Common neurodegenerative pathways in obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive decline in chronic diabetic patients is a less investigated topic. Diabetes and obesity are among the modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. Studies have identified several overlapping neurodegenerative mechanisms, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation that are observed in these disorders. Advanced glycation end products generated by chronic hyperglycemia and their receptor RAGE provide critical links between diabetes and AD. Peripheral inflammation observed in obesity leads to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Although the brain is an immune-privileged organ, cross-talks between peripheral and central inflammation have been reported. Damage to the blood brain barrier (BBB) as seen with aging can lead to infiltration of immune cells into the brain, leading to the exacerbation of central inflammation. Neuroinflammation, which has emerged as an important cause of cognitive dysfunction, could provide a central mechanism for aging-associated ailments. To further add to these injuries, adult neurogenesis that provides neuronal plasticity is also impaired in the diabetic brain. This review discusses these molecular mechanisms that link obesity, diabetes and AD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Quality in Diabetes/Obesity and Critical Illness Spectrum of Diseases - edited by P. Hemachandra Reddy.
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Binding of AGEs and amyloid beta to RAGE causes additional oxidative stress that contributes to neuronal death and vascular dementia in Alzheimer disease.
“AGE and Aβ binding to RAGE leads to further oxidative stress that contributes to neuronal death and vascular dementia in AD45–48.”
From Oxidative stress, dysfunctional glucose metabolism and Alzheimer disease (2019) · cites this paper as [45]
Section 6 (page unavailable) describes RAGE as a putative receptor for Aβ and says AGEs increase Aβ cytotoxicity; it also links RAGE activity to cognitive decline in AD mice. It does not state that AGE and Aβ binding to RAGE causes oxidative stress, or that this pathway contributes to neuronal death and vascular dementia in AD. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGiven the similarity in mitochondrial dysfunction observed in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and AD, it is reasonable to hypothesize that lifestyle interventions, if implemented in midlife or earlier, may protect against the mitochondrial dysfunction evident in AD.
“Given the similarity in mitochondrial dysfunction observed in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and AD [184,185,186,187], it is reasonable to hypothesize that these lifestyle interventions, if implemented in midlife or earlier, may protect against the mitochondrial dysfunction evident in AD.”
From Mitochondrial Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Alzheimer Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [185]
Disrupted immune function is a potential link between metabolic and neurodegenerative disease states.
“Intriguingly, it has been suggested that disrupted immune function is a potential link between these disease states (Pugazhenthi et al., 2017; Newcombe et al., 2018).”
From Deletion of the Alzheimer’s disease risk gene Abi3 locus results in obesity and systemic metabolic disruption in mice (2022) · cites this paper as Pugazhenthi et al., 2017
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“Intriguingly, it has been suggested that disrupted immune function is a potential link between these disease states (Pugazhenthi et al., 2017; Newcombe et al., 2018).”
BackgroundAnsari, P., Khan, J. T., Choudhary, S., Reberio, A. D., Kumar, S., Seidel, V., Abdel-Wahab, Y. H. A., & Flatt, P. R. (2024) · doi:10.20944/preprints202408.1739.v1 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
- Authors
- Pugazhenthi, S., Qin, L., & Reddy, P. H.
- Affiliations
- Veterans Health Administration (US)
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pugazhenthi, Subbiah
- Venue
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 1863
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1037-1045
- ISSN
- 0925-4439 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5344771
- OpenAlex
- W2347041376
- Cited by
- 697
- References
- 142
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 6 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Merit Review (NEUD-004-07F)
- NIH (AG042178, AG047812)
- Garrison Family Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Advanced Glycation End Products research
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, advanced glycation end products, RAGE, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, blood-brain barrier, adult neurogenesis, cognitive decline
- MeSH terms
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Inflammation, Mitochondria, Obesity, Glycation End Products, Advanced, Oxidative Stress, Diabetes Complications
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