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The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory
Abstract
By repeating words 'in our head', verbal material (such as telephone numbers) can be kept in working memory almost indefinitely. This 'articulatory loop' includes a subvocal rehearsal system and a phonological store. Little is known about neural correlates of this model of verbal short-term memory. We therefore measured regional cerebral blood flow, an index of neuronal activity, in volunteers performing a task engaging both components of the articulatory loop (short-term memory for letters) and a task which engages only the subvocal rehearsal system (rhyming judgement for letters). Stimuli were presented visually and the subjects did not speak. We report here that comparisons of distribution of cerebral blood flow in these conditions localized the phonological store to the left supramarginal gyrus whereas the subvocal rehearsal system was associated with Broca's area. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of the normal anatomy of the components of the 'articulatory loop'.
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“During silent articulation (McGuire et al., 1996a,b) and verbal working memory (Paulesu et al., 1993; Fiez et al., 1996b; Salmon et al., 1996; Schumacher et al., 1996), activation in the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area, BA 44) and/or left premotor cortex (BA 6) was associated with “inner speech”.”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Paulesu et al., 1993
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“An anatomically similar region also has been associated with phonological control, including phonological access and maintenance (Paulesu et al., 1993; Awh et al., 1996; Fiez et al., 1996; Poldrack et al., 1999; Wagner, 1999; Davachi et al., 2001).”
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“McRae et al. 253 2003; Paulesu, Frith, & Frackowiak, 1993 ) and regions of right inferior pFC associated with inhibition of motor responses (Aron, Robbins, & Poldrack, 2004) and other verbal strategies that can be used to down-regulate negative affective responses (Lieberman et al., 2007; Ochsner, Ray, et al., 2004).”
Cenquizca, L. A., & Swanson, L. W. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.05.002 · Cited by 640
Is developmental dyslexia a disconnection syndrome?
Paulesu, E., Uta Frith, A., Snowling, M. J., Gallagher, A., Morton, J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.1.143 · Cited by 621
“The stereotactic coordinates of Broca's area reported in our earlier study (Paulesu et al., 1993) suggested that the activation focus fell in between BAs 44 and 6.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationBrain imaging of the central executive component of working memory
Collette, F., & Van der Linden, M. (2002) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00063-x · Cited by 617
“This was made in order to be close to the procedure used by Paulesu, Frith and Frackowiak [93].”
MethodDuffau, H. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh423 · Cited by 641
Recovery from wernicke's aphasia: A positron emission tomographic study
Weiller, C., Isensee, C., Rijntjes, M., Huber, W., Müller, S. P., Bier, D. D., Dutschka, K., Woods, R. P., Noth, J., & Diener, H. (1995) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410370605 · Cited by 618
Selective Deficits in Prefrontal Cortex Function in Medication-Naive Patients With Schizophrenia
Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Sabb, F. W., MacDonald, A. W., Noll, D. C., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.280 · Cited by 615
“Considerable controversy exists about what functions specific regions of PFC carry out in support of WM.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPremotor Cortex Activation during Observation and Naming of Familiar Tools
Grafton, S. T., Fadiga, L., Arbib, M. A., & Rizzolatti, G. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1997.0293 · Cited by 625
“An alternative possibility is that the phonological encoding of words describing the objects and their use occurs at this site (Demonet et al., 1992; Paulesu et al., 1993; Zatorre et al., 1992).”
BackgroundHow we know our own minds: The relationship between mindreading and metacognition
Carruthers, P. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09000545 · Cited by 610
“” And then, since inner speech utilizes the same perceptual systems that are involved in the hearing of speech (Paulescu et al. 1993; Shergill et al. 2002), this will be available as input to the mindreading system.”
BackgroundA cultural effect on brain function
Paulesu, E., McCrory, E., Fazio, F., Menoncello, L., Brunswick, N., Cappa, S. F., Cotelli, M., Cossu, G., Corte, F., Lorusso, M., et al. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/71163 · Cited by 602
“Italian readers showed comparatively stronger activation of the left planum temporale (at the temporoparietal junction), a brain region that has been linked to phonological processin”
BackgroundSelf-citationWorking memory and executive control
Baddeley, A., & Sala, S. D. (1996) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1996.0123 · Cited by 650
Anatomical variability in the cortical representation of first and second language
Dehaene, S., Emmanuel Dupoux, A., Mehler, J., Cohen, L., Paulesu, E., Perani, D., de Moortele, P. V., Lehéricy, S., & Bihan, D. L. (1997) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199712010-00030 · Cited by 594
Self-citationActivation of the prefrontal cortex in a nonspatial working memory task with functional MRI
Cohen, J. D., Forman, S. D., Braver, T. S., Casey, B. J., Servan‐Schreiber, D., & Noll, D. C. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460010407 · Cited by 576
Cortex and memory: emergence of a new paradigm
Fuster, J. M. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21280 · Cited by 559
Coull, J. T., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Grasby, P. M. (1996) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(96)00029-2 · Cited by 566
Self-citationAttention: the mechanisms of consciousness.
Posner, M. I. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.16.7398 · Cited by 846
False recognition in younger and older adults: Exploring the characteristics of illusory memories
Norman, K. A., & Schacter, D. L. (1997) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03211328 · Cited by 570
The Role of Parietal Cortex in Verbal Working Memory
Jonides, J., Schumacher, E. H., Smith, E. E., Koeppe, R. A., Awh, E., Reuter‐Lorenz, P. A., Marshuetz, C., & Willis, C. R. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-13-05026.1998 · Cited by 575
“This argument is consistent with previous research that has also implicated parietal (Paulesu et al., 1993; Smith et al., 1996; Jonides et al., 1997) and frontal (Cohen et al., 1997) mechanisms in the storage of information in working memory.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialA Meta-analysis of Executive Components of Working Memory
Nee, D. E., Brown, J. W., Askren, M. K., Berman, M. G., Demiralp, E., Krawitz, A., & Jonides, J. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs007 · Cited by 544
“attributed activations in this region to phonological storage (Paulesu et al. 1993) equating the region with Wernicke’s area.”
BackgroundExplicit and implicit processing of words and pseudowords by adult developmental dyslexics
Brunswick, N., McCrory, E., Price, C. J., Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (1999) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/122.10.1901 · Cited by 553
Self-citationCortical Networks Underlying Mechanisms of Time Perception
Harrington, D. L., Haaland, K. Y., & Knight, R. T. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-03-01085.1998 · Cited by 564
“However, different frontal areas have been associated with working memory (Pardo et al., 1991; Paulesu et al., 1993), and cytoarchitectonic maps of some areas (9 and 46) vary considerably (Rajkowska and Goldman-Rakic, 1995a).”
BackgroundFuster, J. M. (2000) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s002210000401 · Cited by 558
Isolating the neural mechanisms of age-related changes in human working memory
Bart Rypma, A., & D’Esposito, M. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/74889 · Cited by 566
Demonstrating the implicit processing of visually presented words and pseudowords
Price, C. J., Wise, R. J. S., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1996) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/6.1.62 · Cited by 544
Self-citationIntegration of diverse information in working memory within the frontal lobe
Prabhakaran, V., Narayanan, K., Zhao, Z., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/71156 · Cited by 539
PET studies of encoding and retrieval: The HERA model
Nyberg, L. H., Cabeza, R. E. L., & Tulving, E. (1996) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03212412 · Cited by 555
Load-Dependent Roles of Frontal Brain Regions in the Maintenance of Working Memory
Bart Rypma, A., Prabhakaran, V., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0404 · Cited by 559
Metadata
- Authors
- Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J.
- Affiliations
- Hammersmith Hospital (GB)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1993-03-25
- Volume
- 362
- Issue
- 6418
- Pages
- 342-345
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2002007413
- Semantic Scholar
- e8a97ed48aa1080587f488566102cd9b169a5a1c
- Cited by
- 2,230
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 36.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- working memory, verbal short-term memory, phonological loop, phonological store, subvocal rehearsal, regional cerebral blood flow, Broca's area, neural correlates, visual word recognition
- MeSH terms
- Brain Mapping, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Models, Neurological, Parietal Lobe, Verbal Behavior
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