The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 13 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the differences in plasma concentrations and in intakes of amino acids between male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the Oxford arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis included 392 men, aged 30-49 years. Plasma amino acid concentrations were measured with a targeted metabolomic approach using mass spectrometry, and dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Differences between diet groups in mean plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids were examined using analysis of variance, controlling for potential confounding factors and multiple testing. RESULTS: In plasma, concentrations of 6 out of 21 amino acids varied significantly by diet group, with differences of -13% to +16% between meat-eaters and vegans. Concentrations of methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine were highest in fish-eaters and vegetarians, followed by meat-eaters, and lowest in vegans. A broadly similar pattern was seen for lysine, whereas alanine concentration was highest in fish-eaters and lowest in meat-eaters. For glycine, vegans had the highest concentration and meat-eaters the lowest. Intakes of all 18 dietary amino acids differed by diet group; for the majority of these, intake was highest in meat-eaters followed by fish-eaters, then vegetarians and lowest in vegans (up to 47% lower than in meat-eaters). CONCLUSIONS: Men belonging to different habitual diet groups have significantly different plasma concentrations of lysine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine, glycine and tyrosine. However, the differences in plasma concentrations were less marked than and did not necessarily mirror those seen for amino acid intakes.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 392 British men aged 30–49 from EPIC-Oxford, plasma concentrations of 6 of 21 amino acids differed significantly by habitual diet group, but these differences were smaller than and did not closely mirror dietary amino acid intakes. Intakes of all 18 measured dietary amino acids differed by diet group, generally highest in meat-eaters and lowest in vegans.
Key findings
- Plasma concentrations of lysine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine, glycine and tyrosine varied significantly by diet group after multiple-testing correction, with differences of −13% to +16% between meat-eaters and vegans.
- Methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine were highest in fish-eaters and vegetarians, followed by meat-eaters, and lowest in vegans; lysine showed a broadly similar pattern, alanine was highest in fish-eaters and lowest in meat-eaters, and glycine was highest in vegans and lowest in meat-eaters (vegans 16% higher than meat-eaters).
- Intakes of all 18 dietary amino acids differed by diet group (P<0.0001 for all); for most, intake was highest in meat-eaters, then fish-eaters, then vegetarians, and lowest in vegans, with lysine and methionine intakes in vegans at 56% and 53% of those in meat-eaters, respectively.
- Plasma concentrations and dietary intakes of amino acids were not strongly correlated, although significant positive correlations were found for leucine, lysine, methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine (r≤0.21).
Methods
- Cross-sectional analysis within EPIC-Oxford including 392 men aged 30–49 years, with 98 participants in each diet group: meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans.
- Plasma amino acid concentrations were measured with a targeted metabolomic assay (BIOCRATES AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) quantifying 21 amino acids; dietary intake was assessed with a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and 18 amino acid intakes were estimated using the USDA National Nutrient Database.
- Differences between diet groups in mean plasma concentrations and intakes were tested using analysis of variance, adjusted for age, BMI, smoking status and alcohol intake; plasma models additionally adjusted for time since last food/drink and time between blood collection and processing, intake models adjusted for energy intake, and results were interpreted after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing.
Limitations
- Stated: plasma amino acid measurements could be affected by pre-analytic conditions such as thaw–freeze cycles, and some values were unavailable because of detector signal saturation (e.g., phenylalanine n=93, proline n=45, lysine n=11); the authors note thaw–freeze cycles were independent of diet group and most amino acids are stable over two cycles.
- Stated: FFQ-based amino acid intakes may be underestimated as more animal foods are omitted, may miss some plant foods or use non-representative portion sizes, and validation showed protein intake was particularly difficult to estimate; matching UK foods to a US nutrient database may also introduce differences in amino acid content.
- Stated/evident: some correlation analyses had lower power because diet groups with zero intake were excluded; the cross-sectional design and the sample of British men aged 30–49 in EPIC-Oxford limit causal inference and generalizability to other populations.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 13 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, no differences between diet groups were observed for the four types of animal products where comparison was possible (fish, dairy, egg and mixed animal products).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This analysis showed that plasma concentrations of six amino acids, namely lysine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine, glycine and tyrosine, differed by habitual diet group.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions: · plain
“Men belonging to different habitual diet groups have significantly different plasma concentrations of lysine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine, glycine and tyrosine.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions: · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The largest difference was seen for glycine; mean concentration in vegans was 16% higher than in meat-eaters, who had the lowest concentration, with intermediate concentrations for fish-eaters and vegetarians.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intakes of all 18 dietary amino acids differed by diet group; for the majority of these, intake was highest in meat-eaters followed by fish-eaters, then vegetarians and lowest in vegans (up to 47% lower than in meat-eaters).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Meat-eaters had the highest intakes, followed by fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans, except for arginine, aspartate, glycine and proline.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Results:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimated mean intakes of all 18 amino acids varied by diet group (P<0.0001 for all; Table 3).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strongest positive correlations were observed between the essential amino acids (r⩽0.91).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In plasma, concentrations of 6 out of 21 amino acids varied significantly by diet group, with differences of −13% to +16% between meat-eaters and vegans.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The concentrations of 6 of the 21 plasma amino acids varied significantly by diet group after allowing for multiple testing (Table 2).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Results:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, significant positive correlations were found for leucine, lysine, methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine (r⩽0.21), after allowing for multiple testing.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concentrations of some plasma amino acids were correlated with intake of protein from plant products, after allowing for multiple testing (Supplementary Table 2).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For soya products, inverse correlations were seen with valine, lysine, methionine and tyrosine.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans had on average followed their diet for 11, 12 and 9 years, respectively.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Protein from all animal products also differed by diet group; it was highest in meat-eaters and lowest in vegetarians (zero in vegans by definition).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BMI differed by up to 2.3 kg/m2 between diet groups; it was highest in meat-eaters and lowest in vegans (Table 1).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A similar pattern was seen for non-soya plant products, although only correlations for lysine and tyrosine were significant.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meat-eaters had the highest intakes, followed by fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans, except for arginine, aspartate, glycine and proline. For these amino acids, meat-eaters also had the highest intakes, but were followed by vegans for arginine and glycine, whereas other deviations from the above pattern were seen for aspartate and proline.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For glycine, vegans had the highest concentration and meat-eaters the lowest.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The largest difference was seen for glycine; mean concentration in vegans was 16% higher than in meat-eaters, who had the lowest concentration, with intermediate concentrations for fish-eaters and vegetarians.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Results:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The largest percentage differences between diet groups were for intakes of lysine and methionine, which in vegans were 56% and 53% of those in meat-eaters, respectively.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A broadly similar pattern was seen for lysine”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“For lysine, methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine fish-eaters and vegetarians generally had the highest concentrations, followed by meat-eaters, whereas vegans had the lowest concentrations for all four.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Results:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, energy intake and percent energy from protein were highest in meat-eaters and lowest in vegans.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas alanine concentration was highest in fish-eaters and lowest in meat-eaters.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“For alanine, the highest concentration was seen in fish-eaters, followed by vegetarians and vegans, and lowest in meat-eaters.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Results:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Separating the protein intake by food types revealed differences in percent energy from protein from all plant products, non-soya and soya plant products; meat-eaters had the lowest intake, whereas vegans consumed the highest amount.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concentrations of many of the plasma amino acids were correlated (Figure 1); 62% of the correlations were statistically significant after allowance for multiple testing (–0.23⩾r⩾0.23; P<0.0002).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
In the paper
“This, in addition to the recognised limitations of estimating nutrient intakes using a FFQ,31 might at least partly explain the differences in our results for plasma and dietary amino acids by diet group, as well as the limited strength of correlation between plasma concentrations and intakes.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before the assay for this study, samples had undergone two or three thaw–freeze cycles; samples from each diet group were equally distributed by the number of cycles.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Blood sampling and laboratory analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The laboratory technicians were blinded to the diet group and the quality control samples.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Blood sampling and laboratory analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For leucine, valine, histidine, threonine, arginine and citrulline an association was found in previous studies but not in ours, whereas the opposite was the case for methionine, tryptophan, alanine and glycine.7, 8, 9”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was some variation by diet group in median duration since last meal or drink at blood collection (up to 30 min) and in time between blood collection and processing (up to 19 h), although after adjustment for multiple testing this was not statistically significant (Supplementary Table 1).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The observed trend in protein intake may also partly reflect an increasing degree of underestimation of intake as more animal foods are omitted; some plant foods eaten by vegetarians and vegans may not be in the FFQ, and vegetarians and vegans may eat larger portions of some plant foods than the standard portion sizes assigned.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
In the paper
“Moreover, data were available on both plasma concentrations and dietary intakes of amino acids, as well as on a wide range of covariates, for example BMI, which is related to amino acid concentrations.32”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There was good agreement between self-reported and measured height and weight from a sub-sample of the cohort (correlation coefficient (r)>0.9).14”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Diet and lifestyle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the differences in plasma concentrations were less marked than and did not necessarily mirror those seen for amino acid intakes.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“These differences were less pronounced than, and did not mirror those observed for amino acid intakes (the majority of which were highest in meat-eaters followed by fish-eaters, then vegetarians and finally vegans).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Conclusions:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No samples had concentrations below the lower limit of quantification, whereas for five amino acids a few values (n⩽2) were above the highest standard and were set equal to this value (400 μmol/l for leucine, histidine, threonine and ornithine, and 800 μmol/l for glutamate).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Blood sampling and laboratory analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analyses of concentrations and intakes were both adjusted for age (30–34; 35–39; 40–44; 45–49 years), body mass index (BMI; <22.5; 22.5–24.9; ⩾25 kg/m2; unknown), smoking status (never; former; current) and alcohol intake (<1; 1–7; 8–15; ⩾16 g/d).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Statistical analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The differences by diet group we observed for lysine and tyrosine were supported by similar findings from previous studies, as were the null results for isoleucine, phenylalanine, asparagine, proline, serine and ornithine.7, 9”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Including physical activity in the statistical model did not materially change the findings (results not shown).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The plasma concentration of amino acids is a result of a complex interplay between dietary intake, tissue breakdown and de-novo synthesis3 and other factors such as gut microbial synthesis increasing the concentration30 and tissue uptake and excretion reducing the concentration.3”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median (range) overall coefficient of variation for the amino acids was 11.8% (5.4–17.3).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Blood sampling and laboratory analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of unavailable concentrations did not differ significantly by diet group for lysine, phenylalanine or proline”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Blood sampling and laboratory analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conventional two-sided P-values are shown, but all results have been interpreted after allowance for multiple testing using the Bonferroni method; the per-test significance level was 0.05 divided by the number of tests.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Statistical analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Other pre-analytical conditions, which the study did not have information about, are not related to diet group.
“Other pre-analytical conditions, which we do not have information about, are most likely also not related to diet group.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
“All UK foods were matched to the nearest food in the US nutrient database, paying specific attention to match on the total protein content so that scaling was not necessary.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
“Categorisation of the four diet groups was based on the answers to the questions 'Do you eat any meat; fish; dairy products; and eggs?'”
The paper relies on this without support.
The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
“The analyses of concentrations and intakes were both adjusted for age (30–34; 35–39; 40–44; 45–49 years), body mass index (BMI; <22.5; 22.5–24.9; ⩾25 kg/m2; unknown), smoking status (never; former; current) and alcohol intake (<1; 1–7; 8–15; ⩾16 g/d).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Animal-based food sources are generally protein dense, especially meat and dairy products, and therefore comprise a major proportion of protein intake in the general population [23,37,39].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Large cohort studies indicate that vegans have a higher risk (compared with omnivores) for deficiencies in several micronutrients predominantly found in animal-derived foods, such as vitamin B12, iron, calcium, and vitamin D”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
Citations
Cites
Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes
Wang, T. J., Larson, M. G., Vasan, R. S., Cheng, S., Rhee, E. P., McCabe, E., Lewis, G. D., Fox, C. S., Jacques, P. F., Fernandez, C., et al. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2307 · Cited by 3,143 · cited 1×
“…of glycine to be associated with a decreased risk and phenylalanine to be associated with an increased risk of the disease (34), while a second study reported a higher risk of diabetes in individuals with higher plasma concentrations of isoleucine, leucine, valine, tyrosine and phenylalanine (35).”
McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods
England, P. H. (2002) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781849735551 · Cited by 2,209
Validity of self-reported height and weight in 4808 EPIC–Oxford participants
Spencer, E. A., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., & Key, T. J. (2002) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2001322 · Cited by 1,082 · cited 1×
“There was good agreement between self-reported and measured height and weight from a sub-sample of the cohort (correlation coefficient (r)>0.9) (14).”
InfluentialSelf-citationFloegel, A., Stefan, N., Yu, Z., Mühlenbruch, K., Drogan, D., Joost, H.-G., Fritsche, A., Häring, H.-U., Hrabě de Angelis, M., Peters, A., et al. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-0495 · Cited by 988 · cited 1×
“…serum concentrations of glycine to be associated with a decreased risk and phenylalanine to be associated with an increased risk of the disease (34), while a second study reported a higher risk of diabetes in individuals with higher plasma concentrations of isoleucine, leucine, valine,…”
Wareham, N. J., Jakes, R. W., Rennie, K. L., Schuit, A. J., Mitchell, J., Hennings, S., & Day, N. (2003) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2002439 · Cited by 852 · cited 1×
“A sensitivity analysis further adjusting for physical activity (inactive; low activity; moderately active; very active; unknown) (28, 29) was conducted for both plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids.”
Bingham, S. A., Gill, C., Welch, A., Day, K., Cassidy, A., Khaw, K. T., Sneyd, M. J., Key, T. J. A., Roe, L., & Day, N. E. (1994) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19940064 · Cited by 749 · cited 2×
“Also, the validation of the FFQ showed that protein intake was particularly difficult to estimate (12, 13).”
Self-citationDavey, G. K., Spencer, E. A., Appleby, P. N., Allen, N. E., Knox, K. H., & Key, T. J. (2003) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2002430 · Cited by 583 · cited 1×
“The study has been described in detail elsewhere (11).”
Self-citationScalbert, A., Brennan, L., Fiehn, O., Hankemeier, T., Kristal, B. S., van Ommen, B., Pujos-Guillot, E., Verheij, E., Wishart, D., & Wopereis, S. (2009) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-009-0168-0 · Cited by 565 · cited 1×
“Although circulating concentrations of amino acids are subject to homeostatic control (3) they are also affected by diet, metabolism, lifestyle and genetic factors (4).”
Self-citationBoye, J., Wijesinha-Bettoni, R., & Burlingame, B. (2012) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512002309 · Cited by 421 · cited 2×
“Humans need daily supplies of protein including adequate amounts of essential amino acids, which cannot be synthesised endogenously (2).”
Contribution of microbial amino acids to amino acid homeostasis of the host
Metges, C. C. (2000) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/130.7.1857s · Cited by 391
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 40 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Holland B, Welch AA, Unwin ID, Buss DH, Paul AA . . Southgate DAT. McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, 5th edn. The Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, 1991.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 355
Itkonen, S. T., Karhu, P., Pellinen, T., Lehtovirta, M., Kaartinen, N. E., Männistö, S., Päivärinta, E., & Pajari, A. (2023) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114523001514 · Cited by 11
“In many plant-based protein sources, lysine and sulfurous AA (methionine and cysteine) contents are low compared with protein synthesis requirements (20,21) , but e.g. arginine is generally found in both animal-and plant-based sources.”
BackgroundGoldman, D., Warbeck, C. B., & Karlsen, M. C. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16081122 · Cited by 12
“…Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC–Oxford), in which young men who followed completely plant-based diets reported consuming a similar proportion of calories from leucine, scaling to 11 g/day if energy consumption reached the level determined for calculations in our study [81].”
BackgroundVincent, A., Savolainen, O. I., Sen, P., Carlsson, N., Almgren, A., Lindqvist, H. M., Lind, M. V., Undeland, I., Sandberg, A., & Ross, A. B. (2016) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201600400 · Cited by 9
Park, Y., Park, M., Hamidoghli, A., Kim, C., & Bai, S. C. (2021) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115035 · Cited by 8
Haws, S. A., Yu, D., Ye, C., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/726448 · Cited by 9
“vegan diets) have been shown to significantly correlate with decreased plasma Met concentrations (Farmer, 2014; Schmidt et al., 2016).”
The amino acid composition of commercially available vegan meat and dairy analogues
Domić, J., van Loon, L. J. C., Siebelink, E., et al. (2025) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711452510408x · Cited by 8
Revisiting PINI Scoring in Light of Recent Biological Advances
Ingenbleek, Y. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15081846 · Cited by 9
Duan, W., Zi, T., Zhao, Y., Shan, R., Wu, H., Sun, H., Tian, Z., Wang, J., Liu, L., Zhang, Y., et al. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202777 · Cited by 6
“Previous studies have reported that individual dietary AAs intake cannot commonly be reflected in serum AAs levels [3, 12, 13], which makes the current study of this issue lack compelling evidence for understanding the relationship between dietary AAs and T2DM.”
Isoleucine-to-valine substitutions support cellular physiology during isoleucine deprivation
Kok, G., Schene, I. F., Ilcken, E. F., Alcaraz, P. S., Mendes, M. I. S., Smith, D. E. C., Salomons, G. S., Shehata, S., Jans, J. J. M., Maroofian, R., et al. (2024) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae1184 · Cited by 7
Bolasco, P., Aquilani, R., Maestri, R., Esposito, M. P., Deiana, M. L., Cadeddu, M., Secci, R., Casu, B., Serra, A., Iadarola, P., et al. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.02.026 · Cited by 7
He, Q., Zhang, N., Liang, Q., Wang, Z., Chen, P., Song, Y., Zhou, Z., Wei, Y., Duan, Y., Wang, B., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.946277 · Cited by 6
“Serine can be derived from four possible sources: dietary intake; biosynthesis from the glycolytic intermediate 3phosphoglycerate; from glycine; and by protein and phospholipid degradation (19), a study showed that subjects belonging to different habitual diet groups have significantly different plasma concentrations…”
BackgroundSchmidt, J. A., Huybrechts, I., Overvad, K., et al. (2022) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.5289 · Cited by 7
Self-citationTakeshita, M., Tabara, Y., Setoh, K., Nagao, K., Imaizumi, A., Kageyama, Y., Matsuda, F., Tabara, Y., Kawaguchi, T., Setoh, K., et al. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.10.024 · Cited by 7
Effects of vegetarian diets on blood pressure
Yokoyama, Y., Tsubota, K., & 渡辺, 光. (2016) · Nutrition and Dietary Supplements · doi:10.2147/nds.s74715 · Cited by 7
“Amino acids such as lysine, methionine, tryptophan, and tyrosine were significantly lower, and alanine and glycine were higher in vegans than in meat eaters.(46) Lysine competes with arginine for transport into the cell,(47,48) and arginine deficiency is associated with endothelial inflammation and immune dysfunction…”
Zholudov, Y. T., Lysak, N., Snizhko, D. V., et al. (2020) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/d0an00229a · Cited by 7
Rietjens, I. M. C. M., Tanaka, T., Masuzawa, Y., Nakamura, H., Ishizaka, Y., & Teoh, K. N. (2020) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111910 · Cited by 7
Cytokine response to critical illness and its relation to amino acid metabolism
Berger, M. M., Singer, P., Wierzchowska-McNew, R. A., Viana, M. V., Bendavid, I., Pantet, O., Perez, C., Thaden, J. J., ENGELEN, M. P. K. J., & Deutz, N. E. P. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2025.07.018 · Cited by 6
“They are also impacted by nutrition, and its composition [34], which should not be the case in the present study, as it was conducted in a postabsorptive condition.”
Depletion of individual dietary amino acids induce distinct metabolic and chromatin states
Haws, S. A., Liu, Y., Green, C. L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2025.111074 · Cited by 6
Sun, S., Zhang, H., Ye, L., Huang, L., Du, J., Liang, X., Zhang, X., Chen, J., Jiang, Y., & Chen, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1419686 · Cited by 9
Different Blood Metabolomics Profiles in Infants Consuming a Meat- or Dairy-Based Complementary Diet
Tang, M., Weaver, N. E., Berman, L. M., Brown, L. D., Hendricks, A. E., & Krebs, N. F. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020388 · Cited by 6
“One adult cohort showed that habitually consuming meat, fish and vegetarian-based diets led to significantly different concentrations of circulating essential amino acids, which were associated with dietary protein quality and quantity [16].”
BackgroundBuddington, R. K., Wong, T., Buddington, K. K., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Nephrology · doi:10.3389/fneph.2023.1193494 · Cited by 6
“The high incidence of HDMTX-induced AKI among the pigs exceeds the rate of 2%–12% found in patients (35).”
BackgroundFraser, G. E. (2016) · Complementary Medicine Research · doi:10.1159/000444902 · Cited by 6
Pinel, K., Heraud, C., Morin, G., Dias, K., Marcé, A., Beauclair, L., Fontagné-Dicharry, S., Masagounder, K., Klünemann, M., Seiliez, I., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23062935 · Cited by 6
“MET is certainly one of the AA showing the lowest plasma concentration in RT [25] but, also, in humans [26].”
BackgroundKuplińska, A., Rząd, K., Wojciechowski, M., Milewski, S., & Gabriel, I. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23147763 · Cited by 7
“03 mM, independently on a habitual diet group [44]; however, abnormally increased L-Met serum concentrations reaching 0.”
BackgroundYuan, C., Hu, C.-P., Zhou, H.-Y., Liu, W., Lai, W.-J., Liu, Y.-F., Yin, Y., Li, G.-B., & Zhang, R. (2025) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1016/j.neo.2025.101160 · Cited by 7
“Reports indicate that plasma methionine levels in healthy individuals average around 30 μ M, whereas levels in tumor patients are often lower [23,36].”
Wang, S., Li, Y., Wang, Μ., Yuan, J., Zeleznik, O. A., Eliassen, A. H., Chan, A. T., Hu, F. B., Hu, Y., & Sun, Q. (2025) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-025-01157-x · Cited by 6
“…has identified circulating AAs, such as branched chain AAs (BCAA), aromatic AAs, glutamine and glutamate, as strong predictors of T2D risk [9–11], these findings cannot be generalized to dietary AAs intakes for the lack of significant correlations between intake and circulating levels [12, 13].”
Gimpfl, S., Rohm, F., Wawro, N., Ohlhaut, N., Röger, C., Senger, M., Kussmann, M., Linseisen, J., & Gedrich, K. (2025) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/nbu.70029 · Cited by 5
Ribeiro, R. V., Simpson, S. J., Couteur, D. G. L., Raubenheimer, D., Eberhard, J., Ruiz, K., Macia, L., Todorova, Y., & Gosby, A. K. (2019) · Nutrition and Healthy Aging · doi:10.3233/nha-180055 · Cited by 5
“All study foods were matched to the nearest food in the US nutrient database, ensuring total protein content was matched so that scaling was not necessary as it has been previously described [25].”
Gowtham, L., Ujjalkumar, D., Moksha, L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Separation Science · doi:10.1002/jssc.202100894 · Cited by 5
Interactive Effects of Methionine and Lead Intake on Cognitive Function among Chinese Adults
Sun, X., Li, Z., Chen, Y., Xu, T., Shu, J., Shi, L. S., & Shi, Z. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14214561 · Cited by 4
“Methionine is most abundant in red meat, while it is scarce in a vegan diet [48].”
BackgroundDevelopment of optical and electrochemical immunodevices for dengue virus detection
do Couto, M. T. T., da Silva, A. G., Avelino, K. Y. P. S., et al. (2024) · Analytical Methods · doi:10.1039/d4ay00514g · Cited by 5
Dietas vegetarianas en la infancia - Comité Nacional de Nutrición
(2020) · Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria · doi:10.5546/aap.2020.s130 · Cited by 4
Sriboonvorakul, N., Ngum, W. P., Poovorawan, K., Winterberg, M., Tärning, J., & Muangnoicharoen, S. (2020) · International Health · doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihaa083 · Cited by 5
Optimization of an ammonia assay based on transmembrane pH-gradient polymersomes
Spyrogianni, A., Gourmel, C., Hofmann, L., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01137-1 · Cited by 5
Ramirez‐Hincapie, S., Giri, V., Keller, J., Kamp, H., Haake, V., Richling, E., & van Ravenzwaay, B. (2021) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-021-03105-0 · Cited by 5
The plasma proteome of plant-based diets: analyses of 2920 proteins in 49,615 peoplePreprint
Tong, T. Y. N., Smith-Byrne, K., Papier, K., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.08.14.23294084 · Cited by 5
Self-citationIndividual dietary amino acid restrictions induce distinct metabolic and chromatin statesPreprint
Haws, S. A., Liu, Y., Green, C. L., Chaiyakul, K., Mishra, P., Babygirija, R., Armstrong, E. A., Mehendale, A. T., Ong, I. M., Lamming, D. W., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.12.06.570456 · Cited by 5
“Plant-based protein may have reduced levels of methionine compared to animal proteins, and vegans have lower than normal plasma levels of methionine; thus, many have attributed the health benefits of a vegan diet to decreased consumption of methionine ( 2–4 ).”
Belobrajdic, D. P., Osborne, S. A., Conlon, M. A., Brook, H., Addepalli, R., & Mühlhäusler, B. S. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16142339 · Cited by 7
“…intake being lower in vegetarians compared to individuals who eat meat and fish, previous research has shown that blood concentrations of methionine are higher in vegetarians, suggesting that intake, blood concentration, and possible physiological effects are not necessarily directly related [33].”
ResultYang, Y., Xie, Y., Lu, M., Xu, Y., & Zhao, R. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2025.2527425 · Cited by 4
Olsén, T., Elshorbagy, A. K., Johnson, J. E., Nichenametla, S. N., Dong, Z., Sambamurti, K., Richie, J. P., & Vinknes, K. J. (2025) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2025.116008 · Cited by 6
Yoshida, E., Arage, G., Rašo, L. M., Merino, J., Larsson, S. C., & Ahmad, S. (2025) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaf234 · Cited by 4
Vancamp, P., Grit, I., Demonceaux, M., Ferchaud‐Roucher, V., Parnet, P., & Amarger, V. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05201-z · Cited by 5
“Risk factors include metabolic conditions like obesity [18], socio-economic barriers [19], and restrictive diets [20].”
Liu, K., Borreggine, R., Gallart‐Ayala, H., Ivanišević, J., & Marques-Vidal, P. M. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17091471 · Cited by 4
“The results also showed that there was no significant difference in circulatory BCAA concentrations among meat eaters, fish, vegetarians, and vegans, and even the circulatory BCAA concentrations of fish eaters and vegetarians were slightly higher than those of meat eaters [30].”
Prolonged Detection of GHB Intake in Urine: Are We Finally There?
Faldborg, K. B., Hasselstrøm, J. B., Kræmer, T., et al. (2025) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.3956 · Cited by 4
Arora, J., & Ramawat, K. G. (2018) · Reference series in phytochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54528-8_71-1 · Cited by 3
FGF21, not GCN2, influences bone morphology due to dietary protein restrictions
McNulty, M. A., Goupil, B. A., Albarado, D. C., Castaño-Martínez, T., Ambrosi, T. H., Puh, Š., Schulz, T. J., Schürmann, A., Morrison, C. D., & Laeger, T. (2019) · Bone Reports · doi:10.1016/j.bonr.2019.100241 · Cited by 4
“It is known that vegan and vegetarian diets demonstrate a lower methionine content, therefore methionine intake is decreased compared to omnivores (McCarty et al., 2009; Schmidt et al., 2016).”
BackgroundDevelopment and validation of an LC–MS/MS method to quantify kynurenic acid in human plasma
Liu, R., Zhao, X., Geng, G., et al. (2022) · Bioanalysis · doi:10.4155/bio-2022-0177 · Cited by 4
Dahl, R. H., Berg, R. M. G., Taudorf, S., Bailey, D. M., Lundby, C., Christensen, M., Larsen, F. S., & Møller, K. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1080/00365513.2019.1683762 · Cited by 3
“While plasma levels of LNAAs may vary considerably with fitness level and dietary pattern [18,19], this was not taken into account in the recruitment process.”
BackgroundRoszkowska, A. M., Rusciano, D., Inferrera, L., Severo, A. A., & Aragona, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.680734 · Cited by 4
Płaza‐Altamer, A., Kołodziej, A., Nizioł, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/jms.4815 · Cited by 4
Blood Pressure and Vegetarian Diets
Yokoyama, Y., Nishimura, K., Barnard, N. D., & Miyamoto, Y. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803968-7.00022-8 · Cited by 6
Ischemic Heart Disease in Vegetarians and Those Consuming a Predominantly Plant-Based Diet
Mann, J. I. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803968-7.00023-x · Cited by 4
Methionine Metabolism Controls the B-cell EBV Epigenome and Viral LatencyPreprint
Guo, R., Liang, J. H., Zhang, Y., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.02.24.481783 · Cited by 4
Regulation of metabolic health by dietary histidine in micePreprint
Flores, V., Spicer, A. B., Sonsalla, M. M., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.04.24.489217 · Cited by 4
Nutritional Assessment of the Symptomatic Patient on a Plant-Based Diet: Seven Key QuestionsPreprint
Plotnikoff, G. A., Dobberstein, L., & Raatz, S. K. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0011.v1 · Cited by 4
The plasma proteome of plant-based diets: Analyses of 2920 proteins in 49,615 people
Tong, T. Y. N., Smith-Byrne, K., Papier, K., Atkins, J. R., Parsaeian, M., Key, T. J., & Travis, R. C. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2025.08.032 · Cited by 8
Self-citationOrct, T., Kovačić, J., Peremin, I., Kljaković‐Gašpić, Z., Pašalić, D., Sekovanić, A., Dorotić, A., Lovaković, B. T., Jurič, A., Pizent, A., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1710613 · Cited by 3
Mikolajetz, D., Kalim, S., Noels, H., Wu, Z., Jankowski, V., Jankowski, J., & de la Puente-Secades, S. (2026) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvag007 · Cited by 4
“113 Here, it would be interesting to investigate how the arginine plasma concentration changes over time, not just between baseline and endpoint.”
The hallmarks of protein and amino acid restriction in aging and longevity
Knopf, B. A., & Lamming, D. W. (2026) · Cell Press Blue · doi:10.1016/j.cpblue.2026.100079 · Cited by 4
Vancamp, P., Frapin, M., Parnet, P., & Amarger, V. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100339 · Cited by 5
The Angiotensin Metabolite His-Leu Is a Strong Copper Chelator Forming Highly Redox Active Species
Wezynfeld, N. E., Sudzik, D., Tobolska, A., Makarova, K., Stefaniak, E., Frączyk, T., Wawrzyniak, U. E., & Bal, W. (2024) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01640 · Cited by 3
Austin, G., Ferguson, J. J. A., Eslick, S., Oldmeadow, C. J., Wood, L. G., & Garg, M. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1411003 · Cited by 3
Salles, J., Gueugneau, M., Laleg, K., Giraudet, C., Sanchez, P., Blot, A., Richard, R., Neveux, N., Lefranc‐Millot, C., Perreau, C., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16172870 · Cited by 5
“Even though amino acid levels can reflect long term dietary intake [33], the issue is around the extent to which serum leucine and EAA levels are influenced by other non-dietary factors such as insulin and low-grade inflammation, or inflamm’aging.”
BackgroundDie Chemie der Proteinoxidation in Lebensmitteln
Hellwig, M. (2019) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.201814144 · Cited by 3
Effects of Photons Irradiation on 18F-FET and 18F-DOPA Uptake by T98G Glioblastoma Cells
Pasi, F., Persico, M. G., Marenco, M., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.589924 · Cited by 3
“Tyrosine concentration in the medium used in vitro (EMEM) is 0.230 mmol/L, whereas in plasma it is 0.077 (Schmidt et al., 2016), indicating a competitor concentration twofold to threefold higher than in vivo.”
BackgroundInfluentialWu, X. S., Miles, A., & Braakhuis, A. J. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03622-2 · Cited by 4
Vegetarian Diet and Possible Mechanisms for Impact on Mood
Johnston, C. S. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803968-7.00028-9 · Cited by 4
Plant Protein, Animal Protein, and Cardiometabolic Health
Mariotti, F. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803968-7.00036-8 · Cited by 3
Dietary Patterns in Plant-Based, Vegetarian, and Omnivorous Diets
Walsh, S., Hebbelinck, M., Deriemaeker, P., & Clarys, P. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803968-7.00011-3 · Cited by 3
Neyama, H., Hamada, Y., Tsukahara, R., et al. (2018) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2018.06.010 · Cited by 3
Biomedical cell product model for preclinical studies carried out on a large laboratory animal
Николаевна, Е. М., Aleinik, D. Y., Rubtsova, Y. P., Charykova, I. N., Struchcov, A. A., Ezhevskaya, A. A., Загреков, В. И., Соснина, Л. Н., & Вадимовна, З. Е. (2020) · Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs · doi:10.15825/1995-1191-2020-1-142-156 · Cited by 3
Ogilvie, A. R., Watford, M., Wu, G., Sukumar, D., Kwon, J.-H., & Shapses, S. A. (2021) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-021-03053-0 · Cited by 3
A Bibliometric Review and the Direction of Future Vegan-Related Research: A Qualitative Approach
Loh, H. C., Kwan, J. N., Lim, Y. F., Hoo, F. K., & Looi, I. (2022) · International Journal of Disease Reversal and Prevention · doi:10.22230/ijdrp.2022v4n1a305 · Cited by 3
Differences in dietary intake between Turkish vegans and omnivores: a cross-sectional study
Sarıkaya, B., Yiğit, A., Aktaç, Ş., & Güneş, F. E. (2023) · The North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research · doi:10.51745/najfnr.7.15.31-42 · Cited by 3
Sidorova, E., Bubnova, A. M., & Galchenko, A. V. (2023) · Nauka molodykh (Eruditio Juvenium) · doi:10.23888/hmj2023114555-562 · Cited by 2
Hafsi, D., Sbartai, I., & Sbartai, H. (2024) · Ecotoxicology · doi:10.1007/s10646-024-02811-6 · Cited by 2
“…(Yu et al. 2013; Li et al. 2019b), delay in development (Bernabò et al. 2016; Li et al. 2019a), genotoxicity (Castro et al. 2018), hepatotoxicity (Schmidt et al. 2016; Knebel et al. 2019) as well as damage to the nervous (Altenhofen et al. 2017) and reproductive systems (Sancho et al. 2016).”
Targeting Candida albicans O-acetyl-L-homoserine sulfhydrylase (Met15p) in antifungal treatment
Kuplińska, A., Rząd, K., Stefaniak‐Skorupa, J., Kozłowska-Tylingo, K., Wojciechowski, M., Milewski, S., & Gabriel, I. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-79886-y · Cited by 4
Arora, J., & Ramawat, K. G. (2019) · Reference series in phytochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78030-6_71 · Cited by 2
Vázquez, C., Encalada, R., Belmont-Díaz, J., et al. (2023) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105066 · Cited by 2
Resource uptake and the evolution of moderately efficient enzymesPreprint
Labourel, F., & Rajon, É. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.11.08.373290 · Cited by 2
Scott, J., & Amich, J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818731-9.00059-8 · Cited by 3
Chao, H., Yoshida, S., & Kohmura, M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14204386 · Cited by 2
“reported that the average background intake of glutamate is estimated at around 15 g/day [4], which is far less than 90 g/day.”
BackgroundGenechten, W. V., Wijnants, S., Vreys, J., & Dijck, P. V. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.11.30.518566 · Cited by 2
Colchao-Claux, P., Adkesson, M. J., Allender, M. C., et al. (2020) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21540 · Cited by 1
Xu, Y., Yang, Y., Jiang, Y., Li, B., Xie, Y., Shi, Y., & Le, G. (2025) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116858 · Cited by 3
Transport engineering as a strategy to realize rapeseed's potential as a protein‐rich food
Thorsen, J. S., Xu, D., & Halkier, B. A. (2025) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.70343 · Cited by 2
Ufnalska, I., & Bal, W. (2025) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.202503280 · Cited by 1
Nguyen, A. V., Nguyen, K. K., Le, U. N. T., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-46377-1 · Cited by 1
Alotaibi, M., Muleya, M., Salter, A., Hoad, C. L., & Eldeghaidy, S. (2026) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.149734 · Cited by 1
Hakan, H., Akbay, H. İ., Çokluk, E., Huyut, Z., Keskin, S., & Şekeroğlu, M. R. (2020) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2020-0249 · Cited by 1
“The concentrations of essential amino acids are influenced by diet and lifestyle; generally, people with a vegan diet have lower amino acid concentrations [28].”
BackgroundMultiple Asparaginase Infusions Cause Increasingly Severe Acute Hyperammonemia
Buddington, R. K., Buddington, K. K., & Howard, S. C. (2022) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci10030043 · Cited by 1
“The affinity constants (Km) of Erwinase [26] for asparagine and glutamine are 48 μM and 360 μM, respectively, compared with the 95–100 μM and 520 μM concentrations of plasma asparagine and glutamine measured in pigs of similar age [27] and men [28].”
ResultLes régimes végétaliens en question
Lecerf, J. (2022) · Études rurales · doi:10.4000/etudesrurales.29993 · Cited by 1
Briganti, S., Maiellaro, M., Bottillo, G., Sciuto, L., Ottaviani, M., & Camera, E. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99969-4.00018-8 · Cited by 1
Diet-responsive proteogenomic effects following short-term restriction of animal products in humans
Simistiras, A., Bocher, O., Emmanouil, C., Skoulakis, A., Glentis, S., Scarmeas, N., Zeggini, E., Rouskas, K., & Dimas, A. S. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-76379-6 · Cited by 1
Plant based diets: breastfeeding and complementary feeding
Světnička, M., Selinger, E., Gojda, J., et al. (2021) · Pediatrie pro praxi · doi:10.36290/ped.2020.085 · Cited by 1
“Jód Bohužel neexistuje žádná studie, která by po‐ rovnávala obsah jódu v mateřském mléce u ma‐ tek vegansky, vegetariánsky nebo konvenčně se stravujících (17).”
Idiculla, P. S., Nagarajan, E., Murala, S., & Bollu, P. C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07897-2_6 · Cited by 2
Bairova, T. A., Belskikh, A. V., Atalyan, A. V., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.04.13.21255444 · Cited by 1
“Meat-eaters have 47% greater AA con247 centrations as compared with vegans (a diet that consist of little to no animal products and/or 248 by-products); with significant differences in lysine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine glycine, 249 and tyrosine levels [36, 37].”
BackgroundBolasco, P., Aquilani, R., Maestri, R., Esposito, M. P., Deiana, M. L., Cadeddu, M., Secci, R., Casu, B., Serra, A., Iadarola, P., et al. (2022) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0371.v2 · Cited by 1
The biology of schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder
van Berlekom, A. B. (2022) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · doi:10.33540/1269 · Cited by 1
Rouskas, K., Bocher, O., Simistiras, A., Emmanouil, C., Mantas, P., Skoulakis, A., Park, Y. C., Dimopoulos, A. C., Glentis, S., Kastenmüller, G., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.04.19.24306061 · Cited by 1
“Animal products are rich in methionine, and vegetarian and vegan individuals typically display lower plasma levels of this amino acid compared to individuals who regularly consume meat 8, 37, 55 .”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Schmidt, J. A., Rinaldi, S., Scalbert, A., Ferrari, P., Achaintre, D., Gunter, M. J., Appleby, P. N., Key, T. J., & Travis, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Schmidt, J A
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2015-09-23
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 306-312
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- PMC
- PMC4705437
- OpenAlex
- W2190313991
- Semantic Scholar
- 9f6c5a8efa351ec943be64c94dddc8e36e29f197
- Cited by
- 349
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 17.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- World Health Organization
- Cancer Research UK (19170, 16491, C8221/A19170, A16491, 570/A16491, A19170)
- Medical Research Council (MR/M012190/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Keywords
- plasma amino acids, meat-eaters, vegetarians, vegans, dietary protein quality, methionine, tryptophan, tyrosine, lysine, glycine, alanine, amino acid metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Vegan, Adult, Alanine, Amino Acids, Animals, Energy Intake, Cross-Sectional Studies, Fishes, Glycine, Humans, Lysine, Male, Meat, Methionine, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Diet, Vegetarian, Seafood
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
