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Cited by 362Nutrition, Health and Food BehaviorObesity, Physical Activity, DietEating Disorders and Behaviors

Longitudinal study of skipping breakfast and weight change in adolescents

Berkey, C S, Rockett, H R H, Gillman, M W, Field, A E, Colditz, G A·2003·International Journal of Obesity
DOI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802402
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Abstract

Background Several cross-sectional studies reported that heavier children eat breakfast less often. However, no longitudinal studies have addressed whether skipping breakfast leads to excessive weight gain.Objective To investigate whether skipping breakfast was prospectively associated with changes in body fatness.Methods A cohort of >14000 boys and girls from all over the US, 9- to 14-y-old in 1996, returned annual mailed questionnaires (1996-1999) for the Growing Up Today Study. We analyzed change in body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)) over three 1-y periods among children who reported breakfast frequency.Results Children who reported that they never eat breakfast had lower energy intakes than those who eat breakfast nearly every day. Children who were more physically active reported higher energy intakes, as did those who reported more time watching television/videos and playing videogames. Like previous studies, skipping breakfast was associated with overweight, cross-sectionally. However, overweight children who never ate breakfast lost BMI over the following year compared to overweight children who ate breakfast nearly every day (boys: -0.66 kg/m(2) (s.e.=0.22); girls: -0.50 kg/m(2) (s.e.=0.14)). But normal weight children who never ate breakfast gained weight relative to peers who ate breakfast nearly every day (boys: +0.21 kg/m(2) (s.e.=0.13); girls: +0.08 kg/m(2) (s.e.=0.05)). Breakfast frequency was positively correlated with self-reported quality of schoolwork.Conclusions Overweight children who never eat breakfast may lose body fat, but normal weight children do not. Since numerous studies link skipping breakfast to poorer academics, children should be encouraged to eat breakfast.

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Authors
Berkey, C. S., Rockett, H. R. H., Gillman, M. W., Field, A. E., & Colditz, G. A.
Affiliations
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
  • Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author
Berkey, C S
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Obesity
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2003-09-26
Volume
27
Issue
10
Pages
1258-1266
ISSN
  • 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-5497
DOI
10.1038/sj.ijo.0802402
OpenAlex
W2131099995
Cited by
362
References
79
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 29
FWCI
8.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-46834, P30DK046200, P30 DK-46200, R01DK046834)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Keywords
breakfast skipping, breakfast frequency, adolescent weight gain, body mass index, overweight children, energy intake, physical activity, screen time, Growing Up Today Study
MeSH terms
Achievement, Adolescent, Body Weight, Child, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Fats, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Obesity, Weight Gain, Exercise, Body Mass Index

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