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The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory
Abstract
By repeating words 'in our head', verbal material (such as telephone numbers) can be kept in working memory almost indefinitely. This 'articulatory loop' includes a subvocal rehearsal system and a phonological store. Little is known about neural correlates of this model of verbal short-term memory. We therefore measured regional cerebral blood flow, an index of neuronal activity, in volunteers performing a task engaging both components of the articulatory loop (short-term memory for letters) and a task which engages only the subvocal rehearsal system (rhyming judgement for letters). Stimuli were presented visually and the subjects did not speak. We report here that comparisons of distribution of cerebral blood flow in these conditions localized the phonological store to the left supramarginal gyrus whereas the subvocal rehearsal system was associated with Broca's area. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of the normal anatomy of the components of the 'articulatory loop'.
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“During silent articulation (McGuire et al., 1996a,b) and verbal working memory (Paulesu et al., 1993; Fiez et al., 1996b; Salmon et al., 1996; Schumacher et al., 1996), activation in the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area, BA 44) and/or left premotor cortex (BA 6) was associated with “inner speech”.”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Paulesu et al., 1993
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“In particular, it has been hypothesized (Paulesu et al., 1993) that the phonological store is related to the inferior parietal region (De Âmonet, Price, Wise, & Frackowiak, 1994) while the articulatory control process is related to Broca's area.”
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“Previous imaging studies have demonstrated that spatial working memory task performance generally activates the right DLPFC ( Jonides et al, 1993 ), whereas verbal/auditory working memory task performance activates the left DLPFC ( Paulesu, Frith, & Frackowiak, 1993 ).”
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“…assessed merely one of the proposed working memory components, i.e., either the phonological loop, the visuospatial scratch pad, or the central executive, in isolation (e.g., Jonides et al., 1993; Paulesu et al., 1993; D'Esposito et al., 1995; Courtney et al., 1996, 1998; Haxby et al., 2000).”
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“…in vivo neuroimaging techniques, in particular functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), it has become possible to measure laterality of language functions in the brain noninvasively (Jonides et al., 1998; Paulesu et al., 1993; Petersen et al., 1989; Rueckert et al., 1994; Small et al., 1998).”
Neural substrates of sarcasm: A functional magnetic-resonance imaging study
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ResultAge-Related Changes in Working Memory during Sentence Comprehension: An fMRI Study
Grossman, M., Cooke, A., DeVita, C., Alsop, D. C., Detre, J. A., Chen, W., & Gee, J. C. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0971 · Cited by 191
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NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB): List Sorting Test to Measure Working Memory
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“…anatomic basis for this framework in the form of a robust cortical frontal–parietal network of anatomical substrates underlying the functional components of verbal WM (for review, see Fletcher and Henson, 2001; Paulesu et al., 1993; Petrides et al., 1993; Salmon et al., 1996; Smith et al., 1998).”
BackgroundVisuomotor Areas of the Frontal Lobe
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Sentence Reading: A Functional MRI Study at 4 Tesla
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“In one study, for instance, brief retention of phonological information resulted in activation associated with subvocal rehearsal in left inferior frontal cortex (Paulesu et al., 1993).”
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Analyzing Digit Span Components for Assessment of Attention Processes
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Effect of nicotine on brain activation during performance of a working memory task
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“Using positron emission tomography (PET) Paulesu et al. (1993) showed that when brain activation associated with a rhyming task, which would be expected to engage articulatory rehearsal but not the phonological store (Burani et al., 1991; Vallar and Baddeley, 1984), was subtracted from that produced by a phonological…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLeft insula activation: A marker for language attainment in bilinguals
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The neural correlates of intentional learning of verbal materials: A PET study in humans
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Word and non-word reading: What role for the Visual Word Form Area?
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“The pars opercularis of the IFG and the supramarginal gyrus that are part of the articulatory loop (Fiez, 1997; Fiez et al., 1999; Paulesu et al., 1993; Poldrack et al., 1999), together with the precentral and the superior temporal gyri constituting an auditory–motor coordination system at work during syllables (Wildg…”
BackgroundVisuospatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia
Fleming, K., Goldberg, T. E., Binks, S. W., RANDOLPH, C. C., Gold, J. M., & Weinberger, D. R. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00263-6 · Cited by 176
Shifts of Effective Connectivity within a Language Network during Rhyming and Spelling
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“, 1998), as well as in spatial and verbal working memory tasks (Paulesu et al., 1993; Owen et al., 1996; Salmon et al., 1996; LaBar et al., 1999; Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000; Homae et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMonks, P. J., Thompson, J. M., Bullmore, E. T., Suckling, J., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S., Simmons, A., Giles, N., Lloyd, A. J., Harrison, C. L., et al. (2004) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00147.x · Cited by 175
The Commonality of Neural Networks for Verbal and Visual Short-term Memory
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“Broca’s area has been shown to be involved in phonological and articulatory processes, and is critical for verbal rehearsal processes (Paulesu et al., 1993).”
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New Evidence for Distinct Right and Left Brain Systems for Deductive versus Probabilistic Reasoning
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Rethinking the neurological basis of language
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“…update a short list for comparison with new input (n-back task; e.g. Awh et al., 1996; Smith et al., 1996); and when subjects recall or recognize words out of a short study list presented before the scan (e.g. Awh et al., 1996; Buckner et al., 1996; Paulesu et al., 1993; Smith et al., 1996).”
BackgroundTemporal dynamics of basal ganglia response and connectivity during verbal working memory
Chang, C. E., Crottaz‐Herbette, S., & Menon, V. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.056 · Cited by 176
“…localized to the left PPC, a region that is involved in maintenance of WM information in a phonological buffer (Shallice, 1988; Cohen, 1992; Paulesu et al., 1993; Awh et al., 1996; Fiez et al., 1996; Jonides et al., 1998; Table 3 Effective connectivity of the left anterior caudate with key…”
Working memory and preparation elicit different patterns of slow wave event‐related brain potentials
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“Furthermore, the left IFG (Broca’s area) is known to be associated with speech production and word retrieval [Paulesu et al., 1993].”
BackgroundSex differences in prefrontal cortical brain activity during fMRI of auditory verbal working memory.
Goldstein, J., Jerram, M., Poldrack, R., Anagnoson, R., Breiter, H., Makris, N., Goodman, J., Tsuang, M., & Seidman, L. (2005) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.19.4.509 · Cited by 171
“Imaging studies have associated right BA 46 with retrieval (Wagner, 1999) and left BA 40 with phonological storage (Paulesu et al., 1993).”
MethodWorking memory and mental practice outcomes after stroke
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Brain Activation During Silent Word Generation Evaluated with Functional MRI
Friedman, L., Kenny, J. T., Wise, A. L., Wu, D. H., Stuve, T. A., Miller, D. A., Jesberger, J. A., & Lewin, J. S. (1998) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.1998.1953 · Cited by 177
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“The left inferior parietal region is believed to be involved in the storage and processing of phonological representations [Awh et al., 1996; Paulesu et al., 1993], which are plausibly components of both reading and listening comprehension.”
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“These included gustatory and olfactory sensations, epigastric gurgling, burning, rising and rolling sensations with salivation, nausea and feelings of vomiting (Penfield and Faulk 1955).”
BackgroundInfluentialA fronto-parietal circuit for tactile object discrimination:
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The Effects of Semantic Category and Knowledge Type on Lexical-Semantic Access: A PET Study
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Functional mapping of verbal memory and language
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Self-citationInferior frontal regions underlie the perception of phonetic category invariance
Myers, E. B., Blumstein, S. E., Walsh, E., & Eliassen, J. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02380.x · Cited by 153
Prefrontal neurons in networks of executive memory
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Dissociating Neural Mechanisms of Temporal Sequencing and Processing Phonemes
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“For instance, Barch and colleagues (Barch et al., 1997) observed increased and sustainedcifically in verbal working memory (Baddeley, 1986; Paulesu et al., 1993), and neuroimaging studies have activity in a similar region of the left middle frontal gyrus during active maintenance in working memory…”
BackgroundA fMRI study of word retrieval in aphasia
Perani, D., Cappa, S. F., Tettamanti, M., Rosa, M. M., Scifo, P., Miozzo, A., Basso, A., & Fazio, F. (2003) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/s0093-934x(02)00561-8 · Cited by 166
Functional Neuroanatomy of Recall and Recognition: A PET Study of Episodic Memory
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Adult Brain Plasticity Elicited by Anomia Treatment
Cornelissen, K. K., Laine, M., Tarkiainen, A., Järvensivu, T., Martin, N., & Salmelin, R. H. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892903321593153 · Cited by 165
“Furthermore, recent functional brain imaging studies have strongly suggested that the left inferior parietal lobe has a crucial role in verbal working memory, namely phonological storage and encoding (Becker, MacAndrew, & Fiez, 1999; Paulesu, Frith, & Frackowiak, 1993 ).”
BackgroundSilveri, M. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.11.2175 · Cited by 165
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“…semantic, and syntactic auditory processes have been localized in positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies (Paulesu et al. 1993; Buckner et al. 1995; Demb et al. 1995; Fiez et al. 1996; Stromswold 1996; Cohen et al. 1997; Gabrieli et al. 1998).”
BackgroundHow the ventral pathway got lost – And what its recovery might mean
Weiller, C., Bormann, T., Saur, D., Musso, M., & Rijntjes, M. (2011) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2011.01.005 · Cited by 172
The role of subvocalization in auditory imagery.
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“[48] strongly activated Broca's area, in addition to the temporo-parietal areas already described.”
BackgroundSpecialized Neural Systems Underlying Representations of Sequential Movements
Harrington, D. L., Rao, S. M., Haaland, K. Y., Bobholz, J. A., Mayer, A. R., Binder, J. R., & Cox, R. W. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290051137602 · Cited by 163
“This latter possibility is raised by the pattern of activation in the left hemisphere in interconnecting pathways associated with an articulatory loop of working memory, including the superior temporal cortex and the middle frontal gyrus (Figure 6) (Goldman-Rakic, 1987; Paulesu, Frith, & Frackowiak, 1993 ).”
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Action comprehension in aphasia: linguistic and non-linguistic deficits and their lesion correlates
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Self-citationSpecialization of phonological and semantic processing in Chinese word reading
Booth, J. R., Lu, D., Burman, D. D., Chou, T., Jin, Z. H., Peng, D.-L., Zhang, L., Ding, G., Deng, Y., & Liu, L. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.097 · Cited by 161
“Some have considered the left inferior parietal region as part of the phonological loop (Paulesu et al., 1993) and this area has also been implicated in sequencing of phonemes in cooperation with Broca's area which seems to be generally involved in sequencing operations (Gelfand and Bookheimer,…”
BackgroundOrthographic and phonological processing of Chinese characters: an fMRI study
Kuo, W., Yeh, T., Lee, J.-R., Chen, L., Lee, P., Chen, S.-S., Ho, L., Hung, D. L., Tzeng, O. J. L., & Hsieh, J. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.007 · Cited by 167
“…et al., 2003; Poldrack et al., 1999; Price et al., 1997; Pugh et al., 1996; Siok et al., 2003; Tan et al., 2001b; Xu et al., 2001, 2002) and verbal working memory tasks (Awh et al., 1996; Jonides et al., 1998; Paulesu et al., 1993; Smith and Jonides, 1998) to probe phonological representations.”
BackgroundInfluentialTan, H. Y., Choo, W. C., Fones, C. S. L., & Chee, M. W. L. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1849 · Cited by 161
“) The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex also has a role in the maintenance of information (15, 16), whereas the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and left inferior parietal lobule are thought to participate in rehearsal processes that briefly maintain verbal information (17, 18).”
Neural Substrates of Spoken Language Rehabilitation in an Aphasic Patient: An fMRI Study
Léger, A., Démonet, J., Ruff, S., Aithamon, B., Touyeras, B., Puel, M., Boulanouar, K., & Cardebat, D. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1238 · Cited by 162
Cerebellar contributions to working memory
Hayter, A., Langdon, D. W., & Ramnani, N. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.011 · Cited by 159
Larsen, J. D., & Baddeley, A. (2003) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/02724980244000765 · Cited by 160
Stich, S. G. W. (2008) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332834.001.0001 · Cited by 160
Time course and functional neuroanatomy of speech segmentation in adults
Toni Cunillera, B., Càmara, E., Toro, J. M., Marco‐Pallarés, J., Sebastián‐Gallés, N., Ortiz, H., Pujol, J., & Rodríguez‐Fornells, A. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.069 · Cited by 164
“In fact, the PMC has been associated with the active maintenance of non-meaningful verbal representations through the articulatory subvocal rehearsal component of the phonological working memory (Paulesu et al., 1993; Smith and Jonides, 1998).”
BackgroundPeyrin, C., Lallier, M., Démonet, J., Pernet, C. R., Baciu, M. V., Bas, J. F. L., & Valdois, S. (2012) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2011.12.015 · Cited by 156
Working Memory of Auditory Localization
Martinkauppi, S. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.9.889 · Cited by 155
“…in, for example, visual working memory processing (Courtney et al., 1996; McCarthy et al., 1996), mnemonic processing of verbal material and subvocal rehearsal of phonological information during working memory task performance (Paulesu et al., 1993; Smith et al., 1996; Jonides et al., 1997).”
BackgroundReading the reading brain: A new meta-analysis of functional imaging data on reading
Cattinelli, I., Borghese, N. A., Gallucci, M., & Paulesu, E. (2012) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2012.08.001 · Cited by 159
Self-citationGold, B. T., Balota, D. A., Kirchhoff, B. A., & Buckner, R. L. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi024 · Cited by 157
“Activation of the precentral gyrus has been reported for tasks requiring verbal working memory, and the region is thought to participate in a phonological loop that supports rehearsal of phonological material within working memory (Paulesu et al., 1993; Awh et al., 1996; Jonides et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodThe neural correlates of inner speech defined by voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping
Geva, S., Jones, P. S., Crinion, J. T., Price, C. J., Baron, J.-C., & Warburton, E. A. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr232 · Cited by 173
“Paulesu et al. (1993) found that covert rhyme judgement activated Brodmann area (BA) 44 as well as motor regions.”
Language repetition and short-term memory: an integrative framework
Majerus, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00357 · Cited by 186
“…early neuroimaging studies of verbal short-term maintenance, locating the verbal short-term storage function to the same posterior temporo-parietal neural substrate (Paulesu et al., 1993; Salmon et al., 1996; see Becker et al., 1999; Chein and Fiez, 2001 for an exhaustive review of these studies).”
BackgroundParametrically Dissociating Speech and Nonspeech Perception in the Brain Using fMRI
Benson, R. R., Whalen, D. H., Richardson, M. L., Swainson, B., Clark, V. P., Lai, S., & Liberman, A. M. (2001) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.2001.2484 · Cited by 161
“A metanalysis by Poeppel (1996) of five of these studies using some type of rhyme judgment task (Demonet et al., 1992; Fiez et al., 1995; Paulesu et al., 1993; Petersen et al., 1989; Sergent et al., 1992) found little convergence of activated regions across these studies.”
BackgroundThe contributions of cerebro-cerebellar circuitry to executive verbal working memory
Marvel, C. L., & Desmond, J. E. (2009) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2009.08.017 · Cited by 163
Brain activity during audiovisual speech perception: An fMRI study of the McGurk effect
Jones, J. A., & Callan, D. E. (2003) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200306110-00006 · Cited by 161
The articulatory loop: study of the subcortical connectivity by electrostimulation
Duffau, H., Gatignol, P., Denvil, D., Lopes, M., & Capelle, L. (2003) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200310270-00026 · Cited by 153
Schiltz, C., Bodart, J.-M., Dubois, S., Dejardin, S., Michel, C. J., Roucoux, A., Crommelinck, M., & Orban, G. A. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0394 · Cited by 147
“Recent single-cell studies in V1 Schoups et al., 1997) suggest that this is not the case. lternatively the decreased activation might reflect a ecrease in the average response of the neurons responive to the trained reference orientation. Such dereased responses were indeed observed in monkey V1 y Schoups et al. (1997…”
BackgroundDistinct brain loci in deductive versus probabilistic reasoning
Osherson, D. N., Perani, D., Cappa, S. F., Schnur, T. T., Grassi, F., & Fazio, F. (1998) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00099-7 · Cited by 153
The Perception of Voice Onset Time: An fMRI Investigation of Phonetic Category Structure
Blumstein, S. E., Myers, E. B., & Rissman, J. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929054985473 · Cited by 157
The Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta and Temporal Processing
Jahanshahi, M., Jones, C. R. G., Dirnberger, G., & Frith, C. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2540-06.2006 · Cited by 158
“The cerebellar activation in the seconds range could be related to cognitive demands such as working memory rehearsal processes (Paulesu et al., 1993; Nichelli et al., 1996), whereas activation in the milliseconds range may reflect sensory processing or integration (Penhune et al., 1998; Rao et…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSpatial, but not object, delayed response is impaired in early Parkinson's disease.
Postle, B. R., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Corkin, S., & Growdon, J. H. (1997) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.11.2.171 · Cited by 154
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of brain activity in the visual oddball task
Ardekani, B. A., Choi, S. J., Hossein‐Zadeh, G., Bernice Porjesz, A., Tanabe, J., Lim, K. O., Bilder, R. M., Helpern, J. A., & Begleiter, H. (2002) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(02)00137-4 · Cited by 152
Zhu, D.-F., Wang, Z., Zhang, D.-R., Pan, Z.-L., He, S., Hu, X. P., Chen, X., & Zhou, J. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl215 · Cited by 150
“, 1997; Smith and Jonides, 1997, 1998; Fletcher and Henson, 2001), while memory items may be stored in the parietal cortex (Paulesu et al., 1993; Smith and Jonides, 1998).”
BackgroundInvolvement of both prefrontal and inferior parietal cortex in dual-task performance
Collette, F., Olivier, L., der Linden, M. V., Laureys, S., Delfiore, G., Luxen, A., & Salmon, É. (2005) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.023 · Cited by 149
“With regard to left posterior middle frontal activation (BA 6), the role of this area has been interpreted in terms of rehearsal processes [2,44].”
BackgroundBaldo, J. V., & Shimamura, A. P. (2002) · Cited by 151
Clec’H, G. L., Dehaene, S., Cohen, L., Mehler, J., Emmanuel Dupoux, A., Poline, J.-B., Lehéricy, S., de Moortele, P. V., & Bihan, D. L. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0627 · Cited by 153
“In the left hemisphere, these regions have been related to verbal phonological 389 NUMBERS AND BODY PARTS and/or articulation processes (Dronkers, 1996; Paulesu et al., 1993; Price, 1998).”
Maldonado, I. L., Moritz-Gasser, S., & Duffau, H. (2011) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-011-0309-x · Cited by 161
“The comparison of the distribution of the cerebral blood flow measured by positron emission tomography during tasks engaging selectively one of the two different components of the articulatory loop associated the phonological store with the left SMG, while the subvocal rehearsal system was associated with the left inf…”
BackgroundMethodBerninger, V. W., Raskind, W. H., Richards, T. L., Abbott, R., & Stock, P. (2008) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640802418662 · Cited by 160
“In fMRI studies, bilateral IFG activation has been associated with verbal working memory ( Paulesu, Frith, & Frackowiak, 1993 ).”
BackgroundSchmithorst, V. J., Holland, S. K., & Plante, E. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.020 · Cited by 150
Dopaminergic modulation of semantic network activation
Kischka, U., Kammer, T., Maier, S., Weisbrod, M., Thimm, M., & Spitzer, M. (1996) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(96)00024-3 · Cited by 150
Functional Magnetic Resonance Image Analysis of a Large-Scale Neurocognitive Network
Bullmore, E. T., Rabe‐Hesketh, S., Morris, R. G., Williams, S., Gregory, L. J., Gray, J. A., & Brammer, M. J. (1996) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0026 · Cited by 148
“Broca’s area is known to be associated with programming the complex motor activities involved in vocalization and has been associatedwith subvocal rehearsal of verbalmaterial (Paulesu et al., 1993; Mohr et al., 1978).”
BackgroundBorn with an Ear for Dialects? Structural Plasticity in the Expert Phonetician Brain
Golestani, N., Price, C. J., & Scott, S. K. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3891-10.2011 · Cited by 112
“…pars opercularis) and the left supramarginal gyrus are involved in and even necessary for phonological processing and for subvocal rehearsal in verbal working memory (Paulesu et al., 1993; Zatorre et al., 1996; Burton et al., 2000; Nixon et al., 2004; Gough et al., 2005; Hartwigsen et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialCerebral Substrates of Musical Imagery
Halpern, A. R. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05733.x · Cited by 148
The phonological loop as a buffer store: An update
Baddeley, A., & Hitch, G. J. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.05.015 · Cited by 151
Regional brain activity during tasks devoted to the central executive of working memory
Collette, F., Salmon, É., der Linden, M. V., Chicherio, C., Belleville, S., Degueldre, C., Delfiore, G., & Franck, G. (1999) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(98)00045-7 · Cited by 153
A proposed reinterpretation and reclassification of aphasic syndromes
Ardila, A. (2010) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687030802553704 · Cited by 157
Metadata
- Authors
- Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J.
- Affiliations
- Hammersmith Hospital (GB)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1993-03-25
- Volume
- 362
- Issue
- 6418
- Pages
- 342-345
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2002007413
- Semantic Scholar
- e8a97ed48aa1080587f488566102cd9b169a5a1c
- Cited by
- 2,230
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 36.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- working memory, verbal short-term memory, phonological loop, phonological store, subvocal rehearsal, regional cerebral blood flow, Broca's area, neural correlates, visual word recognition
- MeSH terms
- Brain Mapping, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Models, Neurological, Parietal Lobe, Verbal Behavior
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