Processes of Personality Development in Adulthood: The TESSERA Framework

Wrzus, Cornelia; Roberts, Brent W.

doi:10.1177/1088868316652279

Cited by 560Personality Traits and PsychologyEgo Development and Educational PracticesIdentity, Memory, and Therapy

Processes of Personality Development in Adulthood: The TESSERA Framework

Wrzus, Cornelia, Roberts, Brent W.·2017·Personality and Social Psychology Review

DOI 10.1177/1088868316652279

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Abstract

The current article presents a theoretical framework of the short- and long-term processes underlying personality development throughout adulthood. The newly developed TESSERA framework posits that long-term personality development occurs due to repeated short-term, situational processes. These short-term processes can be generalized as recursive sequence of Triggering situations, Expectancy, States/State expressions, and Reactions (TESSERA). Reflective and associative processes on TESSERA sequences can lead to personality development (i.e., continuity and lasting changes in explicit and implicit personality characteristics and behavioral patterns). We illustrate how the TESSERA framework facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of normative and differential personality development at various ages during the life span. The TESSERA framework extends previous theories by explicitly linking short- and long-term processes of personality development, by addressing different manifestations of personality, and by being applicable to different personality characteristics, for example, behavioral traits, motivational orientations, or life narratives.

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The TESSERA framework proposes that motivation and reflective processes are the primary mechanisms for inducing personality change.
“For example, the TESSERA framework (Wrzus & Roberts, 2017) proposes that motivation (e.g., intentions, goals) and reflective processes (e.g., self-reflection, self-narration) are the primary mech anisms for inducing personality change.”
From Self and identity in personality psychology (2021) · cites this paper as Wrzus & Roberts, 2017
Self-determined plans and activities may result in change in personality traits, albeit usually modest change.
“Their self determined plans and activities may indeed result in change in personality traits, albeit usually modest change (Hennecke et al., 2014;Wrzus & Roberts, 2017).”
From Self and identity in personality psychology (2021) · cites this paper as Wrzus & Roberts, 2017
The TESSERA framework is the first to explicitly detail specific short- and long-term processes underlying personality trait development.
“The TESSERA framework (Triggering situations, Expectancy, States/State expressions, and Reactions) is the first to explicitly detail specific short-and long-term processes underlying personality trait development (Wrzus & Roberts, 2017).”
From Self‐esteem development and life events: A review and integrative process framework (2022) · cites this paper as Wrzus & Roberts, 2017
The Whole-Trait Theory and the TESSERA framework propose that states manifest as an interaction of traits with specific situations.
“The Whole-Trait Theory (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015) and the TESSERA framework (Wrzus & Roberts, 2017) proposed that states are manifesting as an interaction of traits with specific situations.”
From Investigating state and trait aspects of resilience using Generalizability theory (2024) · cites this paper as Wrzus & Roberts, 2017

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“If more personality-congruent situations are sought in middle adulthood and elicit trait-relevant states, associative processes related to habit formation could further contribute to greater personality continuity (Rothman et al., 2009; W. Wood & Neal, 2007).”
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The cumulative continuity model of personality development: Striking a balance between continuity and change in personality traits across the life course
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Life Events and Personality Trait Change.
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Integrating Personality Structure, Personality Process, and Personality Development
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Post‐traumatic growth as positive personality change: Challenges, opportunities, and recommendations
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Becoming More Conscientious or More Open to Experience? Effects of a Two–Week Smartphone–Based Intervention for Personality Change
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Going Beyond Traits: Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Skills Matter for Adolescents’ Success
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Change in mental health symptoms during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The role of appraisals and daily life experiences
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Authentic Leadership and Service Innovative Behavior: Mediating Role of Proactive Personality
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The Nonlinear Interaction of Person and Situation (Nips) Model: Theory and Empirical Evidence
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Explaining the longitudinal interplay of personality and social relationships in the laboratory and in the field: The PILS and the CONNECT study
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Character Strengths and Job Satisfaction: Differential Relationships Across Occupational Groups and Adulthood
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Narrative Review and Analysis of the Use of “Lifestyle” in Health Psychology
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Life events sometimes alter the trajectory of personality development: Effect sizes for 25 life events estimated using a large, frequently assessed sample
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The codevelopment of extraversion and friendships: Bonding and behavioral interaction mechanisms in friendship networks.
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Personality Changes Predict Early Career Outcomes: Discovery and Replication in 12-Year Longitudinal Studies
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Longitudinal Pathways From Shyness in Early Childhood to Personality in Adolescence: Do Peers Matter?
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Extraversion in sport: a scoping review
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Experience sampling and daily diary studies: Basic concepts, designs, and challenges
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The Enriching Interplay between Openness and Interest: A Theoretical Elaboration of the OFCI Model and a First Empirical Test
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Relating Neuroticism to Emotional Exhaustion: A Dynamic Approach to Personality
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Personality Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood: A Study of Age Differences
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Higher well-being is related to reduced affective reactivity to positive events in daily life.
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Walking a security tightrope: relationship-induced changes in attachment security
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Stability and Change in Self–Control during the Transition to Parenthood
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Equilibria in Personality States: A Conceptual Primer for Dynamics in Personality States
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Unraveling the complex relationship between work transitions and self-esteem and life satisfaction.
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Cross-sectional age differences in 24 character strengths: Five meta-analyses from early adolescence to late adulthood
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Climbing the corporate ladder and within-person changes in narcissism: Reciprocal relationships over two decades
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Self-esteem and satisfaction with social relationships across time.
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Subjective experiences of life events match individual differences in personality development.
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Situational Judgment Tests as a method for measuring personality: Development and validity evidence for a test of Dependability
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Appreciation that inspires: The impact of leader trait gratitude on team innovation
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Processes of personality development: An update of the TESSERA framework
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Processes of personality development: An update of the TESSERA framework
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Daily life processes predict long-term development in explicit and implicit representations of Big Five traits: Testing predictions from the TESSERA (Triggering situations, Expectancies, States and State Expressions, and ReActions) framework.
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Self-citation
Personality Development in Adulthood and Old Age☆
Allemand, M., Aschwanden, D., Martin, A., & Grünenfelder‐Steiger, A. E. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.06518-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Personality Development in Adulthood: The Role of Life Transitions, Goals to Change Personality, and Momentary Processes
Quintus, M. (2019) · Gutenberg Open Science · doi:10.25358/openscience-4823
Personality development in adulthood: the broad picture and processes in one longitudinal sample
(2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315812175-11 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Authors: Wrzus, C., & Roberts, B. W.
Affiliations: Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Corresponding author: Wrzus, Cornelia
ORCID: Wrzus, Cornelia
Roberts, Brent W.
Venue: Personality and Social Psychology Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2016-06-02
Volume: 21
Issue: 3
Pages: 253-277
ISSN: 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
1532-7957
DOI: 10.1177/1088868316652279
OpenAlex: W2415578067
Cited by: 559
References: 247
Citations by year: 2026: 56 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 4
FWCI: 42.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Society for Personality and Social Psychology
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Ego Development and Educational Practices
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Keywords: personality development, adulthood, expectancy, personality continuity, behavioral characteristics, motivational orientation, life stories
MeSH terms: Humans, Individuality, Models, Psychological, Motivation, Personality, Personality Development, Personality Disorders, Personality Inventory, Self Concept

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Processes of Personality Development in Adulthood: The TESSERA Framework

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