through their parents’ disciplining strategies.”
Streit, C., Carlo, G., Ispa, J. M., & Palermo, F. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000306 · Cited by 22
“Although many researchers have theorized and empirically supported linkages between physical discipline and later adverse child outcomes (Berlin et al., 2009; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; Hoffman, 2000), there is inconsistent support across ethno-racial and socioeconomic status (SES) groups.”
BackgroundResultThomas, K. J., Rodrigues, H., Gomes, A. M. M., de Oliveira, R. T., Piccirillo, D., & de Brito, R. C. (2018) · International Journal of Child Youth and Family Studies · doi:10.18357/ijcyfs93201818275 · Cited by 21
“…threatening, and other forms of harsh discipline are unconstructive, and tend to generate undesirable future behavior (Bartholomeu et al., 2016; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; Gershoff, 2002; Gershoff et al., 2010; Kremer, Smith, & Lawrence, 2010; Locke & Prinz, 2002; McKee et al., 2007;…”
BackgroundFredman, S. J., Le, Y., Marshall, A. D., Hernandez, W. G., Feinberg, M. E., & Ammerman, R. T. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.024 · Cited by 22
Ward, K. P., Lee, S. J., Limb, G. E., & Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519861678 · Cited by 20
Self-citationCapaldi, D. M., Tiberio, S. S., Shortt, J. W., Low, S. K., & Owen, L. D. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104434 · Cited by 20
Burani, K., Brush, C. J., Spahr, C. M., Slavich, G. M., Meyer, A. M., & Hajcak, G. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.09.004 · Cited by 21
Predictors of justice system involvement: Maltreatment and education
Robertson, A. A., & Walker, C. S. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.12.002 · Cited by 25
“…illustrated that children who are abused and/or neglected are at a significant risk for an array of negative outcomes, including delinquency, aggressive behavior, and conduct problems (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; Jaffee, Caspi, Moffitt, & Taylor, 2004; Mills et al., 2013; Ryan and Testa, 2005).”
BackgroundRodriguez, C. M., Silvia, P. J., Gonzalez, S., & Christl, M.-E. (2018) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559518767571 · Cited by 19
“Use of physical discipline strongly predicts physical abuse (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016), with spanking of children as young as one predicting later involvement in child protective services (Lee, GroganKaylor, & Berger, 2014).”
BackgroundConnection between parent and child religiosity: A meta-analysis examining parent and child gender.
Stearns, M. A., & McKinney, C. (2019) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000550 · Cited by 20
Miller‐Perrin, C., & Perrin, R. D. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.03.015 · Cited by 20
Grusec, J. E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_2399-1 · Cited by 22
Returning to Evolved Nestedness, Wellbeing, and Mature Human Nature, an Ecological Imperative
Narvaez, D. F. (2024) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1177/10892680231224035 · Cited by 22
“…and in human longitudinal correlational studies, there are signi fi cant effects for privation of touch (Harlow, 1958; Hofer, 1994), play (Panksepp, 2007), maternal presence (Kuhn & Schanberg, 1998; Moriceau & Sullivan, 2006), and delivery of corporal punishment (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
BackgroundWolf, J. P., & Kepple, N. J. (2016) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516674197 · Cited by 21
“…mental health, behavioral problems, and lower mental development scores (Berlin et al., 2009; Gershoff, 2002; Taylor, Manganello, Lee, & Rice, 2010), and demonstrates effect sizes for risk of detrimental child outcomes that are similar to child physical abuse (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
BackgroundBelief in a Loving Versus Punitive God and Behavior
Shepperd, J. A., Pogge, G. C., Lipsey, N. P., Miller, W. A., & Webster, G. D. (2019) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12437 · Cited by 22
Types of Substance Use and Punitive Parenting: A Preliminary Exploration
Freisthler, B., & Kepple, N. J. (2019) · Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions · doi:10.1080/1533256x.2019.1640019 · Cited by 21
“…alone is associated with adverse child outcomes we often associate with child physical abuse, such as impaired cognitive ability, low levels of self-esteem and selfregulation, and struggles with mental health or substance abuse during childhood and later adulthood (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
BackgroundAfifi, T. O., Fortier, J., MacMillan, H. L., González, A., Kimber, M., Georgiades, K., Duncan, L., Taillieu, T., Dávila, I. G., & Struck, S. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7729-6 · Cited by 19
Fleckman, J. M., Scholer, S. J., Branco, N., & Taylor, C. A. (2020) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2020.05.028 · Cited by 20
“— Professional preparedness beliefs included: (1) How strongly do you believe that this is part Fleckman et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialDoes Maternal Spanking Lead to Bullying Behaviors at School? A Longitudinal Study
Turns, B., & Sibley, D. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1129-x · Cited by 19
Yildirim, E. D., Roopnarine, J. L., & Abolhassani, A. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104513 · Cited by 18
Morgan, C. H., Pu, D. F., & Rodriguez, C. M. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105587 · Cited by 18
Masath, F. B., Scharpf, F., Dumke, L., & Hecker, T. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105982 · Cited by 20
Corporal punishment of children in Australia: The evidence-based case for legislative reform
Havighurst, S. S., Mathews, B., Doyle, F. L., Haslam, D. M., Andriessen, K., Cubillo, C., Dawe, S., Hawes, D. J., Leung, C., Mazzucchelli, T. G., et al. (2023) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.anzjph.2023.100044 · Cited by 20
“10,11 Corporal punishment models the use of violent physical behaviour, fails to teach children prosocial alternative behaviours, and is linked with increased non-compliance and aggression over time.”
BackgroundInfluentialMoving research beyond the spanking debate
MacMillan, H. L., & Mikton, C. R. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.012 · Cited by 18
Corporal punishment and adult antisocial behavior
Rebellon, C. J., & Straus, M. A. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025417708342 · Cited by 18
Changing attitudes about spanking using alternative biblical interpretations
Perrin, R. D., Miller‐Perrin, C., & Song, J. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025416673295 · Cited by 18
“A recent meta-analysis of 50 years of research addressing these criticisms, however, concluded that ‘‘there is no evidence that spanking does any good for children and all evidence points to the risk of it doing harm’’ (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016, p. 465).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Family Psychology
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 453-469
- ISSN
- 0893-3200 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1293
- PMC
- PMC7992110
- OpenAlex
- W2325391559
- Semantic Scholar
- 0d03a2e9f085f0a268b4c0a52f5ac31c17a3e5f3
- Cited by
- 931
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 97 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 80 · 2016: 18
- FWCI
- 125.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Family Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD042849)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Keywords
- spanking, corporal punishment, child outcomes, physical abuse, effect size, child development
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Child, Child Abuse, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Punishment, Research Design, Parenting
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