Differential Effects of Gastric Bypass and Banding on Circulating Gut Hormone and Leptin Levels
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To quantify plasma concentrations of hormones that regulate energy homeostasis in order to establish possible mechanisms for greater weight loss after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) compared with gastric banding (BND). Research Methods and Procedures: Four groups of women were studied: lean (n = 8; mean BMI, 21.6 kg/m 2); BND (n = 9; BMI, 35.8; 25% weight loss), RYGBP (n = 9; BMI, 34.2; 36% weight loss), and controls matched for BMI to the surgical groups (n = 11; BMI, 34.4). Results: Fasting total peptide YY (PYY) and PYY(3–36) immunoreactivity were similar among all groups, but the postprandial response in the RYGBP group was exaggerated, such that 30 minutes after the meal, total and PYY(3–36) levels were 2‐ to 4‐fold greater compared with all other groups. Maximal postprandial suppression of total ghrelin was blunted in the BND group (13%) compared with RYGBP (27%). Postprandial suppression of octanoylated ghrelin was also less in BND (29%) compared with RYGBP (56%). Fasting insulin was lower in RYGBP (6.6 μU/mL) compared with BND (10.0 μU/mL). Compared with lean controls, leptin concentrations were significantly higher in BND but not in RYGBP. There was a greater increase in post‐meal satiety in the RYGBP group compared with BND and overweight controls. Discussion: The differences between RYGBP and BND subjects in postprandial concentrations of PYY and ghrelin would be expected to promote increased satiety and earlier meal termination in RYGBP and may aid in greater weight loss. The differences in insulin and leptin concentrations associated with these procedures may also reflect differences in insulin sensitivity and energy partitioning.
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The liquid meal challenge used does not elicit dumping syndrome or abdominal discomfort in post-surgery patients.
“The choice of the meal challenge was based on our previous studies demonstrating that the macronutrient content and volume load does not illicit dumping syndrome or abdominal discomfort in post-surgery patients (11, 13).”
From Prospective study of gut hormone and metabolic changes after adjustable gastric banding and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
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“Of the strongest study designs that included control groups and/or multiple sampling points (45,47,49,56-59) (Figure 2), the general consensus is that postprandial PYY levels are higher in post-RYGB subjects compared to lean (45,56-58), normal weight (59), overweight (49, 58), obese (45,47,56,57), and/or individuals u…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNarrative Review: Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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BackgroundGlucose metabolism after bariatric surgery: implications for T2DM remission and hypoglycaemia
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The Gut-Brain Axis, the Human Gut Microbiota and Their Integration in the Development of Obesity
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Food Intake and Eating Behavior After Bariatric Surgery
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Metabolic surgery: the role of the gastrointestinal tract in diabetes mellitus
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Role of the glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor in the control of energy balance
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Potential Hormone Mechanisms of Bariatric Surgery
Dimitriadis, G. K., Randeva, M. S., & Miras, A. D. (2017) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-017-0276-5 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Meal patterns, satiety, and food choice in a rat model of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
Zheng, H., Shin, A. C., Lenard, N. R., Townsend, R. L., Patterson, L. M., Sigalet, D. L., & Berthoud, H. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00343.2009 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Obesity: An overview of possible role(s) of gut hormones, lipid sensing and gut microbiota
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Gastrointestinal hormones and bariatric surgery-induced weight loss
Ionut, V., Burch, M. A., Youdim, A., & Bergman, R. N. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20364 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“The RYGB group also reported greater satiety (6).”
BackgroundMechanism Underlying the Weight Loss and Complications of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Review
Abdeen, G., & le Roux, C. (2016) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-015-1945-7 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“GLP-1 and PYY responses to mixed meals or oral glucose have been at the centre of interest of several studies investigating patients 6 weeks to 10 years after RYGB [46–51].”
BackgroundCampos, G. M., Rabl, C., Peeva, S., Ciovica, R., Rao, M. N., Schwarz, J., Havel, P. J., Schambelan, M., & Mulligan, K. M. (2009) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11605-009-1060-y · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Diet and Gastrointestinal Bypass–Induced Weight Loss
Chandarana, K., Gelegen, Ç., Karra, E., Choudhury, A. I., Drew, M. E., Fauveau, V., Viollet, B., Andréelli, F., Withers, D. J., & Batterham, R. L. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0566 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“GIBP surgery has been reported to increase fasting and nutrient-stimulated circulating PYY concentrations (20,21).”
BackgroundShin, A. C., Zheng, H., & Berthoud, H. (2009) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.010 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“This lower gut hormone has now been convincingly demonstrated to suppress food intake in humans and rodents [130, 131] and is thought to be important for decreased food intake after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery [132,133].”
Meal-Induced Hormone Responses in a Rat Model of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery
Shin, A. C., Zheng, H., Townsend, R. L., Sigalet, D. L., & Berthoud, H. (2010) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2009-1332 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“Some of the discrepant outcomes may be explained by assays detecting either total PYY (39) or selectively PYY(3–36) (5, 41).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMumphrey, M. B., Patterson, L. M., Zheng, H., & Berthoud, H. (2012) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.12034 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Effects of PYY3–36 and GLP-1 on energy intake, energy expenditure, and appetite in overweight men
Schmidt, J. B., Gregersen, N. T., Pedersen, S. D., Arentoft, J. L., Ritz, C., Schwartz, T. W., Holst, J. J., Astrup, A. V., & Sjödin, A. M. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00569.2013 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Surgical Approaches to the Treatment of Obesity: Bariatric Surgery
Smith, B. R., Schauer, P. R., & Nguyen, N. T. (2008) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2008.08.001 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Weight regain after Roux-en-Y: A significant 20% complication related to PYY
Meguid, M. M., Glade, M. J., & Middleton, F. A. (2008) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2008.06.027 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“In contrast, although plasma leptin oncentration is reduced (a condition that should stimulate ood intake), the normal postprandial rise in PYY secretion s potentiated and produces inhibition of orexigenic/anaolic NPY/AgRP neuronal activity and activation of adjaent anorectic POMC-secreting neurons [13,27,40].”
BackgroundInfluentialRole of the bypassed proximal intestine in the anti-diabetic effects of bariatric surgery
Cummings, D. E., Overduin, J., Foster-Schubert, K. E., & Carlson, M. J. (2007) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2007.02.003 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Ghrelin, a gastrointestinal hormone, regulates energy balance and lipid metabolism
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Gut hormones: Implications for the treatment of obesity
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Purnell, J. Q., Selzer, F., Wahed, A. S., Pender, J. R., Pories, W. J., Pomp, A., Dakin, G. F., Mitchell, J. E., Garcia, L., Staten, M. A., et al. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-2138 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Changes in neurohormonal gut peptides following bariatric surgery
Ochner, C. N., Gibson, C. D., Shanik, M. H., Goel, V., & Geliebter, A. (2010) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.132 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Bariatric surgery, bone loss, obesity and possible mechanisms
Brzozowska, M. M., Sainsbury, A., Eisman, J. A., Baldock, P. A., & Center, J. R. (2013) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01050.x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“However, most studies demonstrate a decrease in fasting and/or postprandial circulating ghrelin levels in RYGB patients compared with control patients and to baseline readings, with this change possibly contributing to the greater weight loss associated with this procedure than with less invasive procedures such as ga…”
BackgroundObesity: A Review of Pathogenesis and Management Strategies
Kaila, B., & Raman, M. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1155/2008/609039 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Bose, M., Oliván, B., Teixeira, J., Pi-Sunyer, X., & Laferrère, B. (2008) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-008-9696-3 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“Some studies, however, have shown reduction in leptin levels which were not correlated with weight and fat mass loss [108, 133], suggesting an increase in leptin sensitivity after GBP; this 224 OBES SURG (2009) 19:217–229”
BackgroundNew targets to treat obesity and the metabolic syndrome
Martin, K. A., Mani, M. V., & Mani, A. (2015) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.093 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“One such gut hormone is PYY that is increased both at baseline and after meal-stimulation in post RYGBP surgery (Korner et al., 2006; le Roux et al., 2006).”
BackgroundThe role of gut hormone peptide YY in energy and glucose homeostasis: Twelve years on
Manning, S., & Batterham, R. L. (2014) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021113-170404 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Metabolic and Endocrine Consequences of Bariatric Surgery
Cornejo-Pareja, I. M., Clemente‐Postigo, M., & Tinahones, F. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00626 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Terra, X., Auguet, T., Guiu‐Jurado, E., Berlanga, A., Orellana‐Gavaldà, J. M., Hernández, M., Sabench, F., Porras, J. A., Llutart, J., Martínez, S., et al. (2013) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-013-1033-9 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“This reduction was significant for both gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomyoperated patients only 1 week postoperatively, before the majority of their weight loss was achieved [33].”
BackgroundKindel, T. L., Yoder, S. M., Seeley, R. J., D’Alessio, D. A., & Tso, P. (2009) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11605-009-0912-9 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Mechanisms facilitating weight loss and resolution of type 2 diabetes following bariatric surgery
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Sachdev, S., Wang, Q., Billington, C. J., Connett, J., Ahmed, L., Inabnet, W. B., Chua, S. C., Ikramuddin, S., & Körner, J. (2015) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-015-1834-0 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms responsible for excess weight loss after bariatric surgery
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Effect of Weight Loss by Diet or Gastric Bypass Surgery on Peptide YY3–36 Levels
Oliván, B., Teixeira, J. A., Bose, M., Bawa, B., Chang, T. C., Summe, H., Lee, H., & Laferrère, B. (2009) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e3181a6cdb0 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Others have found lower leptin levels after GBP surgery compared with a BMI-matched group.(24) The relatively low levels of leptin after GBP may indicate that factors other than the change in adipose mass may be responsible for the decrease in circulating leptin concentration after GBP.”
ResultMetabolic surgery and gut hormones – A review of bariatric entero-humoral modulation
Ashrafian, H., & le Roux, C. W. (2009) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.03.012 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Miller, K., Turró, R., Greve, J. W., Bakker, C. M., Buchwald, J. N., & Espinós, J. C. (2017) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-016-2295-9 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Prinz, P., & Stengel, A. (2017) · Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility · doi:10.5056/jnm16194 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Bose, M., Machineni, S., Oliván, B., Teixeira, J., McGinty, J. J., Bawa, B., Koshy, N., Colarusso, A., & Laferrère, B. (2010) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.473 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“The inhibitory effects of peripheral administration of peptide YY(3-36) and glucagon-like peptide-1 on food intake are attenuated by ablation of the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway.”
BackgroundInfluentialChanges in gut hormones after bariatric surgery
Vincent, R. P., & Le Roux, C. W. (2008) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03164.x · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Scott, W. R., & Batterham, R. L. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00038.2011 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Valderas, J. P., Verónica Irribarra, P., Boza, C., de la Cruz, R., Yéssica Liberona, Z., Acosta, A. M., Yolito, M., & Alberto Maiz, G. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0983 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
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“The consequences are just beginning to be examined in both humans and animals (95, 99, 126, 127, 158, 184, 201).”
Effect of vertical sleeve gastrectomy on food selection and satiation in rats
Chambers, A. P., Wilson, H., McGrath, P. S., Grayson, B. E., Ryan, K. K., D’Alessio, D. A., Woods, S. C., Sandoval, D. A., & Seeley, R. J. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00211.2012 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“This hypothesis could provide an explanation for the differences between VSG and restrictive procedures such as adjustable gastric banding where gastric emptying rates are not increased (11, 25) and postprandial hormone profiles are not changed (19, 20).”
BackgroundChandarana, K., Drew, M. E., Emmanuel, J. J., Karra, E., Gelegen, Ç., Chan, P., Cron, N., & Batterham, R. L. (2009) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.047 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: effects on feeding behavior and underlying mechanisms
Manning, S., Pucci, A. B. F., & Batterham, R. L. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci76305 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Changes in Gastrointestinal Hormones and Leptin After Roux‐en‐Y Gastric Bypass Surgery
Beckman, L. M., Beckman, T. R., Sibley, S. D., Thomas, W. T. B., Ikramuddin, S., Kellogg, T. A., Ghatei, M. A., Bloom, S. R., le Roux, C. W., & Earthman, C. P. (2011) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607110381403 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Hajnal, A. S., Zharikov, A., Polston, J. E., Fields, M. R., Tomasko, J. M., Rogers, A. M., Volkow, N. D., & Thanos, P. K. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049121 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Most studies find changes in plasma ghrelin concentrations after RYGB (see, [35] for a review), either in the fasted state or following a meal [36,51,52].”
BackgroundInfluentialMorı́nigo, R., Vidal, J., Lacy, A. M., Delgado, S., Casamitjana, R., & Gomis, R. (2008) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e31815f6e77 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Finally, it has been proposed that the enhanced PYY response may act synergistically with reciprocal changes in the orexigenic hormone ghrelin.(11,12) However, that PYY may be more important than ghrelin in the weight loss after RYGBP is supported by two findings in our study.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialJones, K. W., Eller, L. K., Parnell, J. A., Doyle–Baker, P. K., Edwards, A. L., & Reimer, R. A. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.52 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Obesity surgery and gut–brain communication
Berthoud, H., Shin, A. C., & Zheng, H. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.01.023 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Several other clinical studies did not find significantly decreased fasting ghrelin levels after RYGB compared to untreated obese subjects [58,63,100,101], but in some of these studies, meal-induced suppression of ghrelin was enhanced[58,63].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEspinós, J. C., Turró, R., Moragas, G., Bronstone, A., Buchwald, J. N., Mearin, F., Mata, A., Uchima, H., Turró, J., & Delgado-Aros, S. (2015) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-015-1863-8 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Studies have shown better long-term weight outcomes after RYGB or laparoscopic adjustable gastric band LAGB in patients with enhanced PYY postprandial response [29-31].”
Schmidt, J. B., Pedersen, S. D., Gregersen, N. T., Vestergaard, L., Nielsen, M. S., Ritz, C., Madsbad, S., Worm, D., Hansen, D. L., Clausen, T. R., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2015.162 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Meirelles, K., Ahmed, T., Culnan, D. M., Lynch, C. J., Lang, C. H., & Cooney, R. N. (2009) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e3181904af0 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Nonetheless, the observation that glucose tolerance remained similar in PF and AL controls suggests decreased nutrient intake alone does not explain the early improvement in glucose homeostasis after RYGB.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWhat Is an L-Cell and How Do We Study the Secretory Mechanisms of the L-Cell?
Kuhre, R. E., Deacon, C. F., Holst, J. J., & Petersen, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.694284 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Preoperative Weight Loss as a Predictor of Long-term Success Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
Alger-Mayer, S. A., Polimeni, J. M., & Malone, M. (2008) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-008-9482-2 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Gastric bypass surgery produces greater suppression of postprandial ghrelin compared with obese-matched controls [9] and patients undergoing gastric banding procedures [10].”
Reinehr, T., Roth, C. L., Schernthaner, G.-H., Kopp, H.-P., Kriwanek, S., & Schernthaner, G. (2007) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-007-9323-8 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“8 kg/m, 25% EWL) [32], or after hypocaloric diet (n=17, mean baseline BMI 35.”
BackgroundArakawa, R., Febres, G., Cheng, B., Krikhely, A., Bessler, M., & Körner, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236133 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationAltered promoter methylation of PDK4, IL1 B, IL6, and TNF after Roux-en Y gastric bypass
Kirchner, H., Nylén, C., Laber, S., Barrès, R., Yan, J., Krook, A., Zierath, J. R., & Näslund, E. B. (2014) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2013.12.019 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Furthermore, a commonly accepted theory is that surgical bypass of the proximal small intestine and a rapid influx of undigested complex nutrients into the hindgut changes secretion of gut hormones and thereby contributes to the beneficial metabolic effects [4–6].”
BackgroundGhrelin in Obesity, Physiological and Pharmacological Considerations
Álvarez-Castro, P., Pena, L., & Cordido, F. (2013) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1389557511313040007 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“This observation has been confirmed in some, but not all subsequent studies, [69, 72], as it depends, at least in part, on the surgical procedure [72, 73].”
ResultHao, Z., Münzberg, H., Rezai-Zadeh, K. P., Keenan, M. J., Coulon, D. B., Lu, H., Berthoud, H. R., & Ye, J. (2014) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.189 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
CCK, PYY and PP: The Control of Energy Balance
Simpson, K. A., Parker, J., Plumer, J., & Bloom, S. R. (2011) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24716-3_9 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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Surgical Approaches to the Treatment of Obesity: Bariatric Surgery
Smith, B. R., Schauer, P. R., & Nguyen, N. T. (2011) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2011.06.010 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Targeting the ghrelin receptor to regulate food intake
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The effects of weight loss strategies on gastric emptying and appetite control
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Obesity, Gut Hormones, and Bariatric Surgery
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Hormone Changes Affecting Energy Homeostasis after Metabolic Surgery
Harvey, E. J., Arroyo, K., Körner, J., & Inabnet, W. B. (2010) · Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine · doi:10.1002/msj.20203 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease: is bariatric surgery the answer?
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The TRPA1 Agonist, Methyl Syringate Suppresses Food Intake and Gastric Emptying
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Benefits of moderate weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes
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“Unlike other types of gastric surgeries, this procedure maintains a complete gastrointestinal tract and therefore tends to alter gastrointestinal hormones less significantly [16,17], implying that outcomes are more easily attributable to the direct consequences of weight loss.”
BackgroundMorbid obesity in pediatric diabetes mellitus: surgical options and outcomes
Brandt, M. L., Harmon, C. M., Helmrath, M. A., Inge, T. H., McKay, S. V., & Michalsky, M. P. (2010) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2010.167 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Influence of ghrelin on food intake and energy homeostasis
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“(2005) reported an early and pronounced postprandial increase in PYY in obese subjects after Roux-en-Y surgery, a finding that has been since reproduced on several occasions (Chan et al. 2006a; Korner et al. 2006; le Roux et al. 2006; Morinigo et al. 2006).”
Comparison of Bariatric Surgical Procedures for Diabetes Remission: Efficacy and Mechanisms
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Gut Hormones: A Weight Off Your Mind
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- Authors
- Korner, J., Inabnet, W., Conwell, I. M., Taveras, C., Daud, A., Olivero‐Rivera, L., Restuccia, N. L., & Bessler, M.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Venue
- Obesity
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1553-1561
- ISSN
- 1930-7381 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-739X
- OpenAlex
- W2012757513
- Cited by
- 240
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 20.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK072011, DK072011)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR 00645, M01RR000645)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
- Keywords
- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, gastric banding, gastrointestinal hormones, peptide YY, PYY3-36, ghrelin, leptin, insulin, postprandial satiety, weight loss, energy homeostasis, bariatric surgery
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Insulin, Middle Aged, Obesity, Morbid, Satiety Response, Gastric Bypass, Gastroplasty, Weight Loss, Postprandial Period, Area Under Curve, Peptide YY, Leptin, Peptide Hormones, Ghrelin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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