The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 27 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Prospective study of gut hormone and metabolic changes after adjustable gastric banding and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
Open accessAbstract
Objective:The objective of this study was to quantify hormones that regulate energy and glucose homeostasis to establish possible mechanisms for the greater efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) compared with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) in achieving weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity.Design:Longitudinal study of patients undergoing LAGB (n=15) and RYGB (n=28) who were studied before surgery and at 2, 12, 26 and 52 weeks afterwards.Measurements:Fasting blood samples were drawn at each visit. Postprandial blood samples were also obtained before surgery and at 26 and 52 weeks. Samples were assayed for peptide YY (PYY), ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose, insulin, leptin, thyrotropic hormone, free T4 and free T3.Results:At 1 year there was greater weight loss in RYGB compared with LAGB patients (30 vs 15%), but final body mass index was similar (34 vs 33 kg m−2). At week 52, area under the curve (AUC) for PYY in RYGB subjects was greater than LAGB (P<0.01). GLP-1 levels at 30 min after meal were threefold greater after RYGB compared with LAGB (P<0.001). Conversely, ghrelin AUC increased after LAGB at week 52 (P<0.05) but tended to decrease after RYGB. Fasting glucose, insulin, and leptin and homeostasis model of assessment (HOMA-IR) decreased in both groups over time but were significantly lower at week 52 after RYGB compared with LAGB. The change in leptin correlated significantly with weight loss in LAGB (r=0.86) and RYGB (r=0.77), however, HOMA-IR correlated significantly with weight loss only in LAGB (r=0.78), and not RYGB (r=0.15). There was a significant decrease in free T3 (P<0.01) after RYGB.Conclusions:Differences in levels of gut hormones may play a role in promoting greater weight loss and insulin sensitivity after RYGB compared with LAGB, however, weight loss may be limited by decreases in free T3 and leptin.
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37 Own result · 17 Not checked yet · 11 Own method · 8 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fasting levels of GLP-1 did not change significantly over time in either group (Table 1).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > GLP-1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“correlation of the percent change in free T3 with percent change in leptin at wk 52 did not reach statistical significance in LAGB (r = 0.46, P = 0.115) or RYGB (r = 0.38, P =0.101).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Thyroid function
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“GLP-1 levels at 30 min post-meal were three-fold greater after RYGB compared with LAGB (P<0.001).”
- Also stated in: § GLP-1 · plain
“In contrast, postprandial GLP-1 levels after RYGB were significantly greater (P < 0.001) compared with 30 minute values before surgery and three-fold higher compared the same time points after LAGB (P < 0.001).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § GLP-1 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fasting leptin levels did not differ at baseline between groups (Table 1).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Leptin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Changes in fasting ghrelin or AUC did not correlate with percent weight loss in either group.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Ghrelin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but final body mass index was similar (34 vs 33 kg/m2)”
- Also stated in: § Baseline Characteristics and Weight Change · plain
“At one year both groups were of similar weight (LAGB, 94 ± 4.5; RYGB 88 ± 3.6 kg; P = 0.221) and BMI (LAGB, 34 ± 1.1; RYGB, 33 ± 1.0 kg/m2; P = 0.438).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > Abstract > Results
plainn = 28- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Baseline Characteristics and Weight Change · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The change in leptin correlated significantly with weight loss in LAGB (r=0.86)”
- Also stated in: § Leptin · plain
“The percent change in leptin correlated with percent weight loss at wk 52 in LAGB (r = 0.86, P < 0.001)”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Leptin · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PYY did not correlate with percent weight loss in either group.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > PYY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and not RYGB (r=0.15).”
- Also stated in: § Glucose, Insulin, HOMA-IR · plain
“or at wk 52 (r = 0.15, P = 0.56)”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Glucose, Insulin, HOMA-IR · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ghrelin AUC increased after LAGB at wk 52 (P<0.05)”
- Also stated in: § Ghrelin · plain
“as was the increase in AUC (Fig. 2, P = 0.044).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Ghrelin · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In LAGB patients the postprandial rise of GLP-1 measured at 30 minutes did not change after surgery (Fig. 4).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > GLP-1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Change in free T3 did not correlate with weight loss.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Thyroid function
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant decrease in free T3 (P<0.01) after RYGB.”
- Also stated in: § Thyroid function · plain
“In RYGB subjects there was a significant decrease in free T3 at wk 26 (P = 0.017) and wk 52 (P = 0.002).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Thyroid function · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although baseline HOMA-IR levels were not predictive of the amount of weight loss at 1 year (r = −0.22, P = 0.5)”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Glucose, Insulin, HOMA-IR
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and RYGB (r=0.77)”
- Also stated in: § Leptin · plain
“and RYGB (r=0.77, P < 0.001)”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Leptin · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HOMA-IR correlated significantly with percent weight loss at wk 12 (r = 0.64, P = 0.024)”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Glucose, Insulin, HOMA-IR
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HOMA-IR correlated significantly with weight loss only in LAGB (r=0.78)”
- Also stated in: § Glucose, Insulin, HOMA-IR · plain
“HOMA-IR correlated significantly with percent weight loss at wk 12 (r = 0.64, P = 0.024) and wk 52 (r = 0.78, P = 0.005)”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Glucose, Insulin, HOMA-IR · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Absolute levels of TSH were not significantly different at wk 52 after RYGB.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Thyroid function
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but were significantly lower at wk 52 after RYGB compared with LAGB.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but tended to decrease after RYGB.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > Abstract > Results
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AUC in the LAGB subjects was also increased after surgery but the difference was statistically significant only at wk 26 (P = 0.003).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > PYY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although the percent change in free T3 correlated with the percent change in weight at wk 52 (r = 0.57, P = 0.041).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Thyroid function
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At wk 52, area under the curve (AUC) for PYY in RYGB subjects was greater than LAGB (P<0.01).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At one year there was greater weight loss in RYGB compared with LAGB patients (30% vs 15%)”
- Also stated in: § Baseline Characteristics and Weight Change · plain
“Percent decrease in total body weight at one year was two-fold greater in RYGB compared with LAGB (−15 ± 2.3 vs −30 ± 1.2%; P < 0.001).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > Abstract > Results
plaindirectn = 28- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Baseline Characteristics and Weight Change · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have also shown that over time after RYGB there was a further increase in both fasting and postprandial PYY levels that may reflect adaptive changes within the gut.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this report we show that LAGB and RYGB have different effects on fasting and postprandial concentrations of several hormones that have been shown in animal and human studies to modulate appetite, food intake, energy partitioning, energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity (Table 3).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The non-randomized LAGB and RYGB groups are comparable enough that between-group differences in outcomes can be attributed to the procedures.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, the relative decrease in fasting ghrelin after RYGB occurs as early as 2–6 weeks post-surgery as also reported by Morinigo et al (25) suggesting that the decrease in ghrelin is mostly a result of altered anatomy (26).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Morinigo R, Casamitjana R, Moize VV, Lacy AM, Delgado S, Gomis R et al. Short-term effects of gastric bypass surgery on circulating ghrelin levels. Obes Res 2004; 12: 1108–1116. source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Jeon TY, Lee S, Kim HH, Kim YJ, Son HC, Kim DH et al. Changes in plasma ghrelin concentration immediately after gastrectomy in patients with early gastric cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 5392–5396. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This pattern mimics a euthyroid sick syndrome observed in low leptin states such as anorexia nervosa (38).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Reinehr T, Isa A, de Sousa G, Dieffenbach R, Andler W . Thyroid hormones and their relation to weight status. Horm Res 2008; 70: 51–57. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences in levels of gut hormones may play a role in promoting greater weight loss and insulin sensitivity after RYGB compared with LAGB”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The non-randomized LAGB and RYGB groups are comparable enough that between-group differences in outcomes can be attributed to the procedures.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Increased GLP-1 and PYY levels together with an absence of a compensatory rise in ghrelin in most RYGB patients would be expected to favor improved insulin sensitivity as these hormone affect glucose homeostasis in addition to appetitive behavior (8, 30–32).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Wiedmer P, Nogueiras R, Broglio F, D'Alessio D, Tschöp MH . Ghrelin, obesity and diabetes. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007; 3: 705–712. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Boey D, Sainsbury A, Herzog H . The role of peptide YY in regulating glucose homeostasis. Peptides 2007; 28: 390–395. source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Holst JJ . The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1. Physiol Rev 2007; 87: 1409–1439. source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Aulinger B, D'Alessio D . Glucagon-like peptide 1: continued advances, new targets and expanding promise as a model therapeutic. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007; 14: 68–73. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The non-randomized LAGB and RYGB groups are comparable enough that between-group differences in outcomes can be attributed to the procedures.
In the paper
“suggesting that the regulation of leptin secretion does not differ between procedures.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Korner J, Punyanita M, Taveras C, McMahon DJ, Kim HJ, Inabnet W et al. Sex differences in visceral adipose tissue post-bariatric surgery compared to matched non-surgical controls. Int J Body Compos Res 2008; 6: 93–99.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The non-randomized LAGB and RYGB groups are comparable enough that between-group differences in outcomes can be attributed to the procedures.
In the paper
“However, it is unlikely that the early decline in leptin levels after RYGB was due to bypassing the stomach since changes in circulating leptin concentrations have not been detected in the early postoperative period following gastrectomy (26).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Jeon TY, Lee S, Kim HH, Kim YJ, Son HC, Kim DH et al. Changes in plasma ghrelin concentration immediately after gastrectomy in patients with early gastric cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 5392–5396. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A number of other studies have characterized changes in gut hormones after bariatric surgery but prospective studies of a side-by-side comparison of fasting and postprandial hormonal changes after LAGB and RYGB are lacking (12).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Vincent RP, le Roux CW . Changes in gut hormones after bariatric surgery. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 69: 173–179. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since most of our subjects were unlikely to have achieved their nadir weight at 1 year, it may be too early to detect significant correlations between levels of L cell peptides and ultimate response to surgery.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Most subjects had not reached their nadir weight at 1 year.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, a single postprandial measurement at 30 minutes may not have been adequate to detect subtle changes.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thus, leptin insufficiency together with decreased insulin levels may act in conjunction to suppress melanocortin tone and limit weight loss via a reduction in T3 levels and energy expenditure.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Flier JS, Harris M, Hollenberg AN . Leptin, nutrition, and the thyroid: the why, the wherefore, and the wiring. J Clin Invest 2000; 105: 859–861. source
- Not checked yetcites [40] Benoit SC, Clegg DJ, Seeley RJ, Woods SC . Insulin and leptin as adiposity signals. Recent Prog Horm Res 2004; 59: 267–285. source
- Not checked yetcites [41] Lee M, Wardlaw SL . The central melanocortin system and the regulation of energy balance. Front Biosci 2007; 12: 3994–4010. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recently there has been greater recognition that the modality of weight loss, not just the degree, may have independent effects on neurohormonal regulators of energy balance and glucose homeostasis (5, 6).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Cummings DE, Overduin J, Foster-Schubert KE . Gastric bypass for obesity: mechanisms of weight loss and diabetes resolution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2608–2615. source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Cummings DE, Overduin J, Foster-Schubert KE, Carlson MJ . Role of the bypassed proximal intestine in the anti-diabetic effects of bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2007; 3: 109–115. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, weight loss may be limited by decreases in free T3 and leptin.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The choice of the meal challenge was based on our previous studies demonstrating that the macronutrient content and volume load does not illicit dumping syndrome or abdominal discomfort in post-surgery patients (11, 13).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > MATERIALS and METHODS > Protocol
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Korner J, Inabnet W, Conwell IM, Taveras C, Daud A, Olivero-Rivera L et al. Differential effects of gastric bypass and banding on circulating gut hormone and leptin levels. Obesity 2006; 14: 1553–1561. source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Korner J, Bessler M, Cirilo LJ, Conwell IM, Daud A, Restuccia NL et al. Effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on fasting and postprandial concentrations of plasma ghrelin, peptide YY, and insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 359–365. source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, postprandial GLP-1 levels after RYGB were significantly greater (P < 0.001) compared with 30 minute values before surgery and three-fold higher compared the same time points after LAGB (P < 0.001).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > GLP-1
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Postprandial insulin levels peaked at 30 minutes and were not different between LAGB and RYGB, however, there was a more rapid decrease in the RYGB group such that insulin levels at 60 minutes were significantly lower at wk 26 (P = 0.002) and wk 52 (P = 0.016) compared with the same time points in the LAGB subjects (Fig. 3).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Glucose, Insulin, HOMA-IR
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a corresponding 3-fold increase in AUC for PYY in the RYGB group at wk 26 (P < 0.001) and a continued increase in PYY levels such that AUC at wk 52 was significantly greater than at wk 26 (P = 0.025).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > PYY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At 26 and 52 wks, PYY levels at 30 minutes were approximately 3.5-fold greater than levels prior to surgery and were significantly greater than in LAGB subjects at the same time points (Fig. 2, P < 0.001).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > PYY
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant correlation of HOMA-IR and percent weight loss was not observed in RYGB subjects at week 12 when the range of loss was comparable to LAGB at 1 year (r = 0.21; P = 0.37), or at wk 52 (r = 0.15, P = 0.56)”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Glucose, Insulin, HOMA-IR
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, there was a downward trend in fasting ghrelin levels in RYGB, but the difference in fasting values at wk 52 compared to baseline was not statistically significant (P = 0.422).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Ghrelin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a progressive increase in fasting PYY in the RYGB group such that at wk 52 levels were significantly greater than baseline (P = 0.014).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > PYY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The degree of suppression of ghrelin levels post-meal did not differ significantly pre-surgery to wk 52 in either the LAGB (16% ± 3.5 vs 19% ± 3.2) or the RYGB (21% ± 3.4 vs 22% ± 1.8) and did not differ between groups.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Ghrelin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Free T4, free T3 and TSH did not change significantly over time in the LAGB group (Table 2)”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Thyroid function
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leptin levels at wk 2 were also significantly decreased in RYGB subjects (P < 0.001). The percent change from baseline after RYGB (Fig. 5) continued to decrease from wk 2 to 12 (P < 0.001) and wk 12 to 26 (P = 0.019), showing stabilization from wk 26 to 52 (P = 0.294).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Leptin
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fasting glucose, insulin, and leptin, and HOMA-IR decreased in both groups over time”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Absolute levels of fasting ghrelin in LAGB subjects at wk 52 did not increase significantly compared with baseline (Table 1, P = 0.073), although the change in ghrelin was significant (43 ± 12%, P = 0.001), as was the increase in AUC (Fig. 2, P = 0.044).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Ghrelin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a significant decrease at wk 2 in LAGB subjects (P < 0.001), but levels did not decrease further despite continued weight loss.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Leptin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is possible that variable treatment of vagal fibers explains inter-individual variation in fasting ghrelin levels (27).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Williams DL, Grill HJ, Cummings DE, Kaplan JM . Vagotomy dissociates short- and long-term controls of circulating ghrelin. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 5184–5187. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HOMA-IR decreased to a greater extent in RYGB subjects and did not correlate with the degree of weight loss as was observed in LAGB subjects.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The non-randomized LAGB and RYGB groups are comparable enough that between-group differences in outcomes can be attributed to the procedures.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increase in fasting ghrelin after LAGB appears to occur over time indicating that such change is related to weight loss as opposed to restriction of nutrient flow.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This increase has been reported to occur as early as 2 days after bypass suggesting that the exaggerated response is secondary to the intervention per se and not to weight loss and is likely related to more rapid delivery of glucose to the distal small intestine (15).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Chaikomin R, Doran S, Jones KL, Feinle-Bisset C, O'Donovan D, Rayner CK et al. Initially more rapid small intestinal glucose delivery increases plasma insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 but does not improve overall glycemia in healthy subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 289: E504–E507. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The non-randomized LAGB and RYGB groups are comparable enough that between-group differences in outcomes can be attributed to the procedures.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As discussed below, some of these changes were mostly related to weight loss regardless of the type of surgery, yet some were due mostly to the surgical intervention itself”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The non-randomized LAGB and RYGB groups are comparable enough that between-group differences in outcomes can be attributed to the procedures.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was significant correlation between assays (r = 0.9, P < 0.001), however, absolute values were lower in the LINCO assay. The following equation was found by an ordinary least squares solution to calculate comparable DSL value: −58.3 + 2.8(LINCO value).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > MATERIALS and METHODS > Hormone Assays
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lower limit of detection was 12 pg/ml and the coefficients of variation were 10.1% within and 10.3% between assays.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > MATERIALS and METHODS > Hormone Assays
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As part of the “enteroinsular axis,” GLP-1 also functions as an incretin to potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin release.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Vincent RP, Ashrafian H, le Roux CW . Mechanisms of disease: the role of gastrointestinal hormones in appetite and obesity. Nat Clin Pract 2008; 5: 268–277. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects with type 2 diabetes (2 LAGB, 6 RYGB) at baseline were excluded from analyses of glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > RESULTS > Glucose, Insulin, HOMA-IR
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that more subjects would be required to demonstrate an interaction with free T3 and leptin in this setting.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certainly there are variables that play critical roles in weight loss such as physical activity and eating patterns, together with environmental and psychological factors that were not addressed in this study.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As an observational study we are only able to draw inferences regarding the physiological effects that result from the hormonal changes described”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The average reduction in body weight is approximately 28% after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) and 40% after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and metabolic benefits such as remission of type 2 diabetes occurs in 48% and 84% in LAGB and RYGB patients, respectively (3, 4).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Sjöström L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M, Torgerson J, Bouchard C, Carlsson B et al. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2683–2693. source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, Jensen MD, Pories W, Fahrbach K et al. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2004; 292: 1724–1737. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In previous cross-sectional studies we have demonstrated that circulating levels of several gut hormones differ in patients who had undergone LAGB compared with RYGB (10, 11). The most striking difference between procedures was an exaggerated postprandial increase in PYY, GLP-1 and insulin concentrations in the RYGB group.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Korner J, Bessler M, Inabnet W, Taveras C, Holst JJ . Exaggerated GLP-1 and blunted GIP secretion are associated with gastric bypass but not gastric banding. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2007; 3: 597–601. source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Korner J, Inabnet W, Conwell IM, Taveras C, Daud A, Olivero-Rivera L et al. Differential effects of gastric bypass and banding on circulating gut hormone and leptin levels. Obesity 2006; 14: 1553–1561. source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, due to the limitation in sample volume we were unable to obtain GLP-1 measurements for the entire postprandial period.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In contrast, ghrelin stimulates appetite, increases food intake and gut motility and decreases insulin sensitivity (8).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Wiedmer P, Nogueiras R, Broglio F, D'Alessio D, Tschöp MH . Ghrelin, obesity and diabetes. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007; 3: 705–712. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No adjustment of the critical value of the test statistic was made for the separate tests of different hormones or for HOMA-IR”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > MATERIALS and METHODS > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Weight loss by caloric restriction is associated with an increase in circulating concentrations of ghrelin (9).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS, Breen PA, Ma MK, Dellinger EP et al. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1623–1630. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Both peptides decrease appetite, increase satiety, slow gut motility and improve insulin sensitivity (7).”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Vincent RP, Ashrafian H, le Roux CW . Mechanisms of disease: the role of gastrointestinal hormones in appetite and obesity. Nat Clin Pract 2008; 5: 268–277. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A limitation of this study is that body composition analysis was not performed.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, measurement of peripheral levels may not accurately reflect leptin levels reaching TRH neurons with the central nervous system.”
§ Prospective Study of Gut Hormone and Metabolic Changes After Adjustable Gastric Banding and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The non-randomized LAGB and RYGB groups are comparable enough that between-group differences in outcomes can be attributed to the procedures.
“The choice of bariatric procedure was based on the preference of surgeon and patient.”
“body weight (112 ± 5 vs 128 ± 5 kg; P = 0.056) and BMI (41 ± 1 vs 48 ± 1 kg/m2; P < 0.001) were less in LAGB compared with RYGB.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most subjects had not reached their nadir weight at 1 year.
“Since most of our subjects were unlikely to have achieved their nadir weight at 1 year, it may be too early to detect significant correlations between levels of L cell peptides and ultimate response to surgery.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Levels of PYY increase following SG and RYGB but not GB 101”
From Bone loss after bariatric surgery: causes, consequences, and management (2014) · cites this paper as [101]
Citations
Cites
Matthews, D. R., Hosker, J. P., Rudenski, A. S., Naylor, B. A., Treacher, D. F., & Turner, R. C. (1985) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00280883 · Cited by 31,502
Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Buchwald, H., Avidor, Y., Braunwald, E., Jensen, M. D., Pories, W., Fahrbach, K., & Schoelles, K. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.14.1724 · Cited by 6,800
Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery
Sjöström, L., Lindroos, A.-K., Peltonen, M., Torgerson, J., Bouchard, C., Carlsson, B., Dahlgren, S., Larsson, B., Narbro, K., Sjöström, C. D., et al. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa035622 · Cited by 4,457
The Physiology of Glucagon-like Peptide 1
Holst, J. J. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2006 · Cited by 3,371
Plasma Ghrelin Levels after Diet-Induced Weight Loss or Gastric Bypass Surgery
Cummings, D. E., Weigle, D. S., Frayo, R. S., Breen, P. A., Marina, K., Dellinger, E. P., & Purnell, J. Q. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012908 · Cited by 2,271
Dixon, J. B., O’Brien, P. E., Playfair, J., Chapman, L., Schachter, L. M., Skinner, S., Proietto, J., Bailey, M., & Anderson, M. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.3.316 · Cited by 1,434
Gut hormones as mediators of appetite and weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
le Roux, C. W., Welbourn, R., Werling, M., Osborne, A., Kokkinos, A., Laurenius, A., Lönroth, H., Fändriks, L., Ghatei, M. A., Bloom, S. R., et al. (2007) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e3180caa3e3 · Cited by 741 · cited 2×
“Although these associations do not prove causality, inhibition of gut hormone release by administration of somatostatin increased appetite and food intake in bypass but not in band subjects, suggesting that gut hormones are more likely to mediate reduced appetite and food intake after RYGB (24).”
BackgroundResultChan, J. L., Heist, K., DePaoli, A. M., Veldhuis, J. D., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci17490 · Cited by 697
Laferrère, B., Teixeira, J., McGinty, J., Tran, H., Egger, J. R., Colarusso, A., Kovack, B., Bawa, B., Koshy, N., Lee, H., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2851 · Cited by 682
Steinbrook, R. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp048029 · Cited by 584
Cited by
Sorted by citations
European Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults
Yumuk, V., Tsigos, C., Fried, M., Schindler, K., Busetto, L., Micic, D., & Toplak, H. (2015) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000442721 · Cited by 3,432
Mechanick, J. I., Youdim, A., Jones, D. B., Garvey, W. T., Hurley, D. L., McMahon, M. M., Heinberg, L. J., Kushner, R., Adams, T. D., Shikora, S., et al. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20461 · Cited by 1,650
Differential Adaptation of Human Gut Microbiota to Bariatric Surgery–Induced Weight Loss
Furet, J.-P., Kong, L.-C., Tap, J., Poitou, C., Basdevant, A., Bouillot, J.-L., Mariat, D., Corthier, G., Doré, J., Henegar, C., et al. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0253 · Cited by 1,173
“In the present study, leptin levels fell rapidly with the onset of energy deprivation at M3 ( 50% of basal values) and relatively stabilized at M6 while BMI, fat mass, and adipocyte sizes continued to shrink, which is in line with the results found in other studies (25).”
ResultObesity and the human microbiome
Ley, R. E. (2009) · Current Opinion in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mog.0b013e328333d751 · Cited by 783
Interdisciplinary European Guidelines on Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery
Fried, M., Yumuk, V., Oppert, J., Scopinaro, N., Torres, A., Weiner, R. A., Yashkov, Y. I., & Frühbeck, G. (2013) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-013-1079-8 · Cited by 768
Metadata
- Authors
- Korner, J., Inabnet, W., Febres, G., Conwell, I. M., McMahon, D. J., Salas, R., Taveras, C., Schrope, B., & Bessler, M.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2009-05-05
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 786-795
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- PMC
- PMC2710396
- OpenAlex
- W2082780134
- Semantic Scholar
- d9640aa77abc9b002cd79a200debf4a6726df0b6
- Cited by
- 338
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 35.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK072011, DK072011)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024156, RR 00645, M01RR000645)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques
- Keywords
- gastric banding, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, bariatric surgery, gastrointestinal hormones, peptide YY, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, leptin, insulin resistance, weight loss, glucose homeostasis, thyroid hormones, energy homeostasis, postprandial hormone secretion, HOMA-IR, free T3
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Female, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Morbid, Prospective Studies, Gastric Bypass, Gastroplasty, Weight Loss, Postprandial Period, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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