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Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the differences in plasma concentrations and in intakes of amino acids between male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the Oxford arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis included 392 men, aged 30-49 years. Plasma amino acid concentrations were measured with a targeted metabolomic approach using mass spectrometry, and dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Differences between diet groups in mean plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids were examined using analysis of variance, controlling for potential confounding factors and multiple testing. RESULTS: In plasma, concentrations of 6 out of 21 amino acids varied significantly by diet group, with differences of -13% to +16% between meat-eaters and vegans. Concentrations of methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine were highest in fish-eaters and vegetarians, followed by meat-eaters, and lowest in vegans. A broadly similar pattern was seen for lysine, whereas alanine concentration was highest in fish-eaters and lowest in meat-eaters. For glycine, vegans had the highest concentration and meat-eaters the lowest. Intakes of all 18 dietary amino acids differed by diet group; for the majority of these, intake was highest in meat-eaters followed by fish-eaters, then vegetarians and lowest in vegans (up to 47% lower than in meat-eaters). CONCLUSIONS: Men belonging to different habitual diet groups have significantly different plasma concentrations of lysine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine, glycine and tyrosine. However, the differences in plasma concentrations were less marked than and did not necessarily mirror those seen for amino acid intakes.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 392 British men aged 30–49 from EPIC-Oxford, plasma concentrations of 6 of 21 amino acids differed significantly by habitual diet group, but these differences were smaller than and did not closely mirror dietary amino acid intakes. Intakes of all 18 measured dietary amino acids differed by diet group, generally highest in meat-eaters and lowest in vegans.
Key findings
- Plasma concentrations of lysine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine, glycine and tyrosine varied significantly by diet group after multiple-testing correction, with differences of −13% to +16% between meat-eaters and vegans.
- Methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine were highest in fish-eaters and vegetarians, followed by meat-eaters, and lowest in vegans; lysine showed a broadly similar pattern, alanine was highest in fish-eaters and lowest in meat-eaters, and glycine was highest in vegans and lowest in meat-eaters (vegans 16% higher than meat-eaters).
- Intakes of all 18 dietary amino acids differed by diet group (P<0.0001 for all); for most, intake was highest in meat-eaters, then fish-eaters, then vegetarians, and lowest in vegans, with lysine and methionine intakes in vegans at 56% and 53% of those in meat-eaters, respectively.
- Plasma concentrations and dietary intakes of amino acids were not strongly correlated, although significant positive correlations were found for leucine, lysine, methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine (r≤0.21).
Methods
- Cross-sectional analysis within EPIC-Oxford including 392 men aged 30–49 years, with 98 participants in each diet group: meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans.
- Plasma amino acid concentrations were measured with a targeted metabolomic assay (BIOCRATES AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) quantifying 21 amino acids; dietary intake was assessed with a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and 18 amino acid intakes were estimated using the USDA National Nutrient Database.
- Differences between diet groups in mean plasma concentrations and intakes were tested using analysis of variance, adjusted for age, BMI, smoking status and alcohol intake; plasma models additionally adjusted for time since last food/drink and time between blood collection and processing, intake models adjusted for energy intake, and results were interpreted after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing.
Limitations
- Stated: plasma amino acid measurements could be affected by pre-analytic conditions such as thaw–freeze cycles, and some values were unavailable because of detector signal saturation (e.g., phenylalanine n=93, proline n=45, lysine n=11); the authors note thaw–freeze cycles were independent of diet group and most amino acids are stable over two cycles.
- Stated: FFQ-based amino acid intakes may be underestimated as more animal foods are omitted, may miss some plant foods or use non-representative portion sizes, and validation showed protein intake was particularly difficult to estimate; matching UK foods to a US nutrient database may also introduce differences in amino acid content.
- Stated/evident: some correlation analyses had lower power because diet groups with zero intake were excluded; the cross-sectional design and the sample of British men aged 30–49 in EPIC-Oxford limit causal inference and generalizability to other populations.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, no differences between diet groups were observed for the four types of animal products where comparison was possible (fish, dairy, egg and mixed animal products).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This analysis showed that plasma concentrations of six amino acids, namely lysine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine, glycine and tyrosine, differed by habitual diet group.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions: · plain
“Men belonging to different habitual diet groups have significantly different plasma concentrations of lysine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine, glycine and tyrosine.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions: · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The largest difference was seen for glycine; mean concentration in vegans was 16% higher than in meat-eaters, who had the lowest concentration, with intermediate concentrations for fish-eaters and vegetarians.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intakes of all 18 dietary amino acids differed by diet group; for the majority of these, intake was highest in meat-eaters followed by fish-eaters, then vegetarians and lowest in vegans (up to 47% lower than in meat-eaters).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Meat-eaters had the highest intakes, followed by fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans, except for arginine, aspartate, glycine and proline.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Results:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimated mean intakes of all 18 amino acids varied by diet group (P<0.0001 for all; Table 3).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strongest positive correlations were observed between the essential amino acids (r⩽0.91).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In plasma, concentrations of 6 out of 21 amino acids varied significantly by diet group, with differences of −13% to +16% between meat-eaters and vegans.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The concentrations of 6 of the 21 plasma amino acids varied significantly by diet group after allowing for multiple testing (Table 2).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Results:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, significant positive correlations were found for leucine, lysine, methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine (r⩽0.21), after allowing for multiple testing.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concentrations of some plasma amino acids were correlated with intake of protein from plant products, after allowing for multiple testing (Supplementary Table 2).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For soya products, inverse correlations were seen with valine, lysine, methionine and tyrosine.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans had on average followed their diet for 11, 12 and 9 years, respectively.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Protein from all animal products also differed by diet group; it was highest in meat-eaters and lowest in vegetarians (zero in vegans by definition).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BMI differed by up to 2.3 kg/m2 between diet groups; it was highest in meat-eaters and lowest in vegans (Table 1).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A similar pattern was seen for non-soya plant products, although only correlations for lysine and tyrosine were significant.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meat-eaters had the highest intakes, followed by fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans, except for arginine, aspartate, glycine and proline. For these amino acids, meat-eaters also had the highest intakes, but were followed by vegans for arginine and glycine, whereas other deviations from the above pattern were seen for aspartate and proline.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For glycine, vegans had the highest concentration and meat-eaters the lowest.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The largest difference was seen for glycine; mean concentration in vegans was 16% higher than in meat-eaters, who had the lowest concentration, with intermediate concentrations for fish-eaters and vegetarians.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Results:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The largest percentage differences between diet groups were for intakes of lysine and methionine, which in vegans were 56% and 53% of those in meat-eaters, respectively.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A broadly similar pattern was seen for lysine”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“For lysine, methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine fish-eaters and vegetarians generally had the highest concentrations, followed by meat-eaters, whereas vegans had the lowest concentrations for all four.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Results:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, energy intake and percent energy from protein were highest in meat-eaters and lowest in vegans.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas alanine concentration was highest in fish-eaters and lowest in meat-eaters.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“For alanine, the highest concentration was seen in fish-eaters, followed by vegetarians and vegans, and lowest in meat-eaters.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Results:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Separating the protein intake by food types revealed differences in percent energy from protein from all plant products, non-soya and soya plant products; meat-eaters had the lowest intake, whereas vegans consumed the highest amount.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concentrations of many of the plasma amino acids were correlated (Figure 1); 62% of the correlations were statistically significant after allowance for multiple testing (–0.23⩾r⩾0.23; P<0.0002).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
In the paper
“This, in addition to the recognised limitations of estimating nutrient intakes using a FFQ,31 might at least partly explain the differences in our results for plasma and dietary amino acids by diet group, as well as the limited strength of correlation between plasma concentrations and intakes.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before the assay for this study, samples had undergone two or three thaw–freeze cycles; samples from each diet group were equally distributed by the number of cycles.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Blood sampling and laboratory analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The laboratory technicians were blinded to the diet group and the quality control samples.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Blood sampling and laboratory analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For leucine, valine, histidine, threonine, arginine and citrulline an association was found in previous studies but not in ours, whereas the opposite was the case for methionine, tryptophan, alanine and glycine.7, 8, 9”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was some variation by diet group in median duration since last meal or drink at blood collection (up to 30 min) and in time between blood collection and processing (up to 19 h), although after adjustment for multiple testing this was not statistically significant (Supplementary Table 1).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The observed trend in protein intake may also partly reflect an increasing degree of underestimation of intake as more animal foods are omitted; some plant foods eaten by vegetarians and vegans may not be in the FFQ, and vegetarians and vegans may eat larger portions of some plant foods than the standard portion sizes assigned.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
In the paper
“Moreover, data were available on both plasma concentrations and dietary intakes of amino acids, as well as on a wide range of covariates, for example BMI, which is related to amino acid concentrations.32”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There was good agreement between self-reported and measured height and weight from a sub-sample of the cohort (correlation coefficient (r)>0.9).14”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Diet and lifestyle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the differences in plasma concentrations were less marked than and did not necessarily mirror those seen for amino acid intakes.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“These differences were less pronounced than, and did not mirror those observed for amino acid intakes (the majority of which were highest in meat-eaters followed by fish-eaters, then vegetarians and finally vegans).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Conclusions:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No samples had concentrations below the lower limit of quantification, whereas for five amino acids a few values (n⩽2) were above the highest standard and were set equal to this value (400 μmol/l for leucine, histidine, threonine and ornithine, and 800 μmol/l for glutamate).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Blood sampling and laboratory analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analyses of concentrations and intakes were both adjusted for age (30–34; 35–39; 40–44; 45–49 years), body mass index (BMI; <22.5; 22.5–24.9; ⩾25 kg/m2; unknown), smoking status (never; former; current) and alcohol intake (<1; 1–7; 8–15; ⩾16 g/d).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Statistical analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The differences by diet group we observed for lysine and tyrosine were supported by similar findings from previous studies, as were the null results for isoleucine, phenylalanine, asparagine, proline, serine and ornithine.7, 9”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Including physical activity in the statistical model did not materially change the findings (results not shown).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The plasma concentration of amino acids is a result of a complex interplay between dietary intake, tissue breakdown and de-novo synthesis3 and other factors such as gut microbial synthesis increasing the concentration30 and tissue uptake and excretion reducing the concentration.3”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median (range) overall coefficient of variation for the amino acids was 11.8% (5.4–17.3).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Blood sampling and laboratory analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of unavailable concentrations did not differ significantly by diet group for lysine, phenylalanine or proline”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Blood sampling and laboratory analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conventional two-sided P-values are shown, but all results have been interpreted after allowance for multiple testing using the Bonferroni method; the per-test significance level was 0.05 divided by the number of tests.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Statistical analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Other pre-analytical conditions, which the study did not have information about, are not related to diet group.
“Other pre-analytical conditions, which we do not have information about, are most likely also not related to diet group.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
“All UK foods were matched to the nearest food in the US nutrient database, paying specific attention to match on the total protein content so that scaling was not necessary.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
“Categorisation of the four diet groups was based on the answers to the questions 'Do you eat any meat; fish; dairy products; and eggs?'”
The paper relies on this without support.
The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
“The analyses of concentrations and intakes were both adjusted for age (30–34; 35–39; 40–44; 45–49 years), body mass index (BMI; <22.5; 22.5–24.9; ⩾25 kg/m2; unknown), smoking status (never; former; current) and alcohol intake (<1; 1–7; 8–15; ⩾16 g/d).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Animal-based food sources are generally protein dense, especially meat and dairy products, and therefore comprise a major proportion of protein intake in the general population [23,37,39].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Large cohort studies indicate that vegans have a higher risk (compared with omnivores) for deficiencies in several micronutrients predominantly found in animal-derived foods, such as vitamin B12, iron, calcium, and vitamin D”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
Citations
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Contribution of microbial amino acids to amino acid homeostasis of the host
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InfluentialMirabilis expansa Grown in Southern Illinois: Amino Acid Percentages Relative to Soil Amendments
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Effects of Diet on the Microbiome and Serum Metabolome of South Asian Infants at 1 YearPreprint
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A dietitian’s perspective on sustainable diets to protect health and environment
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“18 Based on a larger sample and using a higher resolution instrument, our study offers novel evidence that the majority of vegans can meet EAA recommendations.”
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The promising form of supporting the treatment of depression
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Amino acid–dependent TSC2 dephosphorylation by lysosome–PP2A regulates mTORC1 signaling transduction
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“…μ g/2 × 10 6 cells) and 3.4 × 10 −12 L/cell (Aoki et al, 2011), respectively, the intracellular concentrations of mTORC1 signaling components were calculated and are summarized in Table 3 and Supplemental Data 1 (Sedaghat et al, 2002; Jain & Bhalla, 2009; Schmidt et al, 2016; Kolb et al, 2020).”
InfluentialYao, D., Qian, L., Jin, Y., Wang, X., Lu, X., Song, F., & Shen, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1672143
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The Association Between Dietary Intake of Aromatic Amino Acids and Metabolic Syndrome
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“However, plant-based dietary patterns, such as Mediterranean and vegetarian diets, have been shown to signifcantly lower AAA levels [15–19].”
Nutriments et sources alimentaires animales et végétales : quel impact pour la santé ?
Guéant, J. (2026) · Bulletin de l Académie Nationale de Médecine · doi:10.1016/j.banm.2026.02.010
Blood-based biomarkers and 20-year risk of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer’s diseasePreprint
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Self-citationCombination amino acids and glucose effects on insulin and GLP-1 secretion
Koh, K. M. S., Junhe, Z. H. A. O., LUO, S. X., Ali, Y., Chen, W., & CHAN, J. C. Y. (2026) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20253316
Leech, C. M., Haws, S. A., & Denu, J. M. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.01.722273
de Ruyter, H., Aitokari, L., Iqbal, A., Eloranta, A., Viitasalo, A., Soininen, S., Haapala, E. A., Huhtala, H., Jääskeläinen, J., Heinonen, S., et al. (2026) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2026.115146 · Cited by 1
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“As protein is critical for muscle function, inadequate intake may impair recovery and reduce protection against EIMD (Brown et al. 2018; Elorinne et al. 2016; Schmidt et al. 2016; Shirato et al. 2016).”
Histidine-improved cancer immunosurveillance
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“Dietary glycine intake has been estimated to vary between 1.5 and 3 g/day depending on the protein intake of the individual (Schmidt et al., 2016) and thought to be influenced by the gut microbiota and gut metabolism (Alves et al., 2019).”
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Dietary Tryptophan Requirements in Adults Aged >60 Years Is Not Affected by Sex or Decades of Age
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Beyond ergosterol and the cell wall: New directions in antifungal drug discovery
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schmidt, J. A., Rinaldi, S., Scalbert, A., Ferrari, P., Achaintre, D., Gunter, M. J., Appleby, P. N., Key, T. J., & Travis, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Schmidt, J A
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2015-09-23
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 306-312
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- PMC
- PMC4705437
- OpenAlex
- W2190313991
- Semantic Scholar
- 9f6c5a8efa351ec943be64c94dddc8e36e29f197
- Cited by
- 349
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 17.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- World Health Organization
- Cancer Research UK (19170, 16491, C8221/A19170, A16491, 570/A16491, A19170)
- Medical Research Council (MR/M012190/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Keywords
- plasma amino acids, meat-eaters, vegetarians, vegans, dietary protein quality, methionine, tryptophan, tyrosine, lysine, glycine, alanine, amino acid metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Vegan, Adult, Alanine, Amino Acids, Animals, Energy Intake, Cross-Sectional Studies, Fishes, Glycine, Humans, Lysine, Male, Meat, Methionine, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Diet, Vegetarian, Seafood
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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