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Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the differences in plasma concentrations and in intakes of amino acids between male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the Oxford arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis included 392 men, aged 30-49 years. Plasma amino acid concentrations were measured with a targeted metabolomic approach using mass spectrometry, and dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Differences between diet groups in mean plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids were examined using analysis of variance, controlling for potential confounding factors and multiple testing. RESULTS: In plasma, concentrations of 6 out of 21 amino acids varied significantly by diet group, with differences of -13% to +16% between meat-eaters and vegans. Concentrations of methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine were highest in fish-eaters and vegetarians, followed by meat-eaters, and lowest in vegans. A broadly similar pattern was seen for lysine, whereas alanine concentration was highest in fish-eaters and lowest in meat-eaters. For glycine, vegans had the highest concentration and meat-eaters the lowest. Intakes of all 18 dietary amino acids differed by diet group; for the majority of these, intake was highest in meat-eaters followed by fish-eaters, then vegetarians and lowest in vegans (up to 47% lower than in meat-eaters). CONCLUSIONS: Men belonging to different habitual diet groups have significantly different plasma concentrations of lysine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine, glycine and tyrosine. However, the differences in plasma concentrations were less marked than and did not necessarily mirror those seen for amino acid intakes.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 392 British men aged 30–49 from EPIC-Oxford, plasma concentrations of 6 of 21 amino acids differed significantly by habitual diet group, but these differences were smaller than and did not closely mirror dietary amino acid intakes. Intakes of all 18 measured dietary amino acids differed by diet group, generally highest in meat-eaters and lowest in vegans.
Key findings
- Plasma concentrations of lysine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine, glycine and tyrosine varied significantly by diet group after multiple-testing correction, with differences of −13% to +16% between meat-eaters and vegans.
- Methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine were highest in fish-eaters and vegetarians, followed by meat-eaters, and lowest in vegans; lysine showed a broadly similar pattern, alanine was highest in fish-eaters and lowest in meat-eaters, and glycine was highest in vegans and lowest in meat-eaters (vegans 16% higher than meat-eaters).
- Intakes of all 18 dietary amino acids differed by diet group (P<0.0001 for all); for most, intake was highest in meat-eaters, then fish-eaters, then vegetarians, and lowest in vegans, with lysine and methionine intakes in vegans at 56% and 53% of those in meat-eaters, respectively.
- Plasma concentrations and dietary intakes of amino acids were not strongly correlated, although significant positive correlations were found for leucine, lysine, methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine (r≤0.21).
Methods
- Cross-sectional analysis within EPIC-Oxford including 392 men aged 30–49 years, with 98 participants in each diet group: meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans.
- Plasma amino acid concentrations were measured with a targeted metabolomic assay (BIOCRATES AbsoluteIDQ p180 Kit, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) quantifying 21 amino acids; dietary intake was assessed with a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and 18 amino acid intakes were estimated using the USDA National Nutrient Database.
- Differences between diet groups in mean plasma concentrations and intakes were tested using analysis of variance, adjusted for age, BMI, smoking status and alcohol intake; plasma models additionally adjusted for time since last food/drink and time between blood collection and processing, intake models adjusted for energy intake, and results were interpreted after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing.
Limitations
- Stated: plasma amino acid measurements could be affected by pre-analytic conditions such as thaw–freeze cycles, and some values were unavailable because of detector signal saturation (e.g., phenylalanine n=93, proline n=45, lysine n=11); the authors note thaw–freeze cycles were independent of diet group and most amino acids are stable over two cycles.
- Stated: FFQ-based amino acid intakes may be underestimated as more animal foods are omitted, may miss some plant foods or use non-representative portion sizes, and validation showed protein intake was particularly difficult to estimate; matching UK foods to a US nutrient database may also introduce differences in amino acid content.
- Stated/evident: some correlation analyses had lower power because diet groups with zero intake were excluded; the cross-sectional design and the sample of British men aged 30–49 in EPIC-Oxford limit causal inference and generalizability to other populations.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, no differences between diet groups were observed for the four types of animal products where comparison was possible (fish, dairy, egg and mixed animal products).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This analysis showed that plasma concentrations of six amino acids, namely lysine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine, glycine and tyrosine, differed by habitual diet group.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions: · plain
“Men belonging to different habitual diet groups have significantly different plasma concentrations of lysine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine, glycine and tyrosine.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions: · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The largest difference was seen for glycine; mean concentration in vegans was 16% higher than in meat-eaters, who had the lowest concentration, with intermediate concentrations for fish-eaters and vegetarians.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intakes of all 18 dietary amino acids differed by diet group; for the majority of these, intake was highest in meat-eaters followed by fish-eaters, then vegetarians and lowest in vegans (up to 47% lower than in meat-eaters).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Meat-eaters had the highest intakes, followed by fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans, except for arginine, aspartate, glycine and proline.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Results:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimated mean intakes of all 18 amino acids varied by diet group (P<0.0001 for all; Table 3).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strongest positive correlations were observed between the essential amino acids (r⩽0.91).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In plasma, concentrations of 6 out of 21 amino acids varied significantly by diet group, with differences of −13% to +16% between meat-eaters and vegans.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The concentrations of 6 of the 21 plasma amino acids varied significantly by diet group after allowing for multiple testing (Table 2).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Results:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, significant positive correlations were found for leucine, lysine, methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine (r⩽0.21), after allowing for multiple testing.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concentrations of some plasma amino acids were correlated with intake of protein from plant products, after allowing for multiple testing (Supplementary Table 2).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For soya products, inverse correlations were seen with valine, lysine, methionine and tyrosine.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans had on average followed their diet for 11, 12 and 9 years, respectively.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Protein from all animal products also differed by diet group; it was highest in meat-eaters and lowest in vegetarians (zero in vegans by definition).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BMI differed by up to 2.3 kg/m2 between diet groups; it was highest in meat-eaters and lowest in vegans (Table 1).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A similar pattern was seen for non-soya plant products, although only correlations for lysine and tyrosine were significant.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meat-eaters had the highest intakes, followed by fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans, except for arginine, aspartate, glycine and proline. For these amino acids, meat-eaters also had the highest intakes, but were followed by vegans for arginine and glycine, whereas other deviations from the above pattern were seen for aspartate and proline.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For glycine, vegans had the highest concentration and meat-eaters the lowest.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The largest difference was seen for glycine; mean concentration in vegans was 16% higher than in meat-eaters, who had the lowest concentration, with intermediate concentrations for fish-eaters and vegetarians.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Results:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The largest percentage differences between diet groups were for intakes of lysine and methionine, which in vegans were 56% and 53% of those in meat-eaters, respectively.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A broadly similar pattern was seen for lysine”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“For lysine, methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine fish-eaters and vegetarians generally had the highest concentrations, followed by meat-eaters, whereas vegans had the lowest concentrations for all four.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Results:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, energy intake and percent energy from protein were highest in meat-eaters and lowest in vegans.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas alanine concentration was highest in fish-eaters and lowest in meat-eaters.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“For alanine, the highest concentration was seen in fish-eaters, followed by vegetarians and vegans, and lowest in meat-eaters.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Results:
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Separating the protein intake by food types revealed differences in percent energy from protein from all plant products, non-soya and soya plant products; meat-eaters had the lowest intake, whereas vegans consumed the highest amount.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concentrations of many of the plasma amino acids were correlated (Figure 1); 62% of the correlations were statistically significant after allowance for multiple testing (–0.23⩾r⩾0.23; P<0.0002).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
- Rests on an assumption: The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
In the paper
“This, in addition to the recognised limitations of estimating nutrient intakes using a FFQ,31 might at least partly explain the differences in our results for plasma and dietary amino acids by diet group, as well as the limited strength of correlation between plasma concentrations and intakes.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before the assay for this study, samples had undergone two or three thaw–freeze cycles; samples from each diet group were equally distributed by the number of cycles.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Blood sampling and laboratory analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The laboratory technicians were blinded to the diet group and the quality control samples.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Blood sampling and laboratory analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For leucine, valine, histidine, threonine, arginine and citrulline an association was found in previous studies but not in ours, whereas the opposite was the case for methionine, tryptophan, alanine and glycine.7, 8, 9”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was some variation by diet group in median duration since last meal or drink at blood collection (up to 30 min) and in time between blood collection and processing (up to 19 h), although after adjustment for multiple testing this was not statistically significant (Supplementary Table 1).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The observed trend in protein intake may also partly reflect an increasing degree of underestimation of intake as more animal foods are omitted; some plant foods eaten by vegetarians and vegans may not be in the FFQ, and vegetarians and vegans may eat larger portions of some plant foods than the standard portion sizes assigned.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
In the paper
“Moreover, data were available on both plasma concentrations and dietary intakes of amino acids, as well as on a wide range of covariates, for example BMI, which is related to amino acid concentrations.32”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There was good agreement between self-reported and measured height and weight from a sub-sample of the cohort (correlation coefficient (r)>0.9).14”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Diet and lifestyle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the differences in plasma concentrations were less marked than and did not necessarily mirror those seen for amino acid intakes.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“These differences were less pronounced than, and did not mirror those observed for amino acid intakes (the majority of which were highest in meat-eaters followed by fish-eaters, then vegetarians and finally vegans).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Abstract > Conclusions:
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No samples had concentrations below the lower limit of quantification, whereas for five amino acids a few values (n⩽2) were above the highest standard and were set equal to this value (400 μmol/l for leucine, histidine, threonine and ornithine, and 800 μmol/l for glutamate).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Blood sampling and laboratory analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analyses of concentrations and intakes were both adjusted for age (30–34; 35–39; 40–44; 45–49 years), body mass index (BMI; <22.5; 22.5–24.9; ⩾25 kg/m2; unknown), smoking status (never; former; current) and alcohol intake (<1; 1–7; 8–15; ⩾16 g/d).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Statistical analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The differences by diet group we observed for lysine and tyrosine were supported by similar findings from previous studies, as were the null results for isoleucine, phenylalanine, asparagine, proline, serine and ornithine.7, 9”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Including physical activity in the statistical model did not materially change the findings (results not shown).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The plasma concentration of amino acids is a result of a complex interplay between dietary intake, tissue breakdown and de-novo synthesis3 and other factors such as gut microbial synthesis increasing the concentration30 and tissue uptake and excretion reducing the concentration.3”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median (range) overall coefficient of variation for the amino acids was 11.8% (5.4–17.3).”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Blood sampling and laboratory analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of unavailable concentrations did not differ significantly by diet group for lysine, phenylalanine or proline”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Blood sampling and laboratory analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conventional two-sided P-values are shown, but all results have been interpreted after allowance for multiple testing using the Bonferroni method; the per-test significance level was 0.05 divided by the number of tests.”
§ Plasma concentrations and intakes of amino acids in male meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans: a cross-sectional analysis in the EPIC-Oxford cohort > Subjects and methods > Statistical analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Other pre-analytical conditions, which the study did not have information about, are not related to diet group.
“Other pre-analytical conditions, which we do not have information about, are most likely also not related to diet group.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Matching UK foods to the nearest food in the US nutrient database by total protein content yields valid estimates of amino acid intakes for the UK diet groups.
“All UK foods were matched to the nearest food in the US nutrient database, paying specific attention to match on the total protein content so that scaling was not necessary.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The FFQ-based categorisation of participants into diet groups accurately reflects their habitual diet.
“Categorisation of the four diet groups was based on the answers to the questions 'Do you eat any meat; fish; dairy products; and eggs?'”
The paper relies on this without support.
The covariates adjusted for are sufficient to control confounding of the diet-group differences in amino acid concentrations and intakes.
“The analyses of concentrations and intakes were both adjusted for age (30–34; 35–39; 40–44; 45–49 years), body mass index (BMI; <22.5; 22.5–24.9; ⩾25 kg/m2; unknown), smoking status (never; former; current) and alcohol intake (<1; 1–7; 8–15; ⩾16 g/d).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Animal-based food sources are generally protein dense, especially meat and dairy products, and therefore comprise a major proportion of protein intake in the general population [23,37,39].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Large cohort studies indicate that vegans have a higher risk (compared with omnivores) for deficiencies in several micronutrients predominantly found in animal-derived foods, such as vitamin B12, iron, calcium, and vitamin D”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
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“Dietary methionine is contained in animal sources of protein, such as beef, lamb, fish, pork and eggs, at higher levels than plant sources of proteins, which include nuts, seeds, legumes, cereals, vegetables and fruits [87].”
BackgroundTrautman, M. E., Richardson, N. E., & Lamming, D. W. (2022) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13626 · Cited by 68
Schmidt, J. A., Fensom, G. K., Rinaldi, S., Scalbert, A., Appleby, P. N., Achaintre, D., Gicquiau, A., Gunter, M. J., Ferrari, P., Kaaks, R., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.32314 · Cited by 71
“There are also some published data on dietary and lifestyle correlates of themetabolites in treelet component 2.(23,26,37,38) Altered levels of phosphatidylcholines, lysophospholipids (mostly lower), sphingomyelins, acylcarnitines, glutamate, ornithine (mostly lower) and taurine in postdiagnostic samples from prostate…”
BackgroundSelf-citationter Borg, S., Luiking, Y. C., van Helvoort, A., Boirie, Y., Schols, J. M. G. A., & de Groot, C. P. G. M. (2018) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-018-1108-3 · Cited by 69
Increased plasma proline concentrations are associated with sarcopenia in the elderly
Toyoshima, K., Nakamura, M., Adachi, Y., Imaizumi, A., Hakamada, T., Abe, Y., Kaneko, E., Takahashi, S., & Shimokado, K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185206 · Cited by 67
Glycine by MR spectroscopy is an imaging biomarker of glioma aggressiveness
Tiwari, V., Daoud, E. V., Hatanpaa, K. J., Gao, A., Zhang, S., An, Z., Ganji, S., Raisanen, J. M., Lewis, C. M., Askari, P., et al. (2020) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1093/neuonc/noaa034 · Cited by 65
Su, Y., Elshorbagy, A. K., Turner, C., Refsum, H., Chan, R., & Kwok, T. C. Y. (2019) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2019.115082 · Cited by 67
Sources and Sinks of Serine in Nutrition, Health, and Disease
Handzlik, M. K., & Metallo, C. M. (2023) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-061021-022648 · Cited by 75
“For this reason, clinical trials quantifying plasma amino acid concentration in healthy individuals abstaining from consumption of meat products found little evidence of systemic L -serine deficiency (22, 101).”
BackgroundNext Generation Strategies for Geroprotection via mTORC1 Inhibition
Dumas, S. N., & Lamming, D. W. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glz056 · Cited by 53
Dietary Pattern and Plasma BCAA-Variations in Healthy Men and Women—Results from the KarMeN Study
Merz, B., Frommherz, L., Rist, M. J., Kulling, S. E., Bub, A., & Watzl, B. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10050623 · Cited by 61
“In contrast, observational studies reported only weak correlations between dietary and plasma BCAA concentrations [1,8,9].”
BackgroundMonteyne, A. J., Coelho, M. O. C., Murton, A. J., Abdelrahman, D. R., Blackwell, J. R., Koscien, C. P., Knapp, K. M., Fulford, J., Finnigan, T. J. A., Dirks, M. L., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.023 · Cited by 64
Is Homoarginine a Protective Cardiovascular Risk Factor?
Karetnikova, E. S., Jarzebska, N., Markov, A. G., Weiss, N., Lentz, S. R., & Rodionov, R. N. (2019) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.118.312218 · Cited by 62
Amino acid changes during transition to a vegan diet supplemented with fish in healthy humans
Elshorbagy, A. K., Jernerén, F., Basta, M., Basta, C., Turner, C., Khaled, M. A. T. M., & Refsum, H. (2016) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1237-6 · Cited by 61
“The decline in BCAAs in the present study in response to decreased animal protein intake thus extends epidemiologic [32], and acute interventional data [8, 33], by demonstrating an effect of short-term modification of habitual diet on BCAAs.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSegovia‐Siapco, G., & Sabaté, J. (2019) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-019-0427-8 · Cited by 61
Human gut microbiome, diet, and mental disorders
Borrego-Ruiz, A., & Borrego, J. J. (2024) · International Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s10123-024-00518-6 · Cited by 68
“…acids, such as methionine, tryptophan, and tyrosine, which are present at very low concentration in plant-based diets, may explain the relationship between these diets and the processes of depression (Schmidt et al. 2016), based on the metabolism of dopamine and serotonin (Aucoin et al. 2018).”
Observational and clinical evidence that plant-based nutrition reduces dietary acid load
Storz, M. A., Ronco, Á. L., & Hannibal, L. (2022) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2022.93 · Cited by 54
“Plant proteins are higher in glycine than most animal proteins((39)) and it is not surprising that vegans had the highest plasma concentration of this amino acid in the Epic Oxford cohort study((28)).”
BackgroundTong, T. Y. N., Key, T. J., Gaitskell, K. L., Green, T., Guo, W., Sanders, T. A. B., & Bradbury, K. E. (2019) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz072 · Cited by 58
“Parallel evidence from large-scale human studies is lacking, but previous studies do show differences in dietary and serum amino acids between different diet groups (17).”
BackgroundSelf-citationComparison of protein quality and digestibility between plant-based and meat-based burgers
Cutroneo, S., Prandi, B., Faccini, A., Pellegrini, N., Sforza, S., & Tedeschi, T. (2023) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113183 · Cited by 65
Unusual Aggregates Formed by the Self-Assembly of Proline, Hydroxyproline, and Lysine
Koshti, B., Kshtriya, V., Singh, R. S., Walia, S., Bhatia, D. D., Joshi, K. B., & Gour, N. (2021) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00427 · Cited by 54
The metabolomic quest for a biomarker in chronic kidney disease
Davies, R. (2018) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfy037 · Cited by 50
Playdon, M. C., Joshi, A. D., Tabung, F. K., Cheng, S. C., Henglin, M., Kim, A., Lin, T., van Roekel, E. H., Huang, J., Krumsiek, J., et al. (2019) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo9070145 · Cited by 49
Self-citationMetabolomics Analysis of the Beef Samples with Different Meat Qualities and Tastes
Jeong, J. Y., Kim, M., Ji, S. Y., Baek, Y.-C., Lee, S., Oh, Y. K., Reddy, K. E., Seo, H.-W., Cho, S., & Lee, H. J. (2020) · Food Science of Animal Resources · doi:10.5851/kosfa.2020.e59 · Cited by 46
High Protein Intake Is Associated With Histological Disease Activity in Patients With NAFLD
Lang, S., Martin, A., Farowski, F., Wisplinghoff, H., Vehreschild, M. J. G. T., Liu, J., Krawczyk, M. J., Nowag, A., Kretzschmar, A., Herweg, J., et al. (2020) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1002/hep4.1509 · Cited by 49
“(27) Notably, meat and other animal products serve as the main source of protein in Western diet with varying concentrations of specific amino acids,(11,14,15) whereas a vegetarian or vegan diet leads to a significantly lower intake of total and specific dietary amino acids.(14) Not all amino acids Fig.”
BackgroundDietary Methionine and Total Sulfur Amino Acid Restriction in Healthy Adults
Richie, J. P., Sinha, R., Dong, Z., Nichenametla, S. N., Ables, G. P., Ciccarella, A., Sinha, I., Calcagnotto, A., Chinchilli, V. M., Reinhart, L., et al. (2023) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-023-1883-3 · Cited by 47
“In a previous clinical feeding study, decreases in both SAA and BCAA levels in plasma were shown to result in individuals transitioning to a vegan-based diet enriched with fish (51) and meat-lovers versus vegans (52).”
BackgroundWang, F., Wan, Y., Yin, K., Wei, Y., Wang, B., Yu, X., Ni, Y., Zheng, J., Huang, T., Song, M., et al. (2019) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201900612 · Cited by 47
Calvani, R., Rodríguez‐Mañas, L., Picca, A., Marini, F., Biancolillo, A., Laosa, O., Pedraza, L., Gervasoni, J., Primiano, A., Conta, G., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12010199 · Cited by 44
“However, it has recently been reported that differences in blood amino acid concentrations do not necessarily mirror those of amino acid intakes [82].”
BackgroundVegetarian Epidemiology: Review and Discussion of Findings from Geographically Diverse Cohorts
Orlich, M. J., Chiu, T. H. T., Dhillon, P. K., Key, T. J., Fraser, G. E., Shridhar, K., Agrawal, S., & Kinra, S. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy109 · Cited by 49
“Metabolic profiles also differ between diet groups, for example vegans have relatively low plasma concentrations of lysine and methionine, but relatively high concentrations of glycine (7).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRolands, M. R., Hackl, L. S., Bochud, M., & Kim, L. A. (2024) · Journal of NutriLife · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.07.033 · Cited by 40
Ferreiro, S. R., López, A. M., Villares, J. M. M., Ferreiro, S. R., López, A. M., Villares, J. M. M., Trabazo, R. L., Díaz, J. J., de Pipaón, M. S., Blesa, L., et al. (2019) · Anales de Pediatría · doi:10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.10.013 · Cited by 42
Vegetarian Diet Is Associated with Lower Risk of Depression in Taiwan
Shen, Y., Chang, C.-E., Lin, M., & Lin, C.-L. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041059 · Cited by 43
“Therefore, vegetarian diets, which tend to have a high carbohydrate-to-protein ratio, may facilitate tryptophan entry into the brain and higher production of serotonin and less depression [49].”
BackgroundThe regulation of healthspan and lifespan by dietary amino acids
Babygirija, R., & Lamming, D. W. (2021) · Translational Medicine of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.tma.2021.05.001 · Cited by 43
“Plant-based diets have a reduced level of methionine as compared to animal sources, and humans consuming a vegan diet have reduced plasma levels of methionine compared to humans who eat animal proteins (102, 103).”
BackgroundDietrich, S., Trefflich, I., Ueland, P. M., Menzel, J., Penczynski, K. J., Abraham, K., & Weikert, C. (2022) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02790-y · Cited by 43
Nebl, J., Drabert, K., Haufe, S., Wasserfurth, P., Eigendorf, J., Tegtbur, U., Hahn, A., & Tsikas, D. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081875 · Cited by 42
“The plasma levels of Asp + Asn, guanidinoacetate, Glu + Gln, Lys, Arg and homoarginine were lower in the LOV group compared to the VEG group, which partly agrees with findings of the EPIC Oxford cohort [25].”
BackgroundResultYang, Y., Lu, M., Xu, Y., Qian, J., Le, G., & Xie, Y. (2022) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04847 · Cited by 43
Verzola, D., Picciotto, D., Saio, M., Aimasso, F., Bruzzone, F., Sukkar, S. G., Massarino, F., Esposito, P. B., Viazzi, F. C., & Garibotto, G. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010083 · Cited by 45
“[89] in the Oxford arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study, observed that intake of 18 dietary AAs was highest in meat-eaters, followed by fish-eaters, then vegetarians and lowest in vegans (up to 47% lower than in meat-eaters).”
BackgroundNutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete
West, S., Monteyne, A. J., van der Heijden, I., Stephens, F. B., & Wall, B. T. (2023) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.012 · Cited by 42
Banerjee, S., Poore, M., Gerdes, S., Nedveck, D. A., Lauridsen, L., Kristensen, H. T., Jensen, H. M., Byrd, P. M., Ouwehand, A. C., Patterson, E., et al. (2021) · Microbial Cell Factories · doi:10.1186/s12934-021-01658-4 · Cited by 44
“The intrinsic glutamate level of MRS, the synthetic medium used in the growth experiment, is similar to the mean daily intake of glutamate, which is around 15 g for meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans [50].”
The Impact of a Vegan Diet on Many Aspects of Health: The Overlooked Side of Veganism
Bali, A., & Naik, R. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.35148 · Cited by 44
“Vegans consume fewer essential amino acids than non-vegans [15].”
Vitamin B12and folate status in Spanish lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans
Gallego‐Narbón, A., Zapatera, B., Barrios, L., & Vaquero, M. P. (2019) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2019.2 · Cited by 40
“Regarding the influence of methionine on Hcy, protein consumption and methionine levels have been reported to be higher in lacto-ovo vegetarians than vegans, which in a scenario of folate repletion as observed in our study might lead to higher rates of HHcy in lacto-ovo vegetarian subjects under similar vitamin B12 le…”
ResultRiazati, N., Kable, M. E., Newman, J. W. I., Adkins, Y. C., Freytag, T. L., Jiang, X., & Stephensen, C. B. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.917966 · Cited by 40
Rizo‐Roca, D., Henderson, J. D., & Zierath, J. R. (2025) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.20090 · Cited by 51
“Studies in obese and insulin-resistant individuals have shown that NR supplementation does not sig-nificantly affect metabolic indicators, such as glucose, insulin, GLP-1, or body composition measures, nor does it appear to improve insulin sensitivity or lipid metabolism [103, 104].”
InfluentialGut microbiota and obesity: an overview of microbiota to microbial-based therapies
Sheykhsaran, E., Abbasi, A., Leylabadlo, H. E., Sadeghi, J., Mehri, S., Mazraeh, F. N., Feizi, H., & Baghi, H. B. (2022) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-141311 · Cited by 41
Proline Oxidation Supports Mitochondrial ATP Production When Complex I Is Inhibited
Pallag, G., Nazarian, S., Ravasz, D., Bui, D., Komlódi, T., Doerrier, C., Gnaiger, E., Seyfried, T. N., & Chinopoulos, C. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23095111 · Cited by 34
Tharrey, M., Mariotti, F., Mashchak, A., Barbillon, P., Delattre, M., Huneau, J., & Fraser, G. E. (2019) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyz194 · Cited by 41
A Systematic Review of the Association Between Vegan Diets and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Kaiser, J., van Daalen, K. R., Thayyil, A., Cocco, M. T. D. A. R. R., Caputo, D., & Oliver-Williams, C. (2021) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxab037 · Cited by 36
Николаевна, Е. М., Aleynik, D. Y., Rubtsova, Y. P., Levin, G. Y., Charykova, I. N., Semenycheva, L. L., Bugrova, M. L., & Zakharychev, E. A. (2019) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.10.003 · Cited by 39
Lépine, G., Fouillet, H., Rémond, D., Huneau, J., Mariotti, F., & Polakof, S. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmab073 · Cited by 36
Regulation of metabolic health by dietary histidine in mice
Flores, V., Spicer, A. B., Sonsalla, M. M., Richardson, N. E., Yu, D., Sheridan, G. E., Trautman, M. E., Babygirija, R., Cheng, E. P., Rojas, J. M., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp283261 · Cited by 29
“…promotes metabolic health and extends lifespan in rodents (Orentreich et al., 1993; Richie et al., 1994; Miller et al., 2005; Lees et al., 2014; Schmidt et al., 2016; Lees et al., 2017), due to the belief that lower levels of dietary methionine might account for the health benefits of a vegan…”
BackgroundAntoniussen, C. S., Rasmussen, H. H., Holst, M., & Lauridsen, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.733433 · Cited by 37
Redecillas-Ferreiro, S., López, A. M., & Moreno-Villares, J. M. (2020) · Anales de Pediatría (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.anpede.2019.10.004 · Cited by 34
Li, Q., You, Y., Zeng, Y., Wang, X., Pan, Z., Pang, J., Chen, Q., Zhou, Y., Jin, Y., Yang, Y., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac170 · Cited by 36
Obara‐Michlewska, M. (2022) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105363 · Cited by 33
Autonomous wearable sensing enabled by capillary microfluidics: a review
Kuruvinashetti, K., Komeili, A., & Sanati‐Nezhad, A. (2025) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d5lc00536a · Cited by 44
Lee, S., Yim, Y.-S., Lee, Y., Lee, B., Kim, H.-S., Kim, K., Lee, Y.-W., & Kim, J. (2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.03.028 · Cited by 32
L‐lysine: Its antagonism with L‐arginine in controlling viral infection. Narrative literature review
Pedrazini, M. C., da Silva, M. H., & Groppo, F. C. (2022) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.15444 · Cited by 34
“The value in grams/day of L-lysine through food has been estimated by some authors to be between 4 and 5 g/day in adults with adequate diets.(72,73) However, the daily requirement in a 70 kg adult would be between 800 and 3000 mg(30) and in face of supplementation necessity, the dose of 3 g/day is safe without having…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Schmidt, J. A., Rinaldi, S., Scalbert, A., Ferrari, P., Achaintre, D., Gunter, M. J., Appleby, P. N., Key, T. J., & Travis, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Schmidt, J A
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2015-09-23
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 306-312
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- PMC
- PMC4705437
- OpenAlex
- W2190313991
- Semantic Scholar
- 9f6c5a8efa351ec943be64c94dddc8e36e29f197
- Cited by
- 349
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 17.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- World Health Organization
- Cancer Research UK (19170, 16491, C8221/A19170, A16491, 570/A16491, A19170)
- Medical Research Council (MR/M012190/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Keywords
- plasma amino acids, meat-eaters, vegetarians, vegans, dietary protein quality, methionine, tryptophan, tyrosine, lysine, glycine, alanine, amino acid metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Vegan, Adult, Alanine, Amino Acids, Animals, Energy Intake, Cross-Sectional Studies, Fishes, Glycine, Humans, Lysine, Male, Meat, Methionine, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Diet, Vegetarian, Seafood
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