Differential Adaptation of Human Gut Microbiota to Bariatric Surgery–Induced Weight Loss
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Obesity alters gut microbiota ecology and associates with low-grade inflammation in humans. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is one of the most efficient procedures for the treatment of morbid obesity resulting in drastic weight loss and improvement of metabolic and inflammatory status. We analyzed the impact of RYGB on the modifications of gut microbiota and examined links with adaptations associated with this procedure. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Gut microbiota was profiled from fecal samples by real-time quantitative PCR in 13 lean control subjects and in 30 obese individuals (with seven type 2 diabetics) explored before (M0), 3 months (M3), and 6 months (M6) after RYGB. RESULTS: Four major findings are highlighted: 1) Bacteroides/Prevotella group was lower in obese subjects than in control subjects at M0 and increased at M3. It was negatively correlated with corpulence, but the correlation depended highly on caloric intake; 2) Escherichia coli species increased at M3 and inversely correlated with fat mass and leptin levels independently of changes in food intake; 3) lactic acid bacteria including Lactobacillus/Leuconostoc/Pediococcus group and Bifidobacterium genus decreased at M3; and 4) Faecalibacterium prausnitzii species was lower in subjects with diabetes and associated negatively with inflammatory markers at M0 and throughout the follow-up after surgery independently of changes in food intake. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that components of the dominant gut microbiota rapidly adapt in a starvation-like situation induced by RYGB while the F. prausnitzii species is directly linked to the reduction in low-grade inflammation state in obesity and diabetes independently of calorie intake.
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The results are in agreement with previous findings showing an expansion of Proteobacteria shortly after RYGB in humans and mice.
“Moreover, our results are in agreement with previous findings showing an expansion of Proteobacteria shortly after RYGB, both in humans (Furet et al., 2010; Graessler et al., 2013; Kong et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2009) and mice (Liou et al., 2013).”
From Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation (2015) · cites this paper as Furet et al., 2010
The gut microbiota may mediate some of the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery.
“Recent work has also indicated that the gut microbiota may mediate some of the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery, and changes in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota have been observed in the short term after RYGB in humans (Furet et al., 2010; Graessler et al., 2013; Kong et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2009), as well as after vertical sleeve gastrectomy and RYGB in mice (Liou et”
From Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation (2015) · cites this paper as Furet et al., 2010
Changes in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota have been observed in the short term after RYGB in humans.
“Recent work has also indicated that the gut microbiota may mediate some of the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery, and changes in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota have been observed in the short term after RYGB in humans (Furet et al., 2010; Graessler et al., 2013; Kong et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2009), as well as after vertical sleeve gastrectomy and RYGB in mice (Liou et”
From Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation (2015) · cites this paper as Furet et al., 2010
The reduced fat mass gain in GF mice transplanted with RYGB and VBG microbiota is in agreement with the paper's results on the composition of the gut microbiome and with a short-term human study showing an inverse correlation between E. coli abundance and fat mass after RYGB.
“The reduced fat mass gain in GF mice transplanted with RYGB and VBG microbiota is in agreement with our results on the composition of the gut microbiome and with a short-term human study showing an inverse correlation between E. coli abundance and fat mass after RYGB (Furet et al., 2010).”
From Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation (2015) · cites this paper as Furet et al., 2010
The Bacteroides/Prevotella ratio was negatively correlated with body weight, BMI, and body fat mass, but this correlation was highly dependent on total calorie intake.
“While this ratio was negatively correlated with body weight, BMI, and body fat mass, the correlation was highly dependent on total calorie intake.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [163]
The Bacteroides/Prevotella ratio increased within 3 months after bariatric surgery and remained stable thereafter.
“Furet and colleagues [163] reported that the Bacteroides/Prevotella ratio increased within 3 months after surgery and remained stable thereafter.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [163]
Severe calorie restriction has a complex effect on the gut microbiota, as indicated by alterations such as reduction of lactic acid forming bacteria.
“Other alterations, such as the reduction of lactic acid forming bacteria, indicate a complex effect of severe calorie restriction.”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [163]
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BackgroundThe Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
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The Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Status and the Future Ahead
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Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology
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Gut microbiome and serum metabolome alterations in obesity and after weight-loss intervention
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Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and human intestinal health
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Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Disease
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Gut microbiota and human NAFLD: disentangling microbial signatures from metabolic disorders
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Self-citationThe resilience of the intestinal microbiota influences health and disease
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Conserved shifts in the gut microbiota due to gastric bypass reduce host weight and adiposity
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The role of microbial amino acid metabolism in host metabolism
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“Also, gastric bypass surgery has been reported to have direct antidiabetic effects probably due to a shift in the composition of the gut microbiota [10,73,93].”
BackgroundHuman Gut Microbiota Changes Reveal the Progression of Glucose Intolerance
Zhang, X., Shen, D., Fang, Z., Jie, Z., Qiu, X., Zhang, C., Chen, Y., & Ji, L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071108 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
“[39] analyzed the gut microbiota composition in 13 lean individuals and 30 obese subjects, including 7 T2DM patients who underwent a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.”
MethodFXR is a molecular target for the effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy
Ryan, K. K., Tremaroli, V., Clemmensen, C., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P., Myronovych, A., Karns, R., Wilson-Pérez, H. E., Sandoval, D. A., Kohli, R., Bäckhed, F., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13135 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
Bile acid signaling in metabolic disease and drug therapy
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“Gastric bypass changes gut microbiota and is associated with weight loss and inflammation (Zhang et al., 2009a; Furet et al., 2010; Graessler et al., 2013).”
BackgroundEffects of gut microbes on nutrient absorption and energy regulation
Krajmalnik‐Brown, R., Ilhan, Z., Kang, D., & DiBaise, J. K. (2012) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0884533611436116 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
“In another recent study, when microbiome composition changes following RYGB were monitored using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)–based methods over 6 months at 3-month intervals, Bacteroides and Prevotella counts decreased and approached the counts from healthy, normal-weight control individuals even tho…”
BackgroundFaecalibacterium prausnitzii : from microbiology to diagnostics and prognostics
López‐Siles, M., Duncan, S. H., Garcia-Gil, L. J., & Martínez-Medina, M. (2017) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2016.176 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
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Microbiota and diabetes: an evolving relationship
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The gut microbiota and obesity: from correlation to causality
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Meta‐analyses of human gut microbes associated with obesity and IBD
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Targeting gut microbiota in obesity: effects of prebiotics and probiotics
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“…of bariatric surgery, and changes in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota have been observed in the short term after RYGB in humans (Furet et al., 2010; Graessler et al., 2013; Kong et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2009), as well as after vertical sleeve gastrectomy and RYGB in mice…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Gut Microbiota and Inflammation: An Overview
Bander, Z. A., Nitert, M. D., Mousa, A., & Naderpoor, N. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207618 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
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The Gut Microbiome, Kidney Disease, and Targeted Interventions
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The human gut microbiota: Metabolism and perspective in obesity
Gomes, A. C., Hoffmann, C., & Mota, J. F. (2018) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2018.1465157 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
“women,(84,90) children,(91) and infants of normal weight mothers(85); however, this genus was decreased in individuals subjected to RYGB.(88,93) Bifidobacterium species have been shown to deconjugate bile acids, which may decrease fat absorption.”
BackgroundInfluentialDewulf, E. M., Cani, P. D., Claus, S. P., Fuentes, S., Puylaert, P. G., Neyrinck, A. M., Bindels, L. B., de Vos, W. M., Gibson, G. R., Thissen, J.-P., et al. (2013) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303304 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
Intestinal farnesoid X receptor signaling promotes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A precursor of the metabolic syndrome
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Gut Microbiota as a Trigger for Metabolic Inflammation in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
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Dietary fibre modulates the gut microbiota
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Insights into the role of the microbiome in obesity and type 2 diabetes
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Gut Microbiota and Obesity: A Role for Probiotics
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“In a larger study, 30 obese subjects enrolled in a bariatric surgery follow-up program and 13 lean controls were assessed using a qPCR-based fecal microbiota analysis [51].”
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“Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialVerdam, F. J., Fuentes, S., de Jonge, C., Zoetendal, E. G., Erbil, R., Greve, J. W., Buurman, W. A., de Vos, W. M., & Rensen, S. S. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20466 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
The Gut–Brain Axis and the Microbiome: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
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Understanding the role of gut microbiome–host metabolic signal disruption in health and disease
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Gut microbiota, obesity and diabetes
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Diabetes, obesity and gut microbiota
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Bile Acid-Activated Receptors, Intestinal Microbiota, and the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders
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Gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome
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“Conversely, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a butyrate producer with known anti-inflammatory properties [84], has been found decreased in morbidly obese subjects with diabetes [73], similarly to its low abundance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [85].”
BackgroundBile acid metabolism and signaling, the microbiota, and metabolic disease
Cai, J., Rimal, B., Jiang, C., Chiang, J. Y. L., & Patterson, A. D. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108238 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
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The gut microbiota, obesity and insulin resistance
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“This phenomenon, termed ‘‘metabolic endotoxaemia’’ is typically associated with loss of gut Bifidobacterium spp., which are known to increase/maintain mucosal barrier function against bacterial antigens (Griffiths et al., 2004; Ruan et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2004, 2006; see Section 5.1).”
BackgroundInfluentialCalder, P. C., Bosco, N., Bourdet‐Sicard, R., Capuron, L., Delzenne, N. M., Dore, J. M., Franceschi, C., Lehtinen, M. J., Recker, T., Salvioli, S., et al. (2017) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.001 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
“…in the elderly (Van Tongeren 2005), Crohn’s disease (De Cruz et al., 2012; Docktor et al., 2012), ulcerative colitis (Lepage et al., 2011), obesity (Furet et al., 2010, Le Chatelier et al., 2013, Cotillard 2013), type-2 diabetes (Burcelin et al., 2011; Qin et al., 2012), allergy (Abrahamsson et…”
Immunological complications of obesity
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The gut microbiota and its relationship to diet and obesity
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Assessing the Human Gut Microbiota in Metabolic Diseases
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“The mechanisms are not de fi ned, but two independent studies in humans observed shifts in the composition of the fecal microbiota (36,37), thus suggesting that the gut microbiota may contribute to the improved metabolic phenotype associated with gastric bypass.”
Metabolic surgery profoundly influences gut microbial–host metabolic cross-talk
Li, J. V., Ashrafian, H., Bueter, M., Kinross, J. K., Sands, C. J., le Roux, C. W., Bloom, S. R., Darzi, A. W., Athanasiou, T., Marchesi, J. R., et al. (2011) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2010.234708 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
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Major microbiota dysbiosis in severe obesity: fate after bariatric surgery
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Self-citationKong, L.-C., Tap, J., Aron-Wisnewsky, J., Pelloux, V., Basdevant, A., Bouillot, J.-L., Zucker, J.-D., Doré, J., & Clément, K. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.058743 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
“Several positive and negative associations observed herein markedly extended the data we previously published obtained on a limited number of bacterial groups assessed by RT-PCR (15).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialGauffin-Cano, P., Santacruz, A., Moya-Pérez, Á., & Sanz, Y. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041079 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
“or Bacteroides fragilis group [14–17].”
BackgroundAdaptive immunity in obesity and insulin resistance
Sell, H., Habich, C., & Eckel, J. (2012) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.114 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
A Consideration of Biomarkers to be Used for Evaluation of Inflammation in Human Nutritional Studies
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“prausnitzii compared with non-diabetic obese patients, which demonstrates a negative correlation with inflammatory cytokines C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 (Furet et al., 2010).”
BackgroundBlautia genus associated with visceral fat accumulation in adults 20–76 years of age
Ozato, N., Saito, S., Yamaguchi, T. F., Katashima, M., Tokuda, I., Sawada, K., Katsuragi, Y., Kakuta, M., Imoto, S., Ihara, K., et al. (2019) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-019-0101-x · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Metabolic endotoxemia with obesity: Is it real and is it relevant?
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Microbiome and metabolic disease: revisiting the bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes
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“Interestingly, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery resulted in an increase in Bacteroides, which may be attributed to reduced calorie load rather than weight loss [39].”
BackgroundInteraction Between Obesity and the Gut Microbiota: Relevance in Nutrition
Delzenne, N. M., & Cani, P. D. (2011) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-072610-145146 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
“prausnitzii as a modulator of inflammation and diabetes in obese individuals has recently been proposed (52).”
BackgroundRole of the gut microbiota in host appetite control: bacterial growth to animal feeding behaviour
Fetissov, S. O. (2017) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.150 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Mohr, A. E., Jäger, R., Carpenter, K. C., Kerksick, C. M., Purpura, M., Townsend, J. R., West, N. P., Black, K., Gleeson, M., Pyne, D. B., et al. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00353-w · Cited by 378 · see citing works
“Furet and colleagues [163] reported that the Bacteroides/Prevotella ratio increased within 3 months after surgery and remained stable thereafter.”
BackgroundXiao, S., Fei, N., Pang, X., Shen, J., Wang, L., Zhang, B., Zhang, M. H., Zhang, X., Zhang, C., Li, M., et al. (2013) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1111/1574-6941.12228 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
New-found link between microbiota and obesity
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“prausnitzii was linked with the reduction of a low-grade inflammatory state during the alleviation of obesity and diabetes in patients receiving Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery (45).”
BackgroundThe Gut Microbiota Modulates Energy Metabolism in the Hibernating Brown Bear Ursus arctos
Sommer, F., Ståhlman, M., Ilkayeva, O., Arnemo, J. M., Kindberg, J., Josefsson, J., Newgard, C. B., Fröbert, O., & Bäckhed, F. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.026 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
“, 2005) or using calorie restriction in humans and mice (Crawford et al., 2009; Furet et al., 2010; Ley et al., 2006; Turnbaugh et al., 2009).”
BackgroundThe Gut Microbiota and Unhealthy Aging: Disentangling Cause from Consequence
DeJong, E. N., Surette, M. G., & Bowdish, D. M. E. (2020) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.07.013 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
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“…(IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), colorectal cancer (CRC), obesity, and celiac disease among others (Balamurugan et al., 2008; Sokol et al., 2008; Neish, 2009; De Palma et al., 2010; Furet et al., 2010; Rajilic-Stojanovic et al., 2011) as well as in frail elderly (van Tongeren et al., 2005).”
BackgroundGut microbiota, probiotics and diabetes
Gomes, A. C., Bueno, A. A., de Souza, R. G. M., & Mota, J. F. (2014) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-60 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
“Diabetic individuals have lower counts of Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, both of them Gram+ [26] with anti-inflammatory properties [26,27].”
BackgroundReview of the relationships among polysaccharides, gut microbiota, and human health
Song, Q., Wang, Y., Huang, L., Shen, M., Yu, Y., Yu, Q., Chen, Y., & Xie, J. (2020) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109858 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Gut microbiota: a new path to treat obesity
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Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Trans-Epithelial Permeability
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The therapeutic potential of manipulating gut microbiota in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Gut microbiome and its role in obesity and insulin resistance
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The gut microbiome as therapeutic target
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Gut microbiome diversity and high-fibre intake are related to lower long-term weight gain
Menni, C., Jackson, M. A., Pallister, T., Steves, C. J., Spector, T. D., & Valdes, A. M. (2017) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2017.66 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Mechanisms underlying weight loss after bariatric surgery
Miras, A. D., & le Roux, C. W. (2013) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.119 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Müller, M., Canfora, E., & Blaak, E. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10030275 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
“prausnitzii may be an indicator for gut health [63] and might be involved in low-grade inflammation in obesity and T2DM [64].”
BackgroundKim, K.-N., Yao, Y., & Ju, S.-Y. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102512 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Aberrant gut microbiota composition at the onset of type 1 diabetes in young children
de Goffau, M. C., Fuentes, S., van den Bogert, B., Honkanen, H., de Vos, W. M., Welling, G. W., Hyöty, H., & Harmsen, H. J. M. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3274-0 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the butyrateproducing bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is known to have anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo [7, 19], and has been found to be decreased in abundance in children with three or more diabetes-related autoantibodies [11].”
BackgroundProbiotics and Prebiotics: Present Status and Future Perspectives on Metabolic Disorders
Yoo, J. Y., & Kim, S. S. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8030173 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
The intestinal microbiome of fish under starvation
Xia, J., Lin, G., Fu, G. H., Wan, Z. Y., Lee, M., Wang, L., Liu, X., & Yue, G. H. (2014) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-266 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
“Physiological changes during starvation drives the animals and their intestinal microbes to rapidly acclimate to the situation [1-3].”
BackgroundResultThe gut microbiome, diet, and links to cardiometabolic and chronic disorders
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The Human Gut Microbiome and Body Metabolism: Implications for Obesity and Diabetes
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Obesity and diabetes: An update
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Mucosal-associated invariant T cell alterations in obese and type 2 diabetic patients
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“prausnitzii showed a trend to increase 3 months after RYGB and stayed at the increased level 6 months after RYGB [33].”
BackgroundImpact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus
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“Turnbaugh et al. (2009b) and Furet et al. (2010) showed a different pattern based on a lower representation of Bacteroidetes (Bacteroides/Prevotella) in obese individuals with no differences in Firmicutes phylum.”
Background
- Authors
- Furet, J.-P., Kong, L.-C., Tap, J., Poitou, C., Basdevant, A., Bouillot, J.-L., Mariat, D., Corthier, G., Doré, J., Henegar, C., Rizkalla, S., & Clément, K.
- Affiliations
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Nutrition et d'Endocrinologie, Paris, France, and the Centre de Recherche Nutrition Humaine, Ile de France, Paris, France;
- Inserm (FR)
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (FR)
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research, U910, Unité d'Ecologie et de Physiologie du Système Digestif, Jouy-en-Josas, France;
- Corresponding author
- Clément, Karine
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2010-09-28
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3049-3057
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- PMC
- PMC2992765
- OpenAlex
- W2154660883
- Cited by
- 1,173
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 121 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 19.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American Diabetes Association
- Sanofi
- Danone
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
- NIH Clinical Center
- CHIST-ERA
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, bariatric surgery, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, morbid obesity, weight loss, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides-Prevotella, Escherichia coli, lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium, low-grade inflammation, type 2 diabetes, leptin, caloric restriction, starvation adaptation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Blood Glucose, Clostridium, Escherichia coli, Feces, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Male, Obesity, Pediococcus, Starvation, Thinness, Weight Loss, Polymerase Chain Reaction, DNA Primers, Bariatric Surgery
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