Longitudinal associations between trait neuroticism and negative daily experiences in adolescence.
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Abstract
It is well established that trait neuroticism bears strong links with negative affect and interpersonal problems. The goal of this study was to examine the longitudinal associations between neuroticism and daily experiences of negative affect and interpersonal problems during the developmentally important period of adolescence. Dutch adolescents and their best friends (N = 1,046) completed up to 6 yearly personality trait questionnaires and up to 15 between-year assessment bursts between the ages 13 and 18. During each assessment burst, participants reported on 5 consecutive days about their experiences of negative affect and interpersonal conflict with their mother and their best friend. We estimated a series of multilevel random-intercept cross-lagged panel models to differentiate covariance at the level of constant between-person differences from dynamic processes that occurred within persons. At the level of constant between-person differences, higher neuroticism was associated with more negative daily experiences. At the within-person level, yearly changes in neuroticism were bidirectionally and positively associated with yearly changes in daily negative affect. The most parsimonious, best fitting models did not contain a random intercept for daily conflict with friend and adolescents' contingency between daily experiences of conflict with mother and negative affect. Rank-order differences in these variables were positively associated with subsequent within-person changes in neuroticism. We discuss these results with regard to endogenous versus dynamic theories of personality development and the value of using a differentiated statistical approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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A recent study that examined adolescent neuroticism and daily experiences provides evidence that neurotic individuals perceive everyday stimuli as more negative than less neurotic individuals.
“A recent study that examined adolescent neuroticism and daily experiences provides evidence that neurotic individuals perceive everyday stimuli as more negative (Borghuis et al., 2020) than less neurotic individuals.”
From Adolescent Loneliness and Negative Affect during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Extraversion and Neuroticism (2023) · cites this paper as Borghuis et al., 2020
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Israel, A., Brandt, N. D., Spengler, M., Göllner, R., Lüdtke, O., Trautwein, U., & Wagner, J. (2022) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070211062326 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“In adolescence, the three personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness are particularly likely to contribute to subjective well-being (Borghuis et al., 2020; Garcia, 2011; Grav et al., 2012; Moreira et al., 2015; Suldo et al., 2015; Weber & Huebner, 2015).”
BackgroundAdvancing a Three-Tier Personality Framework for Posttraumatic Growth
Weststrate, N. M., Jayawickreme, E., & Wrzus, C. (2021) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070211062327 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“For example, repeated conflicts with friends and higher negative emotions were linked to longitudinal increases in neuroticism among adolescents over the ages of 13–18 (Borghuis et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe Policy Relevance of Personality TraitsPreprint
Bleidorn, W., Hill, P. L., Back, M. D., Denissen, J. J. A., Hennecke, M., Hopwood, C. J., Jokela, M. M., Kandler, C., Lucas, R. E., Luhmann, M., et al. (2019) · American Psychologist · doi:10.31234/osf.io/a9rbn · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationToward a Theory of Lifespan Personality Trait Development
Bleidorn, W. (2024) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-010923-101709 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological richness offers a third path to a good life
Oishi, S., & Westgate, E. C. (2025) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2025.04.002 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Srivastava, S., & Bajpai, L. (2021) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-10-2019-0548 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
RetractedThe Relationship Between Negative Affect, State Mindfulness, and the Role of Personality
Karl, J. A., & Fischer, R. D. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01989-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Threat monitoring is a core motivational function of the BIS (Mathews & Mackintosh, 1998) and an important behavioral component of Neuroticism (Borghuis et al., 2020; Drabant et al., 2011; Norris et al., 2007; Robinson et al., 2007), with individuals high on either of the personality traits spending more time monitori…”
BackgroundStudent well-being, perceived teacher error management, and perceived teacher justice
Hascher, T., & Morinaj, J. (2024) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2024.101901 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
den Boer, L., Klimstra, T. A., Branje, S., Meeus, W., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2019) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2218 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Resolving the emotional distress caused by the transition might be associated with personal growth (Marcia, 2010; Waterman, 2007), whereas experiencing more negative effects has been shown to predict increases in neuroticism (Borghuis et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWhole Trait Theory puts dynamics at the core of structure
Fleeson, W., & Jayawickreme, E. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813995-0.00021-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Happy Days: Resolving the Structure of Daily Subjective Well-Being, Between and Within Individuals
Busseri, M. A., & Newman, D. B. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506221125416 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…popular as a means to study a variety of topics of interest to social and personality psychologists (e.g., personality and life experiences, e.g., Borghuis et al., 2020; personality and physical health, e.g., Luo et al., 2022; self-esteem and social relationships, e.g., de Moor et al., 2021; and…”
BackgroundThe evolution of personality disorders: A review of proposals
Gutiérrez, F., & Valdesoiro‐Pulido, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1110420 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Highly neurotic people experience more negative life events, which in turn reinforce their neuroticism (311).”
BackgroundPositive Daily Experiences Are Associated with Personality Trait Changes in Middle–Aged Mothers
Borghuis, J., Denissen, J. J. A., Sijtsma, K., Branje, S., Meeus, W., & Bleidorn, W. (2018) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2178 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationTaverner, J., Vivancos, E., & Botti, V. J. (2020) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2020.08.006 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Which comes first? Modeling the longitudinal association between mindfulness and neuroticism
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Longitudinal relationship between psychological distress and personality traits
Joshanloo, M. (2023) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3305 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Social microclimates and well-being.
Courtney, A. L., Baltiansky, D., Fang, W. M., Roshanaei, M., Aybas, Y. C., Samuels, N. A., Wetchler, E., Wu, Z., Jackson, M. O., & Zaki, J. (2023) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001277 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ruiz‐Guillén, A., González‐Olmo, M. J., Peñacoba, C., & Maroto, M. R. (2020) · The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal · doi:10.1177/1055665620965114 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This trait has been shown to be associated with physical and mental illness (Andrés et al., 2016; Borghuis et al., 2019; Tian et al., 2019).”
BackgroundBleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., Back, M. D., Denissen, J. J. A., Hennecke, M., Jokela, M. M., Kandler, C., Lucas, R. E., Luhmann, M., Orth, U., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/krfw9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationBülow, A., Boele, S., Lougheed, J. P., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/k2d5s · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationAndresen, P. K., Schuurman, N. K., & Hamaker, E. L. (2024) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2024.104528 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Yao, S., Xu, M., & Sun, L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20064908 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“A longitudinal study found that higher neuroticism was associated with more negative daily experiences [52], and another study also supported that negative daily experiences were associated with mental health [53].”
BackgroundGniewosz, G. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01808-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“A recent study that examined adolescent neuroticism and daily experiences provides evidence that neurotic individuals perceive everyday stimuli as more negative (Borghuis et al., 2020) than less neurotic individuals.”
BackgroundPurborini, N., Lee, M., & Chang, H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312326 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“We identified that adolescent and young adult participants with higher neuroticism exhibited higher levels of NA, which is consistent with previous studies [46,47].”
ResultChapter 1. Theoretical Models of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Fonagy, P., Hepworth, M., & Campbell, C. (2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615375233.gg01 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bülow, A., van Roekel, E., Boele, S., Denissen, J. J. A., & Keijsers, L. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bncxv · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationKüchler, G., Borgdorf, K. S. A., Aguilar‐Raab, C., Bleidorn, W., Wagner, J., & Wrzus, C. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00350-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, Y., Huebner, E. S., Liu, W., & Tian, L. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106797 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Exploring dynamic relationships between employees’ personalities and psychosocial work factors
Askim, K., Czajkowski, N. O., & Knardahl, S. (2021) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2021.1912016 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Leikas, S., Lahti‐Pulkkinen, M., & Räikkönen, K. (2022) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070221098908 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Furthermore, we note that a substantial body of evidence shows that high-Neuroticism individuals report more stress—especially interpersonal stress—in their daily lives (e.g. Bolger & Schilling, 1991; Borghuis et al., 2020; Gunthert et al., 1999).”
BackgroundCONSUMO DE ALCOHOL Y RASGOS DE ANSIEDAD Y DEPRESIÓN EN ADOLESCENTES ESCOLARIZADOS
Higareda-Sánchez, J. J., Aragón, S. R., Martínez, L. M. R., Galaz, M. M. F., & Palencia, A. R. (2021) · African journal of rhetoric · doi:10.21134/haaj.v21i2.560 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wieczorek, L. L., Utesch, K., Grund, S., & Wagner, J. (2023) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070231215375 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“First, two ESM studies found that the association between neuroticism and higher levels of momentary negative affect could also be established in large sample of Dutch adolescents (Borghuis et al., 2020) and among adolescents with depressive symptoms (Boele et al., 2022).”
InfluentialAndresen, P. K., Schuurman, N. K., & Hamaker, E. L. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/nqseu · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Baumert, A., Maltese, S., & Lischetzke, T. (2023) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070231157451 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
How to Model Ambulatory Assessments Measured at Different Frequencies: An N = 1 Approach
Berkhout, S. W., Schuurman, N. K., & Hamaker, E. L. (2025) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2025.2552303 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…studies with grossly differing measurement frequencies for various processes of interest are: yearly neuroticism and daily negative affect measures (Borghuis et al., 2020); EMA measures of mood with weekly standardized tests of manic and depressive symptoms (Bos et al., 2022); EMA measures of…”
Renger, D., Krys, S., & Martiny, S. E. (2025) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2025.2585408 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…(CLPM) and offers several advantages: it is easy to use with any SEM software, it tends to fit data (much) better than the traditional CLPM (e.g., Borghuis et al., 2020), and it addresses common concerns among researchers about the limitations of the traditional CLPM (e.g., Lucas, 2023; Mulder &…”
Lian, Y., Zhang, W., He, T., Wang, Y., & Lin, X. (2024) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12535 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Groen, R. N., Wigman, J. T. W., Vos, M., Schreuder, M. J., Wichers, M., & Hartman, C. A. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13953 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hu, W., & Lin, C. (2024) · International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences · doi:10.1108/ijqss-09-2024-0137 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Personality, Intelligence, and Academic Achievement: Charting their Developmental InterplayPreprint
Bardach, L., Hübner, N., Nagengast, B., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/aqwpn · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Individual differences in the forms of personality trait trajectoriesPreprint
Wright, A. J., & Jackson, J. J. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jvm54 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Translating psychological verbal theories into formal models of change with differential equationsPreprint
Chen, M., Batra, R., Beck, E. D., & Ferrer, E. E. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kqyxa · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jovanović, V., & Šakan, D. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06829-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…with adverse life outcomes in adoles - cence, such as increased stress and stressful events (Metts et al., 2021), internalizing disorders (Griffith et al., 2010 ), health-risk behaviors (Singh, 2022 ), and daily experiences of negative affect and interpersonal problems (Borghuis et al., 2020 ).”
Karababa, B., NAMLI, S., Yılmaz, E., Savaş, B. Ç., & Bedir, F. (2024) · Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.18506/anemon.1481806 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Choi, B., & Park, S. (2025) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.70091 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Stress and Internalizing Problems in Adolescents: A Dynamic Longitudinal Analysis
Ćavar, F., Ribar, M., Šupe‐Domić, D., Dumanić, P., & Milas, G. (2025) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm15120612 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This suggests that the relationship may be driven by a stable underlying factor—potentially neuroticism—which has been linked to interpersonal difficulties [58].”
Culpin, I., Pearson, R., Wright, N., Stein, A., Bornstein, M. H., Fredriksen, E., Evans, J., Miller, T., Dermott, E., Heron, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120855 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Steinsbekk, S., Wichstrøm, L., & von Soest, T. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672251396595 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kłosowska, J., & Prochwicz, K. (2026) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2026.152715 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tan, R., & Ashwin, C. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291726 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“response to unexpected changes in routines and circumstances, resulting in the positive relationship between autistic traits and neuroticism [33].”
BackgroundNeuroticism and Executive Functioning Deficits: The Moderating Role of Negative Urgency
Hart, W., Castagna, P. J., & Wahlers, D. E. (2025) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941251315655 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
I Think You Might Like Me: Emergence and Change of Meta-Liking in Initial Social InteractionsPreprint
Bleckmann, E., Rau, R., Carlson, E. N., & Wagner, J. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/r26jz · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos e Autolesão Não Suicida
Kamazaki, D. F., Gorelik, V. B., Motta, P. A. C., & Dias, A. C. G. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Terapia Comportamental e Cognitiva · doi:10.31505/rbtcc.v23i1.1559
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“The few existing within-individual investigations also reported a positive association between affective experiences and neuroticism (Borghuis et al., 2019; Judge et al., 2014; Wrzus & Roberts, 2017), and experimental evidence also suggests that state neuroticism may be causally linked with…”
Kiel, L., Lind, M., Nissen, A. T., Bleidorn, W., & Hopwood, C. (2024) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2024.104546 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Neuroticism reflects the extent to which an individual is emotionally reactive and experiences negative emotions and is associated with impaired social functioning in general (Borghuis et al., 2020; Jeronimus et al., 2014).”
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Heightened Affective Reactivity Is Associated With More-Severe Symptoms of Emotional Disorders
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Personality dynamics and trait change on the year abroad
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“These findings suggest that depressive symptoms may co-occur with broader patterns of unfavorable behavioral, personality, and motivational characteristics rather than being associated with a single isolated factor (Borghuis et al., 2020; Woo et al., 2018).”
Blasco‐Belled, A., Alsinet, C., Walczak, D., & Rogoza, R. (2026) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070261484232
- Authors
- Borghuis, J., Bleidorn, W., Sijtsma, K., Branje, S., Meeus, W. H. J., & Denissen, J. J. A.
- Affiliations
- Tilburg University (NL)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 118
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 348-363
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2901457407
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 10.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (GB-MAGW 480-03-005, GB-MAGW 480-08-006, GB-MAGW 481-08-014, 024.001.003)
- Sponsor name not included
- Vrije Universiteit
- University Amsterdam
- Utrecht University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- trait neuroticism, negative affect, interpersonal conflict, adolescence, everyday experience, mother-adolescent conflict, peer conflict, within-person change, between-person differences, personality development, best friends
- MeSH terms
- Neuroticism, Adolescent, Affect, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Netherlands, Surveys and Questionnaires, Friends, Family Conflict
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