Sex differences in the influence of body mass index on anatomical architecture of brain networks
Open accessAbstract
Background/objectives The brain has a central role in regulating ingestive behavior in obesity. Analogous to addiction behaviors, an imbalance in the processing of rewarding and salient stimuli results in maladaptive eating behaviors that override homeostatic needs. We performed network analysis based on graph theory to examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and network measures of integrity, information flow and global communication (centrality) in reward, salience and sensorimotor regions and to identify sex-related differences in these parameters.Subjects/methods Structural and diffusion tensor imaging were obtained in a sample of 124 individuals (61 males and 63 females). Graph theory was applied to calculate anatomical network properties (centrality) for regions of the reward, salience and sensorimotor networks. General linear models with linear contrasts were performed to test for BMI and sex-related differences in measures of centrality, while controlling for age.Results In both males and females, individuals with high BMI (obese and overweight) had greater anatomical centrality (greater connectivity) of reward (putamen) and salience (anterior insula) network regions. Sex differences were observed both in individuals with normal and elevated BMI. In individuals with high BMI, females compared to males showed greater centrality in reward (amygdala, hippocampus and nucleus accumbens) and salience (anterior mid-cingulate cortex) regions, while males compared to females had greater centrality in reward (putamen) and sensorimotor (posterior insula) regions.Conclusions In individuals with increased BMI, reward, salience and sensorimotor network regions are susceptible to topological restructuring in a sex-related manner. These findings highlight the influence of these regions on integrative processing of food-related stimuli and increased ingestive behavior in obesity, or in the influence of hedonic ingestion on brain topological restructuring. The observed sex differences emphasize the importance of considering sex differences in obesity pathophysiology.
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Sex‐specific brain alterations have also been reported in obesity and ELA studies.
“sex‐specific brain alterations have also been reported in obesity and ELA studies 11, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57.”
From History of early life adversity is associated with increased food addiction and sex-specific alterations in reward network connectivity in obesity (2019) · cites this paper as [56]
Alterations in reward and emotion regulation regions have been previously demonstrated in individuals with obesity.
“Alterations in reward and emotion regulation regions have been previously demonstrated in individuals with obesity 41, 56, 57.”
From History of early life adversity is associated with increased food addiction and sex-specific alterations in reward network connectivity in obesity (2019) · cites this paper as [56]
The sex differences in food addiction-related centrality are consistent with previous work describing increased post-prandial activations in reward regions in women and somatosensory regions in men.
“These differences are consistent with previous work describing increased post‐prandial activations in reward regions in women and somatosensory regions in men 53, 56, 57, 98, 106, 107, 108, 109.”
From History of early life adversity is associated with increased food addiction and sex-specific alterations in reward network connectivity in obesity (2019) · cites this paper as [56]
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- Authors
- Gupta, A., Mayer, E. A., Hamadani, K., Bhatt, R., Fling, C., Alaverdyan, M., Torgerson, C., Ashe-McNalley, C., Van Horn, J. D., Naliboff, B., Tillisch, K., Sanmiguel, C. P., & Labus, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gupta, A
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2017-03-31
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1185-1195
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- PMC
- PMC5548596
- OpenAlex
- W2602406029
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 2.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R03DK084169, R01DK048351, K23DK106528, P50DK064539, P30DK041301)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (P41EB015922)
- National Center for Research Resources (L30 RR025942)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R01AT007137)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Keywords
- body mass index, obesity, sex differences, brain network topology, reward network, salience network, sensorimotor network, putamen, anterior insula, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, anterior midcingulate cortex, posterior insula, ingestive behavior, diffusion tensor imaging, graph theory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Brain, Brain Mapping, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Neurological, Neural Pathways, Obesity, Philosophy, Photic Stimulation, Reward, Sex Characteristics, United States, Body Mass Index, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Young Adult, Neuroimaging
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