Cited by 2,230Neurobiology of Language and BilingualismCognitive Abilities and TestingReading and Literacy Development

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The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory

Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R. S. J.·1993·Nature

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Abstract

By repeating words 'in our head', verbal material (such as telephone numbers) can be kept in working memory almost indefinitely. This 'articulatory loop' includes a subvocal rehearsal system and a phonological store. Little is known about neural correlates of this model of verbal short-term memory. We therefore measured regional cerebral blood flow, an index of neuronal activity, in volunteers performing a task engaging both components of the articulatory loop (short-term memory for letters) and a task which engages only the subvocal rehearsal system (rhyming judgement for letters). Stimuli were presented visually and the subjects did not speak. We report here that comparisons of distribution of cerebral blood flow in these conditions localized the phonological store to the left supramarginal gyrus whereas the subvocal rehearsal system was associated with Broca's area. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of the normal anatomy of the components of the 'articulatory loop'.

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BackgroundResult
Neural correlates of consolidation in working memory
Mainy, N., Kahane, P., Minotti, L., Hoffmann, D., Bertrand, O., & Lachaux, J.-P. (2006) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20264 · Cited by 138
“, 2003], with subvocal rehearsal [Paulesu et al., 1993], and with verbal working memory [Fiez et al.”
Background
Do specific EEG frequencies indicate different processes during mental calculation?
Harmony, T., Fernández, T., Silva‐Pereyra, J., et al. (1999) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00244-x · Cited by 127
Mechanisms of Cognitive Control
Dreisbach, G. (2012) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412449830 · Cited by 140
Modality-Specific Cognitive Function of Medial and Lateral Human Brodmann Area 6
Tanaka, S., Honda, M., & Sadato, N. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4324-04.2005 · Cited by 128
“…motor tasks (Roland et al., 1980; Deiber et al., 1991, 1997; Catalan et al., 1998; Grafton et al., 1998), but also during various cognitive tasks (Jonides et al., 1993; Paulesu et al., 1993; Dehaene et al., 1996; Mellet et al., 1996; Lamm et al., 2001; Simon et al., 2002; Hanakawa et al., 2003a,b).”
Phonological Processing in Visual Rhyming: A Developmental ERP Study
Grossi, G., Coch, D., Coffey‐Corina, S., Holcomb, P. J., & Neville, H. J. (2001) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892901750363190 · Cited by 127
Neuroimaging of Language: Why Hasn't a Clearer Picture Emerged?
Fedorenko, E., & Kanwisher, N. (2009) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2009.00143.x · Cited by 117
Introversion and working memory: central executive differences
Lieberman, M. D. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00113-0 · Cited by 126
“The phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad are storage systems located in the parietal lobe that hold the contents of working memory on line (Cabeza & Nyberg, 1997; Petrides et al., 1993a, b; Paulesu, Frith & Frackowiak, 1993 ).”
Background
The Neural Correlates of Phonological Short-term Memory: A Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study
Lauro, L. J. R., Walsh, V., & Papagno, C. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.7.1147 · Cited by 125
“We chose the same coordinates as Paulesu et al. (1993), which are also the area of common overlap of lesions in patients with STM deficits (see Vallar & Papagno, 2002, for a review).”
Influential
Anatomical Correlates of Foreign Speech Sound Production
Golestani, N., & Pallier, C. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl003 · Cited by 130
“The production scores given by the 2 raters were significantly correlated (Pearson’s r12 = 0.71, P < 0.001), providing evidence for interrater reliability.”
Influential
Specialization in the Left Prefrontal Cortex for Sentence Comprehension
Hashimoto, R., & Sakai, K. L. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00788-2 · Cited by 129
“As to the “what” aspect, several im-Japan aging studies reported activations of the bilateral DLPFC, DPFC, and IFG (Paulesu et al., 1993; Cohen et al., 1994; Fiez et al., 1996; Clark et al., 2000).”
Background
Determination of hemisphere dominance for language: comparison of frontal and temporal fMRI activation with intracarotid amytal testing
Spreer, J., Arnold, S., Quiske, A., Wohlfarth, R., Ziyeh, S., Altenmüller, D., Herpers, M., Kassubek, J., Klisch, J., Steinhoff, B. J., et al. (2002) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-002-0782-2 · Cited by 128
“This extended frontal activation reflects different cognitive processes involved in the semantic decision task, such as semantic analysis [17, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30], semantic encoding [31], phonological processing [27] and/or storage and rehearsal in verbal working memory [32].”
Method
Cerebral Activation Patterns During Working Memory Performance in Multiple Sclerosis Using fMRI
Chiaravalloti, N. D., Hillary, F. G., Ricker, J. H., Christodoulou, C., Kalnin, A., Liu, W.-C., Steffener, J., & DeLuca, J. (2005) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/138033990513609 · Cited by 125
“Although less common, activation has also been seen in temporal regions (Paulesu et al., 1993; Salmon et al., 1996; Seidman et al., 1998).”
Background
Human Rehearsal Processes and the Frontal Lobes: PET Evidence
Awh, E., Smith, E. E., & Jonides, J. (1995) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38134.x · Cited by 142
Age-related connectivity changes in fMRI data from children listening to stories
Karunanayaka, P., Holland, S. K., Schmithorst, V. J., Solodkin, A., Chen, E. E., Szaflarski, J. P., & Plante, E. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.028 · Cited by 126
THE SELECTIVE IMPAIRMENT OF THE PHONOLOGICAL OUTPUT BUFFER
Shallice, T., Rumiati, R. I., & Zadini, A. (2000) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643290050110638 · Cited by 125
Language function and dysfunction in corticobasal degeneration
Graham, N. L., Bak, T., Patterson, K. E., & Hodges, J. R. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000081230.09863.ed · Cited by 128
“Phoneme blending (48) 45 26 4 — 45 21 — 2 16 34 46.”
Influential
Early and Sustained Supramarginal Gyrus Contributions to Phonological Processing
Sliwinska, M. W., Khadilkar, M., Campbell-Ratcliffe, J., Quevenco, F. C., & Devlin, J. T. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00161 · Cited by 126
“Indeed, studies of verbal working memory commonly implicate these regions (Paulesu et al., 1993; Buchsbaum and D’Esposito, 2008; Koelsch et al., 2009) and TMS delivered to PMv/POp also disrupts phonological processing (Nixon et al.”
Background
Neuroanatomical discrimination between manipulating and maintaining processes involved in verbal working memory; a functional MRI study
Tsukiura, T., Fujii, T., Takahashi, T., Xiao, R., Inase, M., Iijima, T., Yamadori, A., & Okuda, J. (2001) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(00)00059-8 · Cited by 129
Phonological decoding involves left posterior fusiform gyrus
Dietz, N. A. E., Jones, K. M., Gareau, L., Zeffiro, T. A., & Eden, G. F. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20122 · Cited by 124
“Several PET studies have identified the left parietal cortex, including the intraparietal sulcus, as the locus of the phonological store [Becker et al., 1999; Paulesu et al., 1993; Ravizza et al., 2004] and parietal cortex has been shown to be underactivated in individuals with developmental dyslexia [Eden and Zeffiro…”
BackgroundInfluential
The functional neuroanatomy of metrical stress evaluation of perceived and imagined spoken words
Aleman, A. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh124 · Cited by 119
“…by SMA (and possibly lateral cerebellum), phonological decoding to be by posterior STG/STS or the temporo-parietal junction (Wernicke’s area), and the phonological store to depend on inferior parietal areas/supramarginal gyrus (Paulesu et al., 1993; Fiez et al., 1996; Thierry et al., 1999).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Cortical bases of speech perception:evidence from functional lesion studies
Boatman, D. F. (2004) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2003.09.010 · Cited by 121
Multiple visuospatial working memory buffers: Evidence from spatiotemporal patterns of brain activity
Ruchkin, D. S., Johnson, R., Grafman, J. H., Canoune, H. L., & Ritter, W. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(96)00068-1 · Cited by 122
The role of working memory in sport
Furley, P., & Memmert, D. (2010) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2010.526238 · Cited by 142
“The phonological loop component is considered to be located in the left temporoparietal region (Vallar, DiBetta, & Silveri, 1997 ) with Broadmann area 40 as the locus of the storage component of the phonological loop and Broadmann area 44 being responsible for the rehearsal component of the loop (Paulesu, Frith, & Fra…”
Background
Individual differences in the acquisition of second language phonology
Golestani, N., & Zatorre, R. J. (2008) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2008.01.005 · Cited by 123
An event-related fMRI investigation of phonological–lexical competition
Prabhakaran, R., Blumstein, S. E., Myers, E. B., Hutchison, E. R., & Britton, B. G. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.025 · Cited by 122
A Functional-Anatomical Model for Lipreading
Paulesu, E., Perani, D., Blasi, V., Silani, G., Borghese, N. A., Giovanni, U. D., Sensolo, S., & Fazio, F. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00926.2002 · Cited by 124
“The left inferior frontal gyrus, classically conceived as a motor speech center, has now been implicated in aspects of phonetic speech discrimination (Démonet et al. 1992, 1996; Paulesu et al. 1993, 1996b; Pugh et al. 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Syntactic structure and artificial grammar learning: The learnability of embedded hierarchical structures
de Vries, M. H., Padraic Monaghan, B., Knecht, S., & Zwitserlood, P. (2007) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.09.002 · Cited by 121
Training-Induced Brain Remapping in Chronic Aphasia: A Pilot Study
Vitali, P., Abutalebi, J., Tettamanti, M., Danna, M., Ansaldo, A. I., Perani, D., Joanette, Y., & Cappa, S. F. (2007) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968306294735 · Cited by 121
“This area is another crucial component of the phonological loop of verbal working memory, in particular for phonological storage.(35) It is thus likely that this patient adopted phonological compensatory strategies for successful lexical retrieval (see Léger(18) for a similar interpretation).”
Background
Transdiagnostic dimensions of anxiety: Neural mechanisms, executive functions, and new directions
Sharp, P. B., Miller, G. A., & Heller, W. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.07.001 · Cited by 140
“An alternative psychological function that could be implemented by Broca's area during this executive function task is the articulatory rehearsal of task rules, which has been shown to increase activity in Broca's area during verbal working memory tasks (Paulesu et al., 1993).”
Background
Interindividual Differences in Functional Interactions among Prefrontal, Parietal and Parahippocampal Regions during Working Memory
Glabus, M. F. (2003) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhg082 · Cited by 121
“It has been suggested that the iPL serves as a phonological maintenance or short-term storage area (Paulesu et al., 1993; Jonides et al., 1998; Smith and Jonides, 1998), although other studies find a loaddependent activation (Callicott et al., 1999; Jansma et al., 2000) that might reflect other…”
Background
The underestimated cerebellum
Leiner, H. C., Leiner, A. L., & Dow, R. S. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460020406 · Cited by 120

Authors: Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J.
Affiliations: Hammersmith Hospital (GB)
ORCID: Paulesu, E.
Frith, C. D.
Frackowiak, R. S. J.
Venue: Nature
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1993-03-25
Volume: 362
Issue: 6418
Pages: 342-345
ISSN: 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/362342a0
OpenAlex: W2002007413
Semantic Scholar: e8a97ed48aa1080587f488566102cd9b169a5a1c
Cited by: 2,230
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 68
FWCI: 36.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Nature (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Keywords: working memory, verbal short-term memory, phonological loop, phonological store, subvocal rehearsal, regional cerebral blood flow, Broca's area, neural correlates, visual word recognition
MeSH terms: Brain Mapping, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Models, Neurological, Parietal Lobe, Verbal Behavior

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The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory

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