Competition between human cells by entosis
Open accessAbstract
Human carcinomas are comprised of complex mixtures of tumor cells that are known to compete indirectly for nutrients and growth factors. Whether tumor cells could also compete directly, for example by elimination of rivals, is not known. Here we show that human cells can directly compete by a mechanism of engulfment called entosis. By entosis, cells are engulfed, or cannibalized while alive, and subsequently undergo cell death. We find that the identity of engulfing ("winner") and engulfed ("loser") cells is dictated by mechanical deformability controlled by RhoA and actomyosin, where tumor cells with high deformability preferentially engulf and outcompete neighboring cells with low deformability in heterogeneous populations. We further find that activated Kras and Rac signaling impart winner status to cells by downregulating contractile myosin, allowing for the internalization of neighboring cells that eventually undergo cell death. Finally, we compute the energy landscape of cell-in-cell formation, demonstrating that a mechanical differential between winner and loser cells is required for entosis to proceed. These data define a mechanism of competition in mammalian cells that occurs in human tumors.
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Entosis can be triggered by differences in mechanical properties or responses to metabolic stress of cancer cells competing for proliferation.
“differences in the mechanical properties [696] or responses to metabolic stress [697] of cancer cells competing for proliferation.”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [696]
Competition in the tumor system can occur via an entotic process whose outcome is dictated by KRAS and RAC1 signaling, which confers an advantage to engulfing cells by favoring myosin downregulation.
“competition in the tumor system can occur via an entotic process whose outcome is dictated by the activation of KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase (KRAS), and Rac family small GTPase 1 (RAC1) signaling, which confers an advantage to engulfing cells by favoring myosin downregulation [696].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [696]
Cells with mutant KRAS are more likely to perpetrate entosis than to be consumed.
“cells that harbor a mutant KRAS allele are more likely to perpetrate entosis than to be consumed in this process”
From The emerging hallmarks of cancer metabolism (2016) · cites this paper as Sun et al., 2014
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Sun, Q., Luo, T., Ren, Y., Florey, O., Shirasawa, S., Sasazuki, T., Robinson, D. N., & Overholtzer, M.
- Affiliations
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Babraham Institute (GB)
- Fukuoka University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Qiang
- Overholtzer, Michael
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Research
- Published
- 2014-10-24
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1299-1310
- ISSN
- 1001-0602 (ISSN-L)
- 1748-7838
- PMC
- PMC4220161
- OpenAlex
- W2027468963
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 7.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cell Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK (C47718/A16337, 16337)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81472588)
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2015CB553704)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA154649, CA154649, P30CA008748)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM66817, R01GM066817)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular Mechanics and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Keywords
- entosis, cell cannibalism, cell competition, tumor cell populations, cell deformability, RhoA, actomyosin, KRAS signaling, Rac signaling, myosin contractility, cell death, energy landscape, cell mechanical properties, carcinoma
- MeSH terms
- Actomyosin, Amides, Animals, Enzyme Inhibitors, Female, Humans, Myosins, Neoplasms, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Pyridines, Down-Regulation, Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras), Mice, SCID, Apoptosis, ras Proteins, rhoA GTP-Binding Protein, rac1 GTP-Binding Protein, RNA Interference, HCT116 Cells, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice, rho-Associated Kinases, Entosis, MCF-7 Cells
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