Daily profiles of energy and nutrient intakes: are eating profiles changing over time?
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Associations between timing of eating occasions and their nutrient composition and health have been described in interventional and cross-sectional studies. However, data from longitudinal data are limited. This study examined 17-year changes in energy and macronutrient intake across eating occasions in the 1946 British birth cohort. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data were obtained from the 1946 British birth cohort. Cohort members completed 5d-estimated diaries at ages 36 (1982), 43 (1989) and 53 years (1999). Data from subjects who provided dietary data at all three time points were analysed (n = 1253). Repeated-measures analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni's adjustment was used to examine changes in energy and macronutrient at breakfast, mid-morning, lunch, mid-afternoon, evening and extra meal slots between 1982 and 1999. Analyses were stratified by sex and social class. RESULTS: The proportion of energy and macronutrients consumed at lunch declined between 1982 and 1999, which was compensated by a greater intake in the mid-afternoon and evening. This trend was seen across sex and social class, although women and adults with a non-manual occupation reported greater energy, carbohydrate and non-starch polysaccharide intake at breakfast in 1982 and had a higher protein intake in the evening compared with men and adults with a manual occupation. CONCLUSIONS: The timing of energy and nutrient intake has shifted slightly over time, with a greater proportion of intake later in the day. The association between the observed sex and occupational social class differences in eating profiles and chronic disease warrants investigation.
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The timing of energy and nutrient intake has changed over time, with a greater proportion of intake later in the day.
“However, the timing of energy and nutrient intake has changed over time, with a greater proportion of intake later in the day (17) .”
From Effects of consuming later evening meal<i>v</i>. earlier evening meal on weight loss during a weight loss diet: a randomised clinical trial (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
Energy and nutrient intake has gradually moved later in the day.
“Nevertheless, there has been evidence that the timing of energy and nutrient intake has shifted slightly over time with a greater proportion of intake later in the day (20).”
The time-of-day approach does not capture meals eaten at unusual times, such as among shift workers.
“it does not capture meals eaten at unusual times, such as among shift workers( 35 , 36 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
All except two studies were cross-sectional.
“All except two studies( 35 , 72 ) were cross-sectional.”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In a prospective study of 1253 UK adults, lunch and evening meal contributed the greatest proportion of total daily energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate intake, consistent over time.
“In a prospective study of 1253 adults from the UK, Almoosawi et al. ( 35 ) examined 17-year changes in the contributions of breakfast, lunch and dinner to macronutrient intake. The authors found that the lunch and evening meal contributed the greatest proportion of total daily energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate intake, which was consistent over time.”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
Time-of-day definitions were also common, as well as a combination of two definitions.
“Time-of-day definitions were also common( 35 , 36 , 64 , 67 , 72 , 76 ) as well as a combination of two definitions (for example, self-identified and time-of-day, or time-of-day and type/combination of foods eaten)( 30 , 65 , 68 , 73 , 81 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
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- Authors
- Almoosawi, S., Winter, J., Prynne, C. J., Hardy, R., & Stephen, A. M.
- Affiliations
- MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory (GB)
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Almoosawi, S
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2011-12-21
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 678-686
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- PMC
- PMC3389619
- OpenAlex
- W2157213658
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- dietary habits, meal timing, energy intake, macronutrient intake, dietary change over time, 1946 British birth cohort, longitudinal dietary change, sex differences, social class, occupational status, carbohydrate intake, protein intake, non-starch polysaccharides, lunch, dinner
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Energy Intake, Diet, Diet Surveys, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Physical Exertion, Feeding Behavior, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Occupations, Sex Factors, Social Class, Work, Diet Records
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