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Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose–response meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Alcohol is a risk factor for cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, colorectum, liver, larynx and female breast, whereas its impact on other cancers remains controversial. METHODS: We investigated the effect of alcohol on 23 cancer types through a meta-analytic approach. We used dose-response meta-regression models and investigated potential sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS: A total of 572 studies, including 486 538 cancer cases, were identified. Relative risks (RRs) for heavy drinkers compared with nondrinkers and occasional drinkers were 5.13 for oral and pharyngeal cancer, 4.95 for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, 1.44 for colorectal, 2.65 for laryngeal and 1.61 for breast cancer; for those neoplasms there was a clear dose-risk relationship. Heavy drinkers also had a significantly higher risk of cancer of the stomach (RR 1.21), liver (2.07), gallbladder (2.64), pancreas (1.19) and lung (1.15). There was indication of a positive association between alcohol consumption and risk of melanoma and prostate cancer. Alcohol consumption and risk of Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were inversely associated. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol increases risk of cancer of oral cavity and pharynx, oesophagus, colorectum, liver, larynx and female breast. There is accumulating evidence that alcohol drinking is associated with some other cancers such as pancreas and prostate cancer and melanoma.
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“The increase in the risk of developing cancer (stratified by cancer site) for increasing average daily amounts of alcohol consumed (measured in grams of pure alcohol consumed per day) has been observed to be linear on an exponentiated scale; however, the magnitude of these risk increases varies by cancer site 169, 170, 171.”
From The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update (2017) · cites this paper as [169]
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“However, no association was found between excess alcohol consumption and the dementias,11 CHD,91 lung76 or liver cancer.99”
From Common risk factors for major noncommunicable disease, a systematic overview of reviews and commentary: the implied potential for targeted risk reduction (2019) · cites this paper as [76]
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“Excess alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk of stroke, bowel and breast cancer (between 20% and 50%).11,76,97”
From Common risk factors for major noncommunicable disease, a systematic overview of reviews and commentary: the implied potential for targeted risk reduction (2019) · cites this paper as [76]
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Luangsinsiri, C., Youngkong, S., Chaikledkaew, U., Pattanaprateep, O., & Thavorncharoensap, M. (2023) · Global Health Research and Policy · doi:10.1186/s41256-023-00335-w · Cited by 188
The Lancet Breast Cancer Commission
Coles, C. E., Earl, H. M., Anderson, B. O., Barrios, C. H., Bienz, M., Bliss, J. M., Cameron, D., Cardoso, F., Cui, W., Francis, P. A., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00747-5 · Cited by 209
A narrative review of alcohol consumption as a risk factor for global burden of disease
Rehm, J., & Imtiaz, S. (2016) · Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-016-0081-2 · Cited by 177
“Currently other types of cancer are discussed as potentially alcohol-attributable, such as cancer categories of pancreas or stomach cancer, as heavy drinking has been consistently associated with increased risk for these categories [46, 47]; thus, more cancer categories will likely be added to future CRAs.”
BackgroundMethodBresin, K., & Mekawi, Y. (2020) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14518 · Cited by 178
Cancer Progress and Priorities: Breast Cancer
Houghton, S. C., & Hankinson, S. E. (2021) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1193 · Cited by 201
Risk factors of Lung Cancer in nonsmoker
Akhtar, N., & Gupta, J. (2017) · Current Problems in Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2017.07.002 · Cited by 185
The Changing Epidemiology of Primary Liver Cancer
Petrick, J. L., & McGlynn, K. A. (2019) · Current Epidemiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40471-019-00188-3 · Cited by 173
Metabolic dysfunction and obesity‐related cancer: Beyond obesity and metabolic syndrome
Karra, P., Winn, M., Pauleck, S., Bulsiewicz‐Jacobsen, A., Peterson, L., Coletta, A. M., Doherty, J. A., Ulrich, C. M., Summers, S. A., Gunter, M. J., et al. (2022) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23444 · Cited by 187
Sauer, A. G., Siegel, R. L., Jemal, A., & Fedewa, S. A. (2019) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-1169 · Cited by 179
Mediterranean Diet and Breast Cancer Risk
Turati, F., Carioli, G., Bravi, F., Ferraroni, M., Serraino, D., Montella, M., Giacosa, A., Toffolutti, F., Negri, E., Levi, F., et al. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10030326 · Cited by 174
“Since alcohol is a recognized risk factor for breast cancer [1], in a further analysis we recalculated the MDS without the alcohol component and included alcohol as a confounder in the logistic regression model.”
MethodResultSelf-citationEpidemiology of breast cancer, a paradigm of the “common soil” hypothesis
Iacoviello, L., Bonaccio, M., de Gaetano, G., & Donati, M. B. (2020) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.02.010 · Cited by 166
Kratzer, T. B., Jemal, A., Miller, K. D., Nash, S. H., Wiggins, C. L., Redwood, D. G., Smith, R. A., & Siegel, R. L. (2022) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21757 · Cited by 151
Carr, P. R., Weigl, K., Jansen, L., Walter, V., Erben, V., Chang-Claude, J. C., Brenner, H., & Hoffmeister, M. (2018) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.044 · Cited by 156
Alcohol and head and neck cancer
Kawakita, D., & Matsuo, K. (2017) · Cancer and Metastasis Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10555-017-9690-0 · Cited by 149
The Rise of Gastrointestinal Cancers as a Global Phenomenon: Unhealthy Behavior or Progress?
Jardim, S. R., de Souza, L. M. P., & de Souza, H. S. P. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043640 · Cited by 157
“HCC is directly linked to alcohol consumption; the association is mainly driven by alcohol-related cirrhosis, alcohol consumption in carriers of hepatitis B or C virus, and probably heavy drinking [60,61].”
BackgroundDietary Factors and Prostate Cancer Development, Progression, and Reduction
Oczkowski, M., Dziendzikowska, K., Pasternak-Winiarska, A., Włodarek, D., & Gromadzka-Ostrowska, J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020496 · Cited by 153
Nature, Nurture, and Cancer Risks: Genetic and Nutritional Contributions to Cancer
Τheodoratou, E., Timofeeva, M. N., Li, X., Meng, X., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2017) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051004 · Cited by 142
Alcohol drinking and head and neck cancer risk: the joint effect of intensity and duration
Credico, G. D., Polesel, J., Maso, L. D., Pauli, F., Torelli, N., Luce, D., Radoï, L., Matsuo, K., Serraino, D., Brennan, P., et al. (2020) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-020-01031-z · Cited by 137
Self-citationGormley, M., Dudding, T., Sanderson, E. C. M., Martin, R. M., Thomas, S. J., Tyrrell, J., Ness, A., Brennan, P., Munafo, M. R., Pring, M., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19822-6 · Cited by 133
Obesity, Dietary Factors, Nutrition, and Breast Cancer Risk
Seiler, A., Chen, M. A., Brown, R. L., & Fagundes, C. P. (2018) · Current Breast Cancer Reports · doi:10.1007/s12609-018-0264-0 · Cited by 149
“of CRP and pro-inflammatory cytokines and have been identified as ingredients that may increase the risk of different types of cancer, including breast [91, 133].”
Outdoor air pollution, green space, and cancer incidence in Saxony: a semi-individual cohort study
Datzmann, T., Markevych, I., Trautmann, F., Heinrich, J., Schmitt, J., & Tesch, F. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5615-2 · Cited by 141
“Further, a recent meta-analysis [58] and other studies [48, 59] found positive associations with high alcohol consumption on colorectal, mouth and throat, as well as breast cancer, and limited evidence for prostate cancer.”
ResultMiR-21: an environmental driver of malignant melanoma?
Melnik, B. C. (2015) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0570-5 · Cited by 131
“Alcohol consumption There is epidemiological evidence that drinking alcohol is associated with an increased risk of melanoma [224, 225].”
BackgroundOral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors: State of the Art
Nokovitch, L., Maquet, C., Crampon, F., Taïhi, I., Roussel, L., Obongo, R., Virard, F., Fervers, B., & Deneuve, S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12093264 · Cited by 140
“62] for oral cavity and pharynx cancers [57].”
BackgroundAlcohol consumption and gastric cancer risk—A pooled analysis within the StoP project consortium
Rota, M., Pelucchi, C., Bertuccio, P., Matsuo, K., Zhang, Z., Ito, H. M., Hu, J., Johnson, K. C., Palli, D., Ferraroni, M., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.30891 · Cited by 130
Self-citationMüller, S. (2017) · Head and Neck Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12105-017-0792-3 · Cited by 125
Epidemiology of Cancers of the Small Intestine: Trends, Risk Factors, and Prevention
Barsouk, A. A., Rawla, P., Barsouk, A., & Thandra, K. C. (2019) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci7030046 · Cited by 128
“Heavy alcohol consumption had been found to increase the risk of CRC by 20–40% [60], leading many to assume that it has a similar effect on SBA, even if small sample sizes due to the rarity of the disease preclude definitive results.”
BackgroundCancer Epidemiology: A Survey of Modifiable Risk Factors for Prevention and Survivorship
Arem, H. E., & Loftfield, E. (2017) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827617700600 · Cited by 141
Menopause, ageing, and alcohol use disorders in women
Milić, J., Glišić, M., Voortman, T., Pletsch‐Borba, L., Asllanaj, E., Rojas, L. Z., Troup, J., Jong, J. C. K., van Beeck, E., Muka, T., et al. (2018) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.03.006 · Cited by 128
Carr, P. R., Weigl, K., Edelmann, D., Jansen, L., Chang-Claude, J. C., Brenner, H., & Hoffmeister, M. (2020) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.016 · Cited by 129
Lugo, A., Peveri, G., Bosetti, C., Bagnardi, V., Crippa, A., Orsini, N., Rota, M., & Gallus, S. (2018) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2018.09.007 · Cited by 114
Self-citationHuang, Q., Zou, X., Wen, X., Zhou, X., & Ji, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.693507 · Cited by 114
“These patients ignored by previous criteria of NAFLD were mainly patients with alcohol abuse, hepatic viral infection and iron overload, which tended to speed up the progression of extracellular and hepatocellular cancer (27).”
BackgroundAwareness of the Link between Alcohol Consumption and Cancer across the World: A Review
Scheideler, J. K., & Klein, W. M. P. (2018) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0645 · Cited by 114
“Evidence concerning the carcinogenic effects of alcohol began to emerge in the early part of the twentieth century (4, 5), and epidemiologic studies and metaanalyses have since corroborated this association (6), thus motivating the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) to classify alcohol as a Group 1 car…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bagnardi, V, Rota, M., Botteri, E., Tramacere, I., Islami, F., Fedirko, V, Scotti, L., Jenab, M., Turati, F., Pasquali, E., Pelucchi, C., Galeone, C., Bellocco, R., Negri, E., Corrao, G., Boffetta, P., & La Vecchia, C.
- Affiliations
- European Institute of Oncology (IT)
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research (IT)
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (IT)
- American Cancer Society (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University of Milano-Bicocca (IT)
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Tisch Cancer Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bagnardi, V
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Cancer
- Published
- 2014-11-25
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 580-593
- ISSN
- 0007-0920 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-1827
- PMC
- PMC4453639
- OpenAlex
- W1965385210
- Cited by
- 1,342
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 130 · 2025: 149 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 139 · 2022: 158 · 2021: 133 · 2020: 123 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 100 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 21
- FWCI
- 42.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
- Locations
- British Journal of Cancer (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- Fondazione Umberto Veronesi
- Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (10258)
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Head and Neck Cancer Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Esophageal Cancer Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- alcohol consumption, alcohol and cancer risk, dose-response relationship, heavy drinking, oral and pharyngeal cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, colorectal cancer, laryngeal cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, gallbladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, prostate cancer, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- MeSH terms
- Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Alcohol Drinking, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Esophageal Neoplasms, Female, Humans, Male, Melanoma, Mouth Neoplasms, Neoplasms, Pharyngeal Neoplasms, Prostatic Neoplasms, Risk Factors, Incidence, Case-Control Studies
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