The DOI matches its Crossref record; 104 of the 106 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 37 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses.
Open accessAbstract
Whether spanking is helpful or harmful to children continues to be the source of considerable debate among both researchers and the public. This article addresses 2 persistent issues, namely whether effect sizes for spanking are distinct from those for physical abuse, and whether effect sizes for spanking are robust to study design differences. Meta-analyses focused specifically on spanking were conducted on a total of 111 unique effect sizes representing 160,927 children. Thirteen of 17 mean effect sizes were significantly different from zero and all indicated a link between spanking and increased risk for detrimental child outcomes. Effect sizes did not substantially differ between spanking and physical abuse or by study design characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Claims the paper makes
28 Own result · 21 Own interpretation · 10 No full text of the sources · 7 Own method · 6 Sources not found · 4 Not checked yet · 3 No basis given · 2 Supported · 1 Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A series of cross-lagged studies (Berlin et al., 2009; Gershoff, Lansford, Sexton, Davis-Kean, & Sameroff, 2012; McLeod, Kruttschnitt, & Dornfeld, 1994; Sheehan & Watson, 2008) has demonstrated that spanking predicts changes in children’s behavior, over and above their initial levels and the child effect of early problem behavior on later spanking.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Berlin et al., 2009 source
The Results (page unavailable) describe cross-lagged models that estimated spanking-to-child-outcome paths alongside child-behavior-to-later-spanking paths. They report that spanking at age 1 predicted aggressive behavior problems at age 2, while aggressive behavior problems at age 2 did not predict spanking at age 3. The finding is specific to these low-income toddlers and these ages; other spanking-to-aggression paths were not significant. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites Gershoff et al., 2012 source
The Results section describes a cross-lagged model that tests whether kindergarten spanking predicts third-grade externalizing behavior while controlling for initial behavior and the reverse path from early externalizing behavior to later spanking. The Abstract reports that early spanking predicted increases in externalizing behavior, while early externalizing behavior predicted more spanking. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not matchedcites McLeod et al., 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The remaining four meta-analyses were not significantly different from zero.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Main Meta-Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meta-analyses focused specifically on spanking were conducted on a total of 111 unique effect sizes representing 160,927 children.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Abstract
plainn = 160,927- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirteen of 17 mean effect sizes were significantly different from zero and all indicated a link between spanking and increased risk for detrimental child outcomes.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only 75 studies met all four criteria and were retained for the meta-analyses.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Method > Coding of Studies for Inclusion or Exclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Longitudinal effect sizes of the bivariate links between spanking and later child outcomes do not rule out the potential for a child elicitation effect; however, so few studies report a coefficient that controls only for initial child behavior (and not for a range of other covariates) that we are unable to meta-analyze them.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Remaining Concerns About the Research on Spanking and Child Outcomes > Spanking Has Only Been Linked With Negative Child Outcomes in Cross-Sectional or Methodologically Weak Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effect sizes did not substantially differ between spanking and physical abuse or by study design characteristics.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The magnitude of the mean effect size for spanking was 65% of the magnitude of the mean effect size for physical abuse.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Moderator Analyses Comparing Spanking With Physical Abuse
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 13 statistically significant mean effect sizes ranged in size from .15 to .64.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Main Meta-Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the tests were significant, indicating that the risk of publication bias for any of our mean effect sizes is small.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Tests for Publication Bias
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 40
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“analysis of data from a national randomized controlled trial of the federal Head Start program for low income children found that parents in the program significantly reduced their spanking, which was in turn linked with decreases in child aggression over time (Gershoff, Ansari, Purtell, & Sexton, 2016).”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Gershoff, Ansari, Purtell, & Sexton, 2016 source
The Results report a significant reduction in spanking associated with Head Start participation. The Discussion states that reduced spanking predicted reduced child aggression over time. The paper also cautions that the indirect effect of Head Start on aggression through spanking was not statistically significant; the claim does not say that it was. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Both behaviors involve parents intentionally hitting (and hurting) children, albeit to different degrees (Gershoff, 2013)”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Alone Is Associated With Detrimental Outcomes, but in Similar Ways to Physical Abuse
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Gershoff, 2013 source
The section “Spanking Is Linked With Numerous Adverse Side Effects” states that spanking and physical abuse both involve hitting and purposefully hurting children. It says the difference is often one of degree—such as duration or force—rather than intent. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The weighted mean effect size for spanking was d = .25, while for physical abuse it was d = .38. Both were significantly different from zero and both were positive in sign”
- Also stated in: § Spanking Alone Is Associated With Detrimental Outcomes, but in Similar Ways to Physical Abuse · plain
“Spanking in these studies was significantly associated with detrimental outcomes with an effect size d = .25, while the mean effect size for physical abuse for these studies was significant and d = .38”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Moderator Analyses Comparing Spanking With Physical Abuse
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Spanking Alone Is Associated With Detrimental Outcomes, but in Similar Ways to Physical Abuse · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The largest effect size was for physical abuse; the more children are spanked, the greater the risk that they will be physically abused by their parents.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In childhood, parental use of spanking was associated with low moral internalization, aggression, antisocial behavior, externalizing behavior problems, internalizing behavior problems, mental health problems, negative parent–child relationships, impaired cognitive ability, low self-esteem, and risk of physical abuse from parents.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Main Meta-Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three outcomes in childhood were not significantly associated with spanking in the meta-analyses: immediate defiance, child alcohol or substance abuse, and low-self regulation.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In adulthood, prior experiences of parental use of spanking were significantly associated with adult antisocial behavior, adult mental health problems, and with positive attitudes about spanking.”
- Also stated in: § Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes · plain
“Three of the four adult outcomes were significantly associated with a history of spanking from parents: adult antisocial behavior, adult mental health problems, and adult support for physical punishment.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Main Meta-Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of the comparisons were nonsignificant, indicating that the effect sizes did not vary by study characteristic.”
- Also stated in: § Moderator Analyses by Study Characteristics · plain
“Average effect sizes also did not significantly vary based on how spanking was measured, how it was indexed, whether the raters of spanking and outcome were independent, the time period over which spanking was measured, the country of the study, or the age group of the children studied.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Moderator Analyses by Study Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Moderator Analyses by Study Characteristics · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An important observation about the meta-analyses is that the individual studies are highly consistent: 71% of all of the effect sizes, and 99% of the significant effect sizes, indicated a significant association between parental spanking and detrimental child outcomes.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of the 111 individual effect sizes, 102 were in the direction of a detrimental outcome with 78 of these statistically significant. In contrast, nine of the effect sizes were in the direction of a beneficial outcome but only one (Tennant, Detels, & Clark, 1975) was statistically different from zero.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Main Meta-Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tennant, Detels, & Clark, 1975 source
plaincorrelationaln = 111- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall mean weighted effect size across all of the 111 study-level effect sizes was d = .33, with a 95% confidence interval of .29 to .38; this mean effect was statistically different from zero, Z = 14.84, p < .001.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Main Meta-Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spanking was significantly associated with 13 of the 17 outcomes examined. In each case, spanking was associated with a greater likelihood of detrimental child outcomes.”
- Also stated in: § Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes · plain
“Thirteen of the 17 child outcomes examined were found to be significantly associated with parents’ use of spanking.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Main Meta-Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 111 unique effect sizes were derived from data representing 204,410 child measurement occasions; these studies included data from a total of 160,927 unique children.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Main Meta-Analyses
plainn = 160,927- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two of the studies contributed more than one effect size, yielding a total of 10 pairs of effect sizes for spanking and physical abuse.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Results > Moderator Analyses Comparing Spanking With Physical Abuse
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirteen of 17 mean effect sizes were significantly different from zero and all indicated a link between spanking and increased risk for detrimental child outcomes.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These analyses did not find any support for the contentions that spanking is only associated with detrimental outcomes when it is combined with abusive methods or that spanking is only associated with such outcomes in methodologically weak studies.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While it was indeed true that the majority of studies (70%) were cross-sectional or retrospective in nature, the effect sizes for the longitudinal and experimental studies were not significantly different from the effect sizes for the cross-sectional studies (see Table 4).”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Effect Sizes Are Similar Across Study Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The mean effect size across all studies, d = .33, was smaller than the overall mean effect size reported by Gershoff (2002), d = .40, but still statistically significant.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Alone Is Associated With Detrimental Outcomes, but in Similar Ways to Physical Abuse
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gershoff (2002) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The meta-analyses presented here found no evidence that spanking is associated with improved child behavior and rather found spanking to be associated with increased risk of 13 detrimental outcomes.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, both effect sizes are significant and positive, indicating that both are associated with more undesirable child outcomes.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Remaining Concerns About the Research on Spanking and Child Outcomes > Spanking Has Been Confounded With Harsher Forms of Physical Punishment
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while not a perfect solution, longitudinal bivariate coefficients are decidedly stronger methodologically than within-time coefficients.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Remaining Concerns About the Research on Spanking and Child Outcomes > Spanking Has Only Been Linked With Negative Child Outcomes in Cross-Sectional or Methodologically Weak Studies
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All study-level effect sizes were calculated independently by each of the authors; for all effect sizes, agreement was achieved to at least the third decimal place.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Method > Coding of Effect Sizes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The failure to reach significance for immediate defiance appears to result from the small n (150), while for child alcohol or substance abuse and low self-regulation the cause appears to be heterogeneity in effect sizes.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Each of these four meta-analyses included a different set of articles and came to varied conclusions, namely that physical punishment is largely ineffective and harmful (Gershoff, 2002), that physical punishment is effective under certain circumstances (Larzelere & Kuhn, 2005), and that physical punishment is linked with children’s cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems but only modestly (F”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the second step of coding, each of these 558 potential studies was coded independently by each of the authors. Any disagreements in coding were resolved through follow-up discussion.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Method > Coding of Studies for Inclusion or Exclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The finding that spanking was not linked with immediate defiance was unexpected given the opposite findings in the Gershoff (2002) meta-analyses.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gershoff (2002) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When discrepancies occurred in effect size calculations, the discrepancy was discussed, and then each author independently recalculated the effect size. This process was repeated, if necessary, until consensus was achieved.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Method > Coding of Effect Sizes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While this is clearly a beneficial outcome, the uniqueness of the sample limits the generalizability of this finding and may explain why this study is an outlier”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Taken together, these meta-analyses provide evidence that physical punishment is associated with negative child outcomes, particularly when the outcomes are divided into finer-grained categories (Ferguson, 2013; Gershoff, 2002) rather than when they are grouped into broad categories (Paolucci & Violato, 2004), and that harsher methods of physical punishment are more strongly associated with”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Previous Meta-Analyses of Physical Punishment and Spanking
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The only study that found a significant association with a beneficial outcome, Tennant, Detels, and Clark (1975), had a unique sample (U.S. Army soldiers stationed in West Germany in 1971 and 1972, most of whom were White [77%]), and found that soldiers who recalled being spanked were less likely to report using amphetamines or opiates.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tennant, Detels, & Clark (1975) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The circumstances of experimentally manipulated spanking thus are likely to be unusual, leading to concern that experiments with parental spanking may suffer from a lack of external validity.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Remaining Concerns About the Research on Spanking and Child Outcomes > Spanking Has Only Been Linked With Negative Child Outcomes in Cross-Sectional or Methodologically Weak Studies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, parents’ use of spanking is not easily or ethically studied through an experimental design, as children cannot be randomly assigned to parents with varying predispositions to spank, nor can parents typically be randomly assigned to spank or not spank.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Remaining Concerns About the Research on Spanking and Child Outcomes > Spanking Has Only Been Linked With Negative Child Outcomes in Cross-Sectional or Methodologically Weak Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two primary concerns that have been raised about past meta-analyses are that spanking has been confounded with potentially abusive parenting behaviors in some studies and that spanking has only been linked with detrimental outcomes in methodologically weak studies (Baumrind, Larzelere, & Cowan, 2002; Ferguson, 2013; Larzelere & Kuhn, 2005).”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of these studies using advanced statistical methods found evidence that the pathway is entirely one of selection or child elicitation, or that spanking predicts improvements in children’s behavior over time”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the association only indicates that milder and more severe corporal punishment are linked, and that the former may increase the risk that children will also be physically abused.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Alone Is Associated With Detrimental Outcomes, but in Similar Ways to Physical Abuse
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding indicates that methodologically stronger studies did not find significantly smaller effect sizes than methodologically weaker studies, lending more confidence to the findings from the main meta-analyses that include both.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Effect Sizes Are Similar Across Study Characteristics
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“given that a correlational association is a necessary condition for a causal relationship (Shadish et al., 2001), we can conclude that the data are consistent with a conclusion that spanking is associated with undesirable outcomes.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Shadish et al., 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“many researchers have argued that spanking and physical abuse are on a continuum of violence against children, and that spanking can escalate into physical abuse (Straus, 2001)”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Alone Is Associated With Detrimental Outcomes, but in Similar Ways to Physical Abuse
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Straus, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“randomized experiments of spanking are difficult if not ethically impossible to conduct, and thus this shortcoming of the literature will be difficult to correct through future studies.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Randomized experiments of spanking are ethically impossible or difficult to conduct.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As most of the included studies were correlational or retrospective (72%), causal links between spanking and child outcomes cannot be established by these meta-analyses.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Is Associated With Higher Risk for Detrimental Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across study designs, countries, and age groups, spanking has been linked with detrimental outcomes for children, a fact supported by several key methodologically strong studies that isolate the ability of spanking to predict child outcomes over time.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A major concern raised about the spanking literature in general and previous meta-analyses in particular is that their reliance on cross-sectional designs may mask what are truly child-elicitation effects (Baumrind et al., 2002; Ferguson, 2013; Larzelere et al., 2004). In other words, associations between spanking and problematic behavior may reflect the fact that difficult children elicit more sp”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Effect Sizes Are Similar Across Study Characteristics
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“most instances of substantiated physical abuse (75%), like all instances of spanking, begin as responses to children’s misbehavior (Durrant et al., 2006).”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Alone Is Associated With Detrimental Outcomes, but in Similar Ways to Physical Abuse
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Durrant et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across all categories, methodologically stronger study designs identified the same risk for negative outcomes as did weaker study designs, suggesting that the associations between spanking and child outcomes are robust to study design.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Effect Sizes Are Similar Across Study Characteristics
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the mean effect size for all studies from Table 2, d = .33, is closer to the mean effect size for physical abuse in Table 3 than it is to the mean effect size for spanking from these 10 select effect sizes, indicating that spanking and physical abuse have relations with child outcomes that are similar in magnitude and identical in direction.”
§ Spanking and Child Outcomes: Old Controversies and New Meta-Analyses > Discussion > Spanking Alone Is Associated With Detrimental Outcomes, but in Similar Ways to Physical Abuse
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Approximately 80% of children are spanked.
“when extrapolated to the population in which 80% of children are being spanked”
The paper relies on this without support.
Randomized experiments of spanking are ethically impossible or difficult to conduct.
“randomized experiments of spanking are difficult if not ethically impossible to conduct”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The meta-analysis of Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor (2016) found no effect size difference between spanking and physical abuse, demonstrating that both share similar associations with detrimental child outcomes.”
From The evolved nest, oxytocin functioning, and prosocial development (2023) · cites this paper as Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor (2016)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Over a span of five decades, numerous cross-cultural studies, longitudinal investigations (Berlin et al., 2009; Gershoff et al., 2012), and large meta-analyses (Gershoff, 2002; Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor, 2016) provide converging evidence regarding the harmful outcomes, which include depression or depressed mood (Fergusson et al., 2008), antisocial behavior (Straus et al., 1997), substance use, Su”
From The evolved nest, oxytocin functioning, and prosocial development (2023) · cites this paper as Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor (2016)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentz = 14.84reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = 14.84, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
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“Ferguson (2013) analyzed 45 studies; of these, 11 were included in the current meta-analyses.”
BackgroundMethod(2002) · Cited by 13,211
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799
Gershoff, E. T. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.539 · Cited by 2,165 · cited 15×
“The first and most widely cited of the meta-analyses was by Gershoff (2002).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialExposure to childhood sexual and physical abuse and adjustment in early adulthood
Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2008) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.12.018 · Cited by 910 · cited 5×
“…outcomes 2.00 1.00 .00 1.00 2.00 Adult alcohol or substance abuse 2,596 4,796 .13 .08 .35 Baer and Corrado (1974) 93 107 .41 .13 .69 Fergusson, Boden, and Horwood (2008) 341 2,504 .29 .18 .40 Lynch et al. (2006) 576 1,640 .05 .05 .14 Tennant, Detels, and Clark (1975) 1,586 545 .13…”
BackgroundInfluentialHarbord, R. M., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2008) · The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x0800800403 · Cited by 897
Poverty, Parenting, and Children's Mental Health.
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“….12 .04 Lau et al. (2010) 924 2,400 .28 .15 .41 Maguire-Jack, Gromoske, and Berger (2012) 3,870 .11 .05 .18 McKee et al. (2007) 2,582 .19 .11 .27 McLeod and Shanahan (1993) 1,733 .32 .23 .42 Child mental health problems 5,122 1,313 .53 .42 .64 Buehler and Gerard (2002) 1,401 .53 .42…”
InfluentialCommittee on the rights of the child
Vincent, G. (2009) · Docs.school Publications · Cited by 733
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 924
Jayawardena, N. S. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.1108/ijem-06-2020-0325 · Cited by 20
Mental Health, Pop Psychology, and the Misunderstanding of Clinical Psychology
Lack, C. W., & Rousseau, J. (2021) · Comprehensive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00052-2 · Cited by 10
Spanking and externalizing problems: Examining within-subject associations
Pritsker, J. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13701 · Cited by 10
Childhood Maltreatment and Parental Attitudes Regarding the Use of Corporal Punishment
Walker, H. E., Diemer, M. C., & Wamser‐Nanney, R. A. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02279-0 · Cited by 10
“Differences regarding parent’s age, gender, race, and ethnicity should be further explored in future studies, as these factors were found to be covariates in the current study, akin to previous research (Fleckman et al., 2018; Gershoff et al., 2012; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGibson, C. L., & Fagan, A. A. (2018) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764218793689 · Cited by 10
“…the impact of spanking on African American and White children because research has shown greater use of corporal punishment among African American compared with White parents (Berlin et al., 2009; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016a; Lansford, 2010; MacKenzie, Nicklas, Waldfogel, & BrooksGunn, 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPreliminary Support for the Theory of Planned Behavior in Pre-Parent Discipline Intentions
Fleming, T. C., & Borrego, J. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01331-w · Cited by 10
Gershoff, E. T., Goodman, G. S., Miller‐Perrin, C., et al. (2019) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000474 · Cited by 10
Self-citationDiferenças nas práticas parentais de pais e mães e a percepção dos filhos adolescentes
Maia, F. A., & Soares, A. B. (2019) · Estudos Interdisciplinares em Psicologia · doi:10.5433/2236-6407.2019v10n1p59 · Cited by 10
Ambrosio, M. D. G., Lachman, J. M., Zinzer, P., Sacolo-Gwebu, H., Vyas, S., Vallance, I., Calderón, F., Gardner, F. E. M., Markle, L., Stern, D., et al. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/52145 · Cited by 11
Bernal, M. R. G., & Trujillo, Á. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11040384 · Cited by 9
“Furthermore, CP has been linked to consequences for cognitive development and academic performance in children [3].”
BackgroundLarzelere, R. E., Gunnoe, M. L., Pritsker, J., & Ferguson, C. J. (2024) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1080/01494929.2024.2392672 · Cited by 11
“Bivariate associations between physical punishment and a variety of negative outcomes have been demonstrated in two meta-analyses (MAs) by Gershoff (Gershoff, 2002; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016) and one by Paolucci and Violetti (2004).”
Islam, M. M. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02953-5 · Cited by 9
“…behavior in school, lack of acceptance by peers, crime and delinquency, lower intellectual achievement, poorer quality of parent – child relationships, mental health problems (such as depression), and diminished moral internalization (Paul & Eckenrode, 2015; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
Order begins at home: Christian nationalism and control over children
Perry, S. L. (2025) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soaf058 · Cited by 9
Afifi, T. O., & Romano, E. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.08.020 · Cited by 9
McKinney, C., Stearns, M. A., & Rogers, M. M. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104258 · Cited by 9
Peets, K., Hodges, E. V. E., & Kikas, E. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2021.1907753 · Cited by 9
“There is an abundance of research demonstrating positive links between corporal punishment and children’s aggression (Ferguson, 2013; Gershoff, 2002; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialXI. GENERAL DISCUSSION: CHILDREN’S ADJUSTMENT AND ADAPTATION FOLLOWING THE BIRTH OF A SIBLING
Volling, B. L. (2017) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12317 · Cited by 11
Klatt, T., & Kliem, S. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518820675 · Cited by 10
A Bayesian analysis of associations between neighborhoods, spanking and child externalizing behavior
Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C., Castillo, B., Ma, J., Ward, K. P., Lee, S. J., Pace, G. T., & Park, J. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104930 · Cited by 9
Self-citationAn Eriksonian Perspective on Physical Punishment and Its Impacts on Mental Health
Durrant, J. E., & Ensom, R. (2020) · The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child · doi:10.1080/00797308.2020.1690866 · Cited by 9
“…punishment known colloquially and often dismissively as ‘spanking’1 is consistently linked to lower self-esteem, lower moral internalization, weaker relationships with parents, more aggression, and more internalizing and externalizing problems in childhood (Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor 2016).”
BackgroundBeyond Just the Average Effect: Variation in Head Start Treatment Effects on Parenting Behavior
Padilla, C. M. (2020) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858420969691 · Cited by 9
“Given the link between spanking and negative outcomes like aggression and antisocial behavior for children (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016) as well as the potential for spanking to escalate into more serious abuse (Brown et al., 1998; Sedlak et al., 2010; Zolotor et al., 2008), these levels of…”
BackgroundChanging Attitudes about Spanking: a Mixed-Methods Study of a Positive Parenting Intervention
Criss, S., Grant, L., Henderson, N., Sease, K. K., Fumo, M., & Stetler, C. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02039-6 · Cited by 9
Gonzalez, S., Rodriguez, C. M., & Paine, E. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02232-1 · Cited by 11
“Harsh physical discipline is associated with greater child abuse potential and serves as a precursor to child abuse (Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor 2016; King et al. 2018).”
BackgroundTodorovic, K., O’Leary, E. N., Ward, K. P., Devarasetty, P. P., Lee, S. J., Knox, M. S., & Andari, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.883294 · Cited by 11
“Even though we are testing here as proxy indicators of child maltreatment, these indicators are not as distinct from physical maltreatment, but instead related to a continuum form of aggressive acts toward children that can impact child’s development (29).”
BackgroundSevere Youth Violence: Developmental Perspectives Introduction to the Special Section
Malti, T., & Averdijk, M. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12694 · Cited by 9
Chong, C.-H., & Yeo, K. J. (2018) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244018757287 · Cited by 9
Excessive Force and Students with Disabilities: Legal and Practice Considerations
Katsiyannis, A., Counts, J., Adams, S. E., et al. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01327-6 · Cited by 9
Parental Adverse Childhood Experiences and Perpetration of Child Physical Punishment in Wales
Hughes, K. E., Ford, K., Bellis, M. A., & Amos, R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912702 · Cited by 8
Childhood harsh discipline and behavioral problems: The mediating roles of attachment dimensions
Won, Y. Q., Kyeong, Y., & Setoh, P. (2025) · Child Protection and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.chipro.2025.100129 · Cited by 8
Poulsen, A. (2019) · Children Australia · doi:10.1017/cha.2019.17 · Cited by 8
“Research has shown that CP has the potential to develop into child abuse (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; Trocme & Durrant, 2003; Zolotor, Theodore, Chang, Berkoff, & Runyan, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodMartin, A., Muñoz, J. M., Braza, P., Ruiz-Ortiz, R. M., del Puerto‐Golzarri, N., Pascual‐Sagastizábal, E., Azurmendi, A., & Carreras, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.573329 · Cited by 13
Sturge‐Apple, M. L., Jacques, D. T., Davies, P. T., et al. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02127-7 · Cited by 8
Desta, M., Deyessa, N., Hailu, Y., Baye, A., Rodriguez, N., Fish, I., & Garland, A. F. (2022) · International Journal on Child Maltreatment Research Policy and Practice · doi:10.1007/s42448-022-00118-9 · Cited by 9
“…problems, regression of cognitive development, poor academic achievement, and poor interaction with peers and caregivers (Dede Yildirim et al., 2020; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; Lorber et al., 2011; Mackenzie et al., 2012; McKee et al., 2007; Mackenzie et al., 2013; Norman et al., 2012).”
BackgroundCaregiver preferences for physically harsh discipline of children in rural Uganda
Satinsky, E. N., Kakuhikire, B., Baguma, C., Cooper‐Vince, C. E., Rasmussen, J. D., Ashaba, S., Perkins, J. M., Ahereza, P., Ayebare, P., Kim, A. W., et al. (2023) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-023-00536-4 · Cited by 8
“Even if it does not rise to the level of malevolent physical abuse, physically harsh discipline is associated with negative developmental, social, and psychological outcomes (Bender et al. 2007; Cuartas 2021; Durrant and Ensom 2012; Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor 2016; Heilmann et al. 2021).”
Physically Violent Parental Practices: A Cross-Cultural Study in Cameroon, Switzerland, and Togo
Naudin, C., Gatti, V., Kounou, K. B., Bagnéken, C.-O., Marie-Chantale, N., Clément, M., & Brodard, F. (2023) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-023-00564-8 · Cited by 8
“…many negative repercussions on a child’s development and later on an adult’s personality and parenting (Cuartas et al., 2021; Durrant & Ensom, 2017; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; Jaffee & Maikovich-Fong, 2011), the present study aimed to better understand the role played by parent’s childhood…”
BackgroundDong, S., Dong, Q., & Chen, M. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241246001 · Cited by 9
“Violent discipline is the intentional use of physical punishment (e.g., spanking, slapping, beating, and hitting), psychological aggression (e.g., yelling, name-calling and screaming), or abuse with the intent to cause physical or emotional pain (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
Kuhns, C., Cabrera, N., Hennigar, A., West, J., & Acosta, J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04486-2_2 · Cited by 9
Autoritarismus wird salonfähig in Deutschland: Ein Risikofaktor für körperliche Gewalt gegen Kinder?
Clemens, V., Decker, O., Plener, P. L., Brähler, E., & Fegert, J. M. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000684 · Cited by 8
Building a Safe and Healthy America: Eliminating Corporal Punishment via Positive Parenting
Hornor, G., Quinones, S. G., Boudreaux, D., Bretl, D., Chapman, E., Chiocca, E. M., Donnell, C., Herendeen, P., Kahn, D., Loyke, J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2019.09.008 · Cited by 8
Kallitsoglou, A., & Repana, V. (2021) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632752.2021.1984192 · Cited by 8
Role of maternal emotion in child maltreatment risk during the COVID-19 pandemic
Rodriguez, C. M., & Lee, S. J. (2022) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-022-00379-5 · Cited by 9
“For example, parents who engage in physical discipline are more likely to become physically abusive given robust links between both forms of parent-child aggression (Afifi et al., 2017; Durrant et al., 2009; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; Rodriguez, 2010).”
BackgroundZhang, Y., Liu, J., Chen, L., Yang, T., Luo, X., Cui, X., Wu, S., He, Y., & Lu, J. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106470 · Cited by 8
Moral Disengagement and the Propensity to Endorse Physical Punishment Practices
Houwing, F., & Bussey, K. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0643-y · Cited by 8
Miller‐Perrin, C., & Rush, R. (2018) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/law0000184 · Cited by 8
“…surrounding the use of spanking as a disciplinary technique and provide practice guidelines on this issue given these shifts in attitudes combined with the preponderance of research suggesting that the outcomes associated with spanking are harmful to children (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPsychometric Evaluation of a Brief Assessment of Parents’ Disciplinary Alternatives
Rodriguez, C. M., Wittig, S. M. O., & Christl, M.-E. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01387-8 · Cited by 7
Impact of education about physical punishment of children on the attitudes of future physicians
Dynes, M. E., Knox, M. S., Hunter, K. E., et al. (2019) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2019.1678472 · Cited by 8
“In a recent meta-analysis, Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor (2016) found a significant relationship between PP and physical abuse, with a medium to large effect size (d = .64).”
BackgroundEvaluating a No Hit Zone program and provider interventions at an urban academic pediatric practice
Bertero, E., Irons, L. B., Flatin, H., Vazifedan, T., & Harrington, J. W. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105322 · Cited by 8
Parsons, A. M., Heyman, R. E., Mitnick, D. M., & Slep, A. M. S. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815493-9.00008-9 · Cited by 10
Examining the Longitudinal Effect of Spanking on Young Latinx Child Behavior Problems
O’Gara, J. L., Calzada, E. J., LaBrenz, C. A., & Barajas-Gonzalez, R. G. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01818-x · Cited by 8
“…scholars remain polarized in two schools of thought: those who consider spanking to negatively influence child development (e.g., Afifi et al. 2017; Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor 2016; Gershoff 2013), and those who consider spanking to be an effective form of discipline, with no clear negative or…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialShimada, K., Kasaba, R., Yao, A., & Tomoda, A. (2019) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-019-0333-9 · Cited by 8
'Bad Apple' Peer Effects in Elementary Classrooms: The Case of Corporal Punishment in the HomePreprint
Le, K., & Nguyen, M. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3306888 · Cited by 8
Spanking and executive functioning in US children: A longitudinal analysis on a matched sample
Kang, J., & Rodriguez, C. M. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106474 · Cited by 8
Status (in)consistency in education and violent parenting practices towards children
Pesando, L. M., Cao, E. D., Mattina, G. L., & Ciancio, A. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116954 · Cited by 7
Exposure to Violence and Mental Health Outcomes Among Pre-schoolers in a South African Birth Cohort
Tsunga, L., Heron, J., Lake, M. T., Halligan, S. L., Malcolm‐Smith, S., Hoffman, N., Zar, H. J., Fraser, A., Stein, D. J., & Donald, K. A. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01211-y · Cited by 9
“…and externalising behaviour problems), many studies have established childhood domestic victimisation as a risk factor for mental health problems in school-going children, adolescents and adults (Carr et al., 2020; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; Li et al., 2016; Vibhakar et al., 2019).”
BackgroundPredictors of Young Adults' Primal World Beliefs in Eight Countries
Lansford, J. E., Gorla, L., Rothenberg, W. A., Bornstein, M. H., Chang, L., Clifton, J. D. W., Deater-Deckard, K. D., Giunta, L. D., Dodge, K. A., Gurdal, S., et al. (2025) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14233 · Cited by 8
Coughlan, B., Duschinsky, R., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Bakkum, L., Skinner, G. C. M., Markham, A., Beckwith, H., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2026) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.70081 · Cited by 10
Mayisela, S. (2021) · South African Journal of Education · doi:10.15700/saje.v41n4a1968 · Cited by 7
“For many decades, corporal punishment was favoured as a more effective method of discipline compared to the rest, even though studies suggest that it does more harm than good in the long run (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; Mayisela, 2017).”
Psychometric Evidence for Indirect Assessment of Child Abuse Risk in Child Welfare-Involved Mothers
Rodriguez, C. M., & Silvia, P. J. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9050711 · Cited by 7
Spanking and children's early academic skills: Strengthening causal estimates
Kang, J. (2022) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2022.05.005 · Cited by 10
Lingering shadows of childhood corporal punishment: Family trajectories across decades
Luo, M. (2024) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.13047 · Cited by 7
Choo, C., Cheung, H. S., Lim, E., et al. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-025-03014-1 · Cited by 7
“However, rather than curbing aggression, research has shown that physical punishment is consistently associated with increased child aggression (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
Oliveira‐Ramos, F., Pereira, A. I., Marques, T., & Barros, L. (2019) · Análise Psicológica · doi:10.14417/ap.1571 · Cited by 7
“In addition, a recent meta-analysis conducted by Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor (2016) revealed that parental physical discipline was associated with more children’ externalizing problems, internalizing problems and negative relationships with parents.”
BackgroundD’Souza, S., Underwood, L., Peterson, E. R., Buckley, J., Morton, S., & Waldie, K. E. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01404-w · Cited by 7
Children's Human Rights and Social Work Advocacy: “Lawful Correction”
Saunders, B. J. (2019) · Australian Social Work · doi:10.1080/0312407x.2019.1590611 · Cited by 7
Openness to the World by Fathers and Mothers of Preschoolers in Two-parent Families
Koltermann, J. P., de Souza, C. D., Bueno, R. K., Paraventi, L., & Vieira, M. L. (2019) · Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.1590/1982-4327e2934 · Cited by 7
“The low score for Punishment reported by participants can be considered a protective factor for children, as the literature points to a positive relation between corporal punishment and problems of child behavior and throughout development (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
BackgroundRodriguez, C. M., Silvia, P. J., Lee, S. J., & Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211020114 · Cited by 7
“…physical abuse are all established contributors to an array of short-term and long-term clinical problems (Coley et al., 2014; Font & Berger, 2015; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; Maneta et al., 2017; Rodriguez, 2006; Sousa et al., 2018), underscoring the need for advances in assessment that…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMcGuier, E. A., Kolko, D. J., & Dubowitz, H. (2021) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2021.101635 · Cited by 7
Kirika, A., & Hecker, T. (2022) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000525241 · Cited by 7
Rodriguez, C. M., Lee, S. J., & Ward, K. P. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105954 · Cited by 8
Factors associated with family function in school children: Case-control study
Carvajal, A. B., Urrego, Á. M. J., Gutierrez-Posso, A. G., Mario, C.-F., & Hernández-Carrillo, M. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14595 · Cited by 7
“Physical punishment shows a negative relationship with family functioning, explained in its negative results for mental health, which intervenes in the recognition of oneself and others, a necessary aspect in social cognition for the maintenance of healthy interpersonal relationships camp [48,49]; physical punishment…”
ResultProfiles of Children’s Thinking About Violence in Families Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence
Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C., Stein, S. F., Clark, H. M., Galano, M. M., & Graham‐Bermann, S. A. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0787-4 · Cited by 7
Self-citationChildren's experiences with an intervention aimed to prevent further physical abuse
Thulin, J., Kjellgren, C., & Nilsson, D. K. (2018) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12476 · Cited by 7
Childhood: Cognitive Development
Miller, S. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190874513.003.0006 · Cited by 8
García, A. I. L., Scharpf, F., Hoeffler, A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.797267 · Cited by 7
Adolescent’s time use and skills development: Do cognitive and non-cognitive skills differ?
Hoorani, B. H., Krishnakumar, J., & Anand, P. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271374 · Cited by 7
“The negative effects of corporal punishment on a child’s mental and physical health is well accepted [18, 72, 73].”
BackgroundRagavan, M. I., Griffith, K. N., Bair‐Merritt, M. H., et al. (2019) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-018-2660-5 · Cited by 7
“Additionally, a plethora of research has shown that spanking may negatively impact parent–child bonding and children’s mental and physical health (AAP 1998; Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor 2016; Taylor et al. 2010).”
BackgroundMama Knows (and Does) Best: Maternal Schooling Opportunities and Child Development in Indonesia
Nakajima, N., Hasan, A., & Rangel, M. A. (2020) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-9355 · Cited by 7
“See Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor (2016) for a review and Putnick et al. (2012) for an analysis of data from a cross-section of countries.”
BackgroundZhang, G., & Zhu, Y. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10061054 · Cited by 6
“A recent meta-analysis revealed that parental physical aggression has a negative effect on a child’s physical and social development and can result in mental health problems throughout the child’s lifespan [21].”
BackgroundQiu, Y., Li, M., Shi, H., Zhao, C., Du, Y., Wang, X., & Zhang, J. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18394-0 · Cited by 6
“The negative impacts of such discipline can persist throughout their lifetime [9, 10].”
BackgroundNadan, Y., & Roer‐Strier, D. (2020) · Child maltreatment · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44278-1_17 · Cited by 8
Baldwin, R., Dhinsa, T., de Andrade, D., Coomber, K., Curtis, A., Wells, S. L., Ferris, J., Puljević, C., Hyder, S., Litherland, S., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316259 · Cited by 6
“The distinction between CCP and physical abuse is argued to be one of legality rather than difference, due to their rate of co-occurrence [13,15] and similar adverse outcomes in adulthood, such as mental health disorders (e.”
BackgroundDuong, H. T., & Sirohi, A. (2023) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2023.2193754 · Cited by 6
“…findings suggest that CP is associated with increased mental health problems, aggressive and antisocial behaviors, lower moral internalization, lower cognitive development and self-esteem, and more negative parent-child interactions (Gershoff et al., 2012; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialTowards ending corporal punishment in African countries: Experiences from Tanzania
Kalolo, J. F., & Kapinga, O. S. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102839 · Cited by 6
Corporal Punishment: The Global Picture
Stewart-Tufescu, A. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Children s Rights / Revue canadienne des droits des enfants · doi:10.22215/cjcr.v10i1.4373 · Cited by 6
Fakunmoju, S. B. (2024) · Journal of Education Society and Behavioural Science · doi:10.9734/jesbs/2024/v37i11293 · Cited by 6
Spare the Rod?: College Students’ Experiences with and Perceptions of Corporal Punishment
Policastro, C. N., Rush, Z., Garland, T. S., & Crittenden, C. A. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02806-1 · Cited by 8
“…but not limited to depression, delinquency, adult offending, aggression, and weak parent/child bonding (Berlin et al., 2009; Gershoff, 2002; Gershoff, 2010; Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; Gunnoe & Mariner, 1997; Kandel, 1990; Pagani et al., 2004; Simons et al., 2013; Straus & Paschall, 2009).”
Predictors of Corporal Punishment during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Sege, R. D., Purdue, E. L., Burstein, D., Niolon, P. H., Price, L. L., Chen, Y., Swedo, E. A., Hurley, T. P., Prasad, K., & Klika, J. B. (2024) · Pediatric Reports · doi:10.3390/pediatric16020026 · Cited by 6
“The results of a recent meta-analysis suggested that outcomes for children who experienced physical abuse and CP were similar [7].”
ResultNuñez-Talero, D. V., Bernal, M. R. G., & Trujillo, Á. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11050608 · Cited by 7
“Notably, no research has established any positive effects of physical punishment [26], and a broad spectrum of literature further confirms its ineffectiveness as a disciplinary measure [28,36–38].”
BackgroundWard, K. P., Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C., Ma, J., Pace, G. T., Lee, S. J., & Davis-Kean, P. E. (2024) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14152 · Cited by 6
“…behavior using parental physical aggression, such as slapping, hitting, and yelling, has been shown to harm children's cognitive development and increase child aggressive and antisocial behaviors (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016; MacKenzie et al., 2013; Straus et al., 1998; Ward et al., 2021).”
InfluentialSelf-citationCurtis, A., Harries, T., Skvarc, D., Guala, T., Enticott, P. G., & Miller, P. G. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107094 · Cited by 6
Parenting Risk and Protective Factors in the Development of Conduct Problems in Seven Countries
Lansford, J. E., Godwin, J. W., Rothenberg, W. A., Alampay, L. P., Al‐Hassan, S. M., Bacchini, D., Bornstein, M. H., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K. D., Giunta, L. D., et al. (2024) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-024-01743-1 · Cited by 9
“For example, meta-analyses have established that parental rejection (in contrast to warmth; Khaleque & Ali, 2017), psychological control (Yan et al., 2020), and physical punishment (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016) are risk factors for conduct problems across cultures.”
Stein, S. F., Prakken, K., Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C., Galano, M. M., Clark, H. M., & Graham‐Bermann, S. A. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520958630 · Cited by 6
“Employing a single item to measure spanking is common in research on physical punishment, particularly because spanking is a more normative parenting behavior that is conceptually distinct from less normative forms of physical punishment (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationClément, M., Dufour, S., Gagné, M., et al. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104766 · Cited by 6
Corporal Punishment: From Ancient History to Global Progress
Durrant, J. E. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89999-2_13 · Cited by 7
Francis, T., Packer, D., & Baker‐Henningham, H. (2022) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.13074 · Cited by 6
Mann, F. D., DeYoung, C. G., Tiberius, V., & Krueger, R. F. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103880 · Cited by 5
Parents Who Physically Abuse: Current Status and Future Directions
Rodriguez, C. M., & Pu, D. F. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62122-7_183-1 · Cited by 6
Parenting Dimensions and Adolescent Peer Aggression: A Gendered Analysis
Montero-Montero, D., López-Martínez, P., Martínez–Ferrer, B., & Ruiz, D. M. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12166522 · Cited by 6
“Nonetheless, other studies indicated that high levels of strictness and imposition are related to higher levels of both peer aggression (overt and relational) and victimization [22,33,37,44].”
BackgroundImpact of corporal punishment on victims’ future violent behavior in extracurricular sports
Takahashi, K., Ozawa, E., & Harizuka, S. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04903 · Cited by 6
“Most previous research on CP has focused on the perpetration of parental CP (Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor, 2016); therefore, there is a current need to accumulate research on the use of CP at school.”
BackgroundAbbas, N., Butt, B. I., & Ashiq, U. (2020) · Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies · doi:10.26710/jbsee.v6i4.1466 · Cited by 6
“Another term “spanking” is also found in literature which means “hitting a child on their buttocks or extremities using an open hand” (Gershoff & Grogan-Kaylor, 2016, pg. 453) However, in Human Rights Activists’ vision, corporal punishment is a torture.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Family Psychology
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 453-469
- ISSN
- 0893-3200 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1293
- PMC
- PMC7992110
- OpenAlex
- W2325391559
- Semantic Scholar
- 0d03a2e9f085f0a268b4c0a52f5ac31c17a3e5f3
- Cited by
- 931
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 97 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 80 · 2016: 18
- FWCI
- 125.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Family Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD042849)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Keywords
- spanking, corporal punishment, child outcomes, physical abuse, effect size, child development
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Child, Child Abuse, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Punishment, Research Design, Parenting
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