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The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory
Abstract
By repeating words 'in our head', verbal material (such as telephone numbers) can be kept in working memory almost indefinitely. This 'articulatory loop' includes a subvocal rehearsal system and a phonological store. Little is known about neural correlates of this model of verbal short-term memory. We therefore measured regional cerebral blood flow, an index of neuronal activity, in volunteers performing a task engaging both components of the articulatory loop (short-term memory for letters) and a task which engages only the subvocal rehearsal system (rhyming judgement for letters). Stimuli were presented visually and the subjects did not speak. We report here that comparisons of distribution of cerebral blood flow in these conditions localized the phonological store to the left supramarginal gyrus whereas the subvocal rehearsal system was associated with Broca's area. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of the normal anatomy of the components of the 'articulatory loop'.
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“During silent articulation (McGuire et al., 1996a,b) and verbal working memory (Paulesu et al., 1993; Fiez et al., 1996b; Salmon et al., 1996; Schumacher et al., 1996), activation in the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area, BA 44) and/or left premotor cortex (BA 6) was associated with “inner speech”.”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Paulesu et al., 1993
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A functional study of auditory verbal imagery
SHERGILL, S. S., BULLMORE, E. T., BRAMMER, M. J., WILLIAMS, S. C. R., MURRAY, R. M., & McGUIRE, P. K. (2001) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170100335x · Cited by 237
“Moreover, similar areas have previously been activated with other tasks that have engaged verbal working memory (Paulesu et al. 1993) and silent articulation implicitly (Warburton et al. 1996; Curtis et al. 1998).”
BackgroundSemantic Retrieval, Mnemonic Control, and Prefrontal Cortex
Badre, D., & Wagner, A. D. (2002) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582302001003002 · Cited by 243
“Studies of verbal working memory (Jonides et al., 1997; Paulesu, Frith, & Frackowiak, 1993) have implicated pLIPC in the maintenance of phonological codes that may be represented or stored in posterior cortices (Awh et al., 1996; Davachi, Maril, & Wagner, 2001; Paulesu et al., 1993).”
BackgroundReopening the Mental Imagery Debate: Lessons from Functional Anatomy
Mellet, E., Petit, L., Mazoyer, B., Denis, M., & Tzourio, N. (1998) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0355 · Cited by 237
“Interestingly, similar preSMA activations have been described in spatial (Goldberg et al., 1996; Petit et al., 1997) and nonspatial (Paulesu et al., 1993; Fiez et al., 1996; Smith et al., 1996; Coull et al., 1996; Braver et al., 1997; Klingberg et al., 1997) working memory studies.”
BackgroundPassingham, R. E. (1996) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1996.0132 · Cited by 236
Violante, I. R., Li, L. M., Carmichael, D. W., Lorenz, R., Leech, R., Hampshire, A., Rothwell, J. C., & Sharp, D. J. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.22001 · Cited by 239
“Evidence suggests that these regions have different contributions to phonological storage and executive control (Paulesu et al., 1993).”
BackgroundOrder Information in Working Memory: fMRI Evidence for Parietal and Prefrontal Mechanisms
Marshuetz, C., Smith, E. E., Jonides, J., Degutis, J. M., & Chenevert, T. L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290051137459 · Cited by 243
Morgen, K., Sammer, G., Courtney, S. M., Wolters, T., Melchior, H., Blecker, C. R., Oschmann, P., Kaps, M., & Vaitl, D. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.10.032 · Cited by 237
“…are considered important for verbal storage and rehearsal of presented stimuli in working memory (e.g., Awh et al., 1996; Baddeley and Hitch, 1994; Paulesu et al., 1993), presumably required by the PASAT, right precentral involvement may reflect the importance of memorizing temporal order during…”
BackgroundSome neurophysiological constraints on models of word naming
Binder, J. R., Medler, D. A., Desai, R. H., Conant, L. L., & Liebenthal, E. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.04.029 · Cited by 238
“…have been linked in prior studies to working memory processes (e.g., Barde and Thompson-Schill, 2002; Braver et al., 1997; D’Esposito et al., 1999; Honey et al., 2000; Jonides et al., 1997; Jonides et al., 1998; LaBar et al., 1999; Paulesu et al., 1993; Smith et al., 1998; Wager and Smith, 2003).”
ResultA Brain System for Auditory Working Memory
Kumar, S., Joseph, S., Gander, P. E., Barascud, N., Halpern, A. R., & Griffiths, T. D. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4341-14.2016 · Cited by 242
Tomaiuolo, F., MacDonald, J. D., Caramanos, Z., Posner, G., Chiavaras, M. M., Evans, A. C., & Petrides, M. (1999) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00718.x · Cited by 234
“…between different studies, suggesting that the activation focus or foci within the inferior frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere may vary depending on the speci®c requirement of the language task used (e.g. Petersen et al., 1988, 1990; Paulesu et al., 1993, 1997; Petrides et al., 1993).”
MethodBrain activity varies with modulation of dynamic pitch variance in sentence melody
Meyer, M., Steinhauer, K., Alter, K., Friederici, A. D., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2004) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00350-x · Cited by 228
“Supporting evidence springs from observations which tied the left inferior frontal cortex, particularly the lateral convexity of Broca s area, to verbal rehearsal (Paulesu et al., 1993).”
BackgroundPhase-coupling of theta–gamma EEG rhythms during short-term memory processing
Schack, B., Vath, N., Petsche, H., Geissler, H.-G., & Möller, E. (2002) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00199-4 · Cited by 281
Nicotine effects on brain function and functional connectivity in schizophrenia
Jacobsen, L. K., D’Souza, D. C., Mencl, W. E., Pugh, K. R., Skudlarski, P., & Krystal, J. H. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.12.023 · Cited by 236
Wagner, A. D., Desmond, J. E., Demb, J. B., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1997) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.714 · Cited by 233
The case for sensorimotor coding in working memory
Wilson, M. (2001) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196138 · Cited by 232
“PET study by Paulesu, Frith, and Fackowiak (1993) .”
Papathanassiou, D., Etard, O., Mellet, E., Zago, L., Mazoyer, B., & Tzourio-Mazoyer, N. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0546 · Cited by 227
Neural Representation of Vocalizations in the Primate Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Romanski, L. M., Averbeck, B. B., & Diltz, M. D. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00675.2004 · Cited by 230
“…processing, comprehension , and auditory working memory (Buckner et al. 1995; Cohen et al. 1997; Demb et al. 1995; Fiez et al. 1996; Gabrieli et al. 1998; Gelfand and Bookheimer 2003; Paulesu et al. 1993; Posner et al. 1999; Price 1998; Stevens et al. 1998; Stromswold 1996; Zatorre et al. 1992).”
BackgroundHuman brain regions involved in recognizing environmental sounds
Lewis, J. W., Wightman, F. L., Brefczynski, J. A., Phinney, R. E., Binder, J. R., & DeYoe, E. A. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh061 · Cited by 230
“Ventral portions of the left SMG have been implicated in tasks that require maintenance and manipulation of phonological information (Paulesu et al., 1993; Mummery et al., 1998; Binder and Price, 2001).”
Action to Language via the Mirror Neuron System
Stanford, C. B. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511541599 · Cited by 232
A Critical Review of PET Studies of Phonological Processing
Poeppel, D. (1996) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.1996.0108 · Cited by 229
“Raichle et al. (1994), for example, discuss an important finding that can have dramatic import for experimental design: Practicing and repeating an experimental task can affect the blood flow response over a few trials. One presumably has to control for that effect in a given test-control pairing by allowing for pract…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialKirino, E., Belger, A., Goldman-Rakic, P., & McCarthy, G. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-17-06612.2000 · Cited by 226
“Co-activation of the ACG and dPFC has been previously observed by different investigators using different working memory tasks (Petrides et al., 1993; D’Esposito et al., 1995), although exceptions have been noted (Paulesu et al., 1993).”
BackgroundResultWILLED ACTION AND ITS IMPAIRMENTS
Jahanshahi, M. (1998) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/026432998381005 · Cited by 234
Kondo, H., Osaka, N., & Osaka, M. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.014 · Cited by 227
“Central executive functioning includes regulation of the storage subsystems in the verbal domain (Paulesu et al., 1993; Poldrack et al., 1999) and visuospatial domain (Courtney et al.”
BackgroundSemantic ambiguity processing in sentence context: Evidence from event-related fMRI
Zempleni, M., Renken, R. J., Hoeks, J. C. J., Hoogduin, J. M., & Stowe, L. A. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.048 · Cited by 228
“…empirical evidence suggesting that the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, including Broca’s area, is crucial for maintaining and manipulating information in working memory (for maintenance, see Fiez et al., 1996; Paulesu et al., 1993; for manipulation, see Gelfand and Bookheimer, 2003).”
BackgroundTime estimation deficits in developmental dyslexia: evidence of cerebellar involvement
Nicolson, R. I., Fawcett, A. J., & Dean, P. (1995) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1995.0007 · Cited by 227
Short-term Memory for Verbal and Visuospatial Information in Down’s Syndrome
Jarrold, C., & Baddeley, A. (1997) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/135468097396351 · Cited by 225
Cognitive priming in sung and instrumental music: Activation of inferior frontal cortex
Tillmann, B., Koelsch, S., Escoffier, N., Bigand, E., Lalitte, P., Friederici, A. D., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.028 · Cited by 224
“Beyond attention, SMG activation has been reported for working memory of auditory information (Gaab et al., 2003; Paulesu et al., 1993; Zatorre et al., 1994), with sometimes a right-lateralization for nonverbal auditory stimuli (Gaab and Schlaug, 2003; Zatorre et al., 1994).”
MethodHigh resolution evoked potential imaging of the cortical dynamics of human working memory
Gevins, A. S., Smith, M. E., Le, J., Leong, H., Bennett, J., Martin, N., McEvoy, L. K., Du, R., & Whitfield-Gabrieli, S. (1996) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(96)00288-x · Cited by 229
“Other neuroimaging studies have demonstrated left frontal activation occurring in tasks that require sustained attention to sequences of information (Gevins et al., 1987, 1989; Sergent et al., 1992; Paulesu et al., 1993; Petrides et al., 1993b; Cohen et al., 1994), and lesions to this region of the brain disrupt the a…”
BackgroundAdverse Listening Conditions and Memory Load Drive a Common Alpha Oscillatory Network
Obleser, J., Wöstmann, M., Hellbernd, N., Wilsch, A., & Maess, B. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4908-11.2012 · Cited by 224
“As illustrated in Figure 4, the significant cluster extends into the SMG and the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), both being hotspots in verbal working memory (Paulesu et al., 1993; Jacquemot et al., 2003; Jacquemot and Scott, 2006; Obleser and Eisner, 2009).”
BackgroundSingle word reading in developmental stutterers and fluent speakers
Salmelin, R., Schnitzler, A., Schmitz, F., & Freund, H.-J. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.6.1184 · Cited by 283
“On the other hand, this somewhat artificial procedure could enhance a short-term (see Fiez and Petersen, 1998), verbal working memory (Paulesu et al., 1993; Fiez et al., 1996), memory for pitch memory component and promote verbal rehearsal of the word during the 800 ms delay from word onset to the (Zatorre et al.”
BackgroundFiebach, C. J., Schlesewsky, M., & Friederici, A. D. (2001) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1023/a:1010447102554 · Cited by 223
Brain Activation in Young and Older Adults During Implicit and Explicit Retrieval
Bäckman, L., Almkvist, O., Andersson, J., Nordberg, A. K., Winblad, B. G., Reineck, R., & Långström, B. (1997) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.3.378 · Cited by 233
Clinical effects of insular damage in humans
Ibañez, A., Gleichgerrcht, E., & Manes, F. (2010) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0256-y · Cited by 217
Working memory in early Alzheimer's disease: a neuropsychological review
Huntley, J. D., & Howard, R. J. (2009) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2314 · Cited by 247
Supplementary motor area as key structure for domain-general sequence processing: A unified account
Cona, G., & Semenza, C. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.033 · Cited by 218
Increased frontocerebellar activation in alcoholics during verbal working memory: an fMRI study
Desmond, J. E., Chen, S. A., Rosa, E. D., Pryor, M. R., Adolf Pfefferbaum, A., & Sullivan, E. V. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00102-2 · Cited by 226
Spoken Language and arm Gestures are Controlled by the same Motor Control System
Gentilucci, M., & Volta, R. D. (2008) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210701625683 · Cited by 218
Variability of fMRI activation during a phonological and semantic language task in healthy subjects
Seghier, M. L., Lazeyras, F., Pegna, A. J., Annoni, J., Zimine, I., Mayer, E., Michel, C. M., & Khateb, A. (2004) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20053 · Cited by 225
“Activation in motor regions has been observed in various previous language studies [Chee et al., 1999; Karbe et al., 1998; Lehéricy et al., 2000; Paulesu et al., 1993], and has often been associated with phonological and articulatory encoding processes.”
ResultGurd, J. M., Amunts, K., Weiss, P. H., Zafiris, O., Zilles, K., Marshall, J. C., & Fink, G. R. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf093 · Cited by 213
“Similarly, Paulesu and colleagues report the supplementary motor area as one of the regions implicated in verbal WM (Paulesu et al., 1993).”
Deschamps, I., Baum, S. R., & Gracco, V. L. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.10.015 · Cited by 228
Refreshing: A Minimal Executive Function
Raye, C. L., Johnson, M. K., Mitchell, K., Greene, E. J., & Johnson, M. R. (2007) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70451-9 · Cited by 231
“These maps were then entered into a group random effects analysis to identify regions where a minimum of six contiguous voxels were each significantly more correlated (p < .01) with the area of interest in one condition than another.”
BackgroundMethodStaudt, M. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1108 · Cited by 226
“This increased working memory load is probably the explanation for the strong parietal activation (Paulesu et al., 1993) we observed, and also adds to the prefrontal activation elicited by the linguistic components (Simons et al.”
BackgroundDysfunctional Prefrontal Regional Specialization and Compensation in Schizophrenia
Tan, H. Y., Sust, S., Buckholtz, J. W., Mattay, V. S., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., Egan, M. F., Weinberger, D. R., & Callicott, J. H. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.1969 · Cited by 226
“(8, 9), such as rehearsal of information within working memory (10, 11).”
BackgroundMethodResultThe neural basis of individual differences in working memory capacity: an fMRI study
Osaka, M., Osaka, N., Kondo, H. M., Morishita, M., Fukuyama, H., Aso, T., & Shibasaki, H. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(02)00032-0 · Cited by 235
Dissociation of Verbal Working Memory System Components Using a Delayed Serial Recall Task
Chein, J. M. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.11.1003 · Cited by 221
The Brain of Opera Singers: Experience-Dependent Changes in Functional Activation
Kleber, B., Veit, R., Birbaumer, N., Gruzelier, J. H., & Lotze, M. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp177 · Cited by 229
“The functional roles of the IPC involve auditory--verbal working memory (Paulesu et al. 1993) and short-term memory for musical pitch, pronounced in the right hemisphere of musically trained subjects (Gaab et al. 2003).”
BackgroundSpatiotemporal imaging of cortical activation during verb generation and picture naming
Edwards, E., Nagarajan, S. S., Dalal, S. S., Canolty, R. T., Kirsch, H. E., Barbaro, N. M., & Knight, R. T. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.035 · Cited by 219
“These same dorsal stream areas are also implicated in verbal/phonological WM (Shallice and Warrington, 1977; Paulesu et al., 1993; Vallar and Papagano, 2002), and we follow the suggestion (Jacquemot and Scott, 2006; Buchsbaum and D'Esposito, 2008) that the common route to single-word speech…”
BackgroundGerton, B. K., Brown, T. T., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., Kohn, P. D., Holt, J. L., Olsen, R. K., & Berman, K. F. (2004) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.04.023 · Cited by 225
Gruber, O., & Goschke, T. (2004) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.12.003 · Cited by 227
Kirschen, M. P., Chen, S. A., Schraedley-Desmond, P., & Desmond, J. E. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.036 · Cited by 226
“articulatory rehearsal (Awh et al., 1996; Fiez et al., 1996; Jonides et al., 1998a,b; Paulesu et al., 1993), verbal vs.”
BackgroundBrain disconnections link structural connectivity with function and behaviour
de Schotten, M. T., Foulon, C., & Nachev, P. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18920-9 · Cited by 218
Task-dependency of the Neural Correlates of Episodic Encoding as Measured by fMRI
Otten, L. J. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.12.1150 · Cited by 216
The physiology of coloured hearing A PET activation study of colour-word synaesthesia
Paulesu, E., Harrison, J., Baron‐Cohen, S., Watson, J. D. G., Goldstein, L. H., Heather, J. D., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. (1995) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/118.3.661 · Cited by 215
“Both the left lingual gyrus and insula have recently been implicated in brain imaging experiments in which normal volunteers had to convert visually presented letters into sounds (Paulesu et al., 1993).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe cortical organization of lexical knowledge: A dual lexicon model of spoken language processing
Gow, D. W. (2012) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2012.03.005 · Cited by 222
“, 1994) and impaired phonological working memory (Paulesu et al., 1993).”
BackgroundJaeggi, S. M., Seewer, R., Nirkko, A. C., Eckstein, D., Schroth, G., Groner, R., & Gutbrod, K. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00098-3 · Cited by 211
“Parietal cortex did not only produce the strongest overall signal change, but also exhibited increased activation with augmented WM load which is in accordance with studies by Paulesu et al. (1993) , Smith and Jonides (1997), or Salmon et al. (1996), suggesting that the parietal cortex is critical for phonological sto…”
ResultThe evolutionary origin of the language areas in the human brain. A neuroanatomical perspective
Aboitiz, F., & Ricardo García, V. (1997) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00053-2 · Cited by 213
Frontal and Parietal Networks for Conditional Motor Learning: A Positron Emission Tomography Study
Deiber, M., Wise, S. P., Honda, M., Catalan, M.-J., Grafman, J. H., & Hallett, M. (1997) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1997.78.2.977 · Cited by 212
Bokde, A. L. W., Tagamets, M.-A., Friedman, R. B., & Horwitz, B. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00288-4 · Cited by 211
Functional neuroanatomy of working memory in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Valera, E. M., Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Poldrack, R. A., & Seidman, L. J. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.034 · Cited by 211
Interval and Ordinal Properties of Sequences Are Associated with Distinct Premotor Areas
Schubotz, R. I. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.3.210 · Cited by 210
Ehlis, A.-C., Bähne, C. G., Jacob, C. P., Herrmann, M. J., & Fallgatter, A. J. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.11.011 · Cited by 209
Parietal rTMS distorts the mental number line: Simulating ‘spatial’ neglect in healthy subjects
Göbel, S. M., Calabria, M., Farnè, A., & Rossetti, Y. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.09.007 · Cited by 209
Event-Related fMRI of Frontotemporal Activity During Word Encoding and Recognition in Schizophrenia
Ragland, J. D., Gur, R. C., Valdez, J., Turetsky, B. I., Elliott, M., Kohler, C., Siegel, S., Kanes, S., & Gur, R. E. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.6.1004 · Cited by 206
Campbell, R., MacSweeney, M., Surguladze, S., Calvert, G. A., McGuire, P. K., John Suckling, A., Brammer, M. J., & David, A. S. (2001) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(01)00054-4 · Cited by 204
The Insular Lobe: Physiopathological and Surgical Considerations
Duffau, H., Capelle, L., Lopes, M., Faillot, T., Sichez, J. P., & Fohanno, D. (2000) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1097/00006123-200010000-00001 · Cited by 211
“Finally, a number of recent neurofunctional imaging studies have shown activation of the dominant insula in tasks involving speech (58, 62, 67, 88).”
BackgroundVentromedial prefrontal cortex mediates guessing
Elliott, R., Rees, G. E., & Dolan, R. J. (1999) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(98)00107-9 · Cited by 203
Episodic retrieval and the cortical binding of relational activity
Shimamura, A. P. (2011) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0031-4 · Cited by 205
“For example, Paulesu, Frith and Frackowiak (1993) assessed trials on which subjects were asked to rehearse verbally a set of visually presented letters.”
BackgroundThe phonological short-term store-rehearsal system: Patterns of impairment and neural correlates
Vallar, G., Betta, A. M. D., & Silveri, M. C. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(96)00127-3 · Cited by 206
Top-down and bottom-up processes in speech comprehension
Zekveld, A. A., Heslenfeld, D. J., Festen, J. M., & Schoonhoven, R. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.199 · Cited by 203
“In addition, activation in Broca's area has been associated with the internal rehearsal of phonological codes in the absence of auditory stimulation (Paulesu et al., 1993).”
BackgroundNeural Correlates of Symbolic Number Comparison in Developmental Dyscalculia
Mussolin, C., Volder, A. D., Grandin, C. B. G., Schlögel, X., Nassogne, M., & Noël, M. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21237 · Cited by 210
“Activation in the upper part of the right supramarginal gyrus (near the dorsal pathway) has been preferentially detected during visuospatial working memory tasks, whereas the lower part of the left supramarginal gyrus seems dedicated to the phonological storage of the verbal working memory (Smith & Jonides, 1998; Smit…”
BackgroundNarayanan, N. S., Prabhakaran, V., Bunge, S. A., Kalina Christoff, A., Fine, E. M., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2005) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.19.2.223 · Cited by 214
“Our result is consistent with a view that the left ventrolateral PFC, particularly Broca’s area, is involved in the subvocal rehearsal of verbal information (Awh, Smith, Koeppe, Schumacher, & Katz, 1996; Paulesu et al., 1993; Smith, Jonides, Marshuetz, & Koeppe, 1998).”
BackgroundResultBrain correlates of early auditory processing are attenuated by expectations for time and pitch.
Lange, K. (2009) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.06.004 · Cited by 276
Functional heterogeneity of inferior frontal gyrus is shaped by linguistic experience
Hsieh, L., Gandour, J., Wong, D., & Hutchins, G. D. (2001) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.2000.2382 · Cited by 196
“…to be associated with coordination of speech articulation (Dronkers, 1996; Wise et al., 1999), subvocal rehearsal in verbal short-term memory (Paulesu et al., 1993), subvocal rehearsal in vocal pitch (Zatorre et al., 1994), and conversion of auditory-visual signals to phonological codes…”
BackgroundInfluentialPaulesu, E., Danelli, L., & Berlingeri, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00830 · Cited by 224
“…thresholds adopted, is often impossible 2One obvious historical such example can be the parietal region involved in phonological short-term memory: identified at the temporo-parietal junction by Paulesu et al. (1993, 1995), it was re-discovered, so to speak, two cm above by Smith et al. (1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA comparison of five fMRI protocols for mapping speech comprehension systems
Binder, J. R., Swanson, S. J., Hammeke, T. A., & Sabsevitz, D. S. (2008) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01683.x · Cited by 202
“All participants indicated strong right-hand preferences (laterality quotient > 50) on the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory ( Oldfield, 1971 ).”
BackgroundResultPhonological Grammar Shapes the Auditory Cortex: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Jacquemot, C., Pallier, C., Bihan, D. L., Dehaene, S., & Emmanuel Dupoux, A. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-29-09541.2003 · Cited by 197
“Yet activations in the SMG have been observed when subjects had to perform experimental tasks involving phonological short-term memory (Paulesu et al., 1993; Celsis et al., 1999).”
MethodTopographical Functional Connectivity Pattern in the Perisylvian Language Networks
Xiang, H., Fonteijn, H. M. J., Norris, D. G., & Peter Hagoort, A. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp119 · Cited by 199
“Particularly, the function of left parietal lobe for phonological processes (e.g., mapping orthography to phonology, phonological recoding, rhyme detection , etc.) seems mainly to involve SMG (Demonet et al. 1992, 1994; Paulesu et al. 1993; Price 1998; Pugh et al. 2001; Seghier et al. 2004).”
Cognitive impairment in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Bresolin, N., Castelli, E., Comi, G. P., Felisari, G., Bardoni, A., Perani, D., Grassi, F., Turconi, A. C., Mazzucchelli, F., Gallotti, D., et al. (1994) · Neuromuscular Disorders · doi:10.1016/0960-8966(94)90072-8 · Cited by 198
Executive Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease
Collette, F., der Linden, M. V., & Salmon, É. (1999) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70785-8 · Cited by 211
COURTNEY, S. M. (2004) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.4.4.501 · Cited by 198
“The ventral PFC, such as the inferior and middle frontal gyri, is most consistently activated during WM for faces (Courtney et al., 1998; Courtney et al., 1996, 1997), objects other than faces (Belger et al., 1998; McCarthy et al., 1996; Munk et al., 2002; Sala, 2003; Sala et al., 2003; Smith et al., 1995), and verbal…”
BackgroundA Common Neural Substrate for Language Production and Verbal Working Memory
Acheson, D. J., Hamidi, M., Binder, J. R., & Postle, B. R. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21519 · Cited by 194
“The influence of this model is such that some of the earliest cognitive neuroimaging studies were specifically designed to find the neural basis of this WM buffer (eg, Awh & Jonides, 2001 ; Paulesu, Frith, & Frackowiak, 1993 ), and subsequently, a growing consensus has developed that inferior parietal cortex in the le…”
Champod, A. S., & Petrides, M. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0607101104 · Cited by 197
Neuroanatomical Markers for Dyslexia: A Review of Dyslexia Structural Imaging Studies
Eckert, M. A. (2004) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858404263596 · Cited by 193
Démonet, J., Price, C. J., Wise, R., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1994) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90196-1 · Cited by 197
Self-citationCoull, J., & Frith, C. (1998) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0354 · Cited by 206
“(1996), and we confirm their general findings of a right-lateralization of spatial processing and a more left-sided lateralization of working memory for verbal (in our case, digit) stimuli (see also Paulesu et al., 1994). However, Smith et al. (1996) did not include a rest condition in their study, a component of the…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAbutalebi, J., Brambati, S., Annoni, J., Moro, A., Cappa, S., & Perani, D. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3294-07.2007 · Cited by 185
“, 2005) whereas the opercular portion of Broca’s area and the LIPL have been linked to phonological processing (Paulesu et al., 1993) and to syntactic processing (Caplan et al.”
BackgroundMethodHarrington, D. L., & Haaland, K. Y. (1999) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.1999.10.2.91 · Cited by 200
Neural representation of interval encoding and decision making
Harrington, D. L., Boyd, L. A., Mayer, A. R., Sheltraw, D., Lee, R. R., Huang, M., & Rao, S. M. (2004) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.01.010 · Cited by 196
Seizures accelerate anoxia-induced neuronal death in the neonatal rat hippocampus
Dzhala, V. I., Ben‐Ari, Y., & Khazipov, R. (2000) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/1531-8249(200010)48:4 · Cited by 82
Edeline, J. (1999) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00042-2 · Cited by 197
Davachi, L., Maril, A., & Wagner, A. D. (2001) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892901753294356 · Cited by 194
“To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that activity in regions previously shown to be engaged during the maintenance of phonological codes, as determined by neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies (Smith & Jonides, 1998; Awh et al., 1996; Jonides et al., 1996; Paulesu, Frith, & Frackowiak, 1993; Baddel…”
BackgroundFunctional roles of the cingulo-frontal network in performance on working memory
Kondo, H. M., Morishita, M., Osaka, N., Osaka, M., Fukuyama, H., & Shibasaki, H. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.046 · Cited by 195
“…related to activations of the superior parietal lobule (SPL) (Dehaene et al., 1999; Chochon et al., 1999; Rickard et al., 2000; Zago et al., 2001), whereas word retention based on the phonological loop is associated with the left IFC (Awh et al., 1996; Paulesu et al., 1993; Poldrack et al., 1999).”
BackgroundThe Nature and Development of Scientific Reasoning: A Synthetic View
Lawson, A. E. (2004) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-004-3224-2 · Cited by 193
Does the representation of time depend on the cerebellum?: Effect of cerebellar stroke
Harrington, D. L. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh065 · Cited by 200
“, 2000; Penhune and Doyon, 2002) and speech production (Paulesu et al., 1993).”
Sala, J. B., Pia Rämä, A., & Courtney, S. M. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00166-5 · Cited by 192
“Accordingly, many imaging studies in humans have shown that the ventral prefrontal cortex, such as the inferior and middle frontal gyri (IFG/MFG), is most consistently activated during WM for faces [11], objects other than faces [6,39,67], and verbal information [3,17,35,54,61,63,68].”
BackgroundThe Inferior Frontal Gyrus and Phonological Processing: An Investigation using rTMS
Nixon, P. D., Lazarova, J., Hodinott-Hill, I., GOUGH, P. M., & Passingham, R. E. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892904322984571 · Cited by 197
“Yet strong activations have been observed in BA 44 when subjects simply remembered the sound of a letter for a subsequent rhyming judgment (Paulesu et al., 1993) or when reading short words was compared with observing a line of asterisks (Georgiewa et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPrice, C. C., Jefferson, A. L., Merino, J. G., Heilman, K. M., & Libon, D. J. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000168877.06011.15 · Cited by 193
ADVANCES IN CYTOARCHITECTONIC MAPPING OF THE HUMAN CEREBRAL CORTEX
Amunts, K., & Zilles, K. (2001) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1052-5149(25)00698-7 · Cited by 190
Modulation of activity in temporal cortex during generation of inner speech
Shergill, S. S., Brammer, M. J., Fukuda, R., Bullmore, E., Amaro, E., Murray, R. M., & McGuire, P. K. (2002) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10046 · Cited by 182
“Covert articulation during other paradigms has been associated with activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus [McGuire et al., 1996; Paulesu et al., 1993; Shergill et al., 2001], but the relationship between the responses in these areas has not examined.”
BackgroundBrain Activation Induced by Estimation of Duration: A PET Study
Maquet, P., Lejeune, H., Pouthas, V., Bonnet, M., Casini, L. A., Macar, F., Timsit-Berthier, M., Vidal, F., Ferrara, A., Degueldre, C., et al. (1996) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0014 · Cited by 188
“More recently, Paulesu et al. (1993), exploring the verbal component of the working memory slave systems, observed a bilateral activation of Broca’s area (BA 44).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J.
- Affiliations
- Hammersmith Hospital (GB)
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1993-03-25
- Volume
- 362
- Issue
- 6418
- Pages
- 342-345
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2002007413
- Semantic Scholar
- e8a97ed48aa1080587f488566102cd9b169a5a1c
- Cited by
- 2,230
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 36.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- working memory, verbal short-term memory, phonological loop, phonological store, subvocal rehearsal, regional cerebral blood flow, Broca's area, neural correlates, visual word recognition
- MeSH terms
- Brain Mapping, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Models, Neurological, Parietal Lobe, Verbal Behavior
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