Sex inclusion in basic research drives discovery
Open accessAbstract
Much of our understanding of disease processes and treatments begins with preclinical studies that use nonhuman animals and cell cultures. Such studies are integral to biomedical research and the development pipeline for drugs, devices, and biologics. Most preclinical biomedical research, however, has been conducted with inadequate consideration of sex (1⇓–3).
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Most preclinical researchers avoid studying female rodents due to the added complexity of research plans.
“Still, most preclinical researchers avoid studying female rodents due to the added complexity of research plans [1]”
From Sex differences in metabolic homeostasis, diabetes, and obesity (2015) · cites this paper as [1]
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Regulation of Sexually Dimorphic Expression of Major Urinary Proteins
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- Authors
- Klein, S. L., Schiebinger, L., Stefanick, M. L., Cahill, L., Danska, J., de Vries, G. J., Kibbe, M. R., McCarthy, M. M., Mogil, J. S., Woodruff, T. K., & Zucker, I.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- History of Science, and
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302;
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- McGill University (CA)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-04-20
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 5257-5258
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4418862
- OpenAlex
- W2095228051
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 31.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA060553)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Diversity and Career in Medicine
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Career Development and Diversity
- Keywords
- sex differences, basic research, scientific discovery, gender diversity in research
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Humans, Male, Reproduction, Biomedical Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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