Neuroimaging and obesity: current knowledge and future directions
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Summary: Neuroimaging is becoming increasingly common in obesity research as investigators try to understand the neurological underpinnings of appetite and body weight in humans. Positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies examining responses to food intake and food cues, dopamine function and brain volume in lean vs. obese individuals are now beginning to coalesce in identifying irregularities in a range of regions implicated in reward (e.g. striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, insula), emotion and memory (e.g. amygdala, hippocampus), homeostatic regulation of intake (e.g. hypothalamus), sensory and motor processing (e.g. insula, precentral gyrus), and cognitive control and attention (e.g. prefrontal cortex, cingulate). Studies of weight change in children and adolescents, and those at high genetic risk for obesity, promise to illuminate causal processes. Studies examining specific eating behaviours (e.g. external eating, emotional eating, dietary restraint) are teaching us about the distinct neural networks that drive components of appetite, and contribute to the phenotype of body weight. Finally, innovative investigations of appetite‐related hormones, including studies of abnormalities (e.g. leptin deficiency) and interventions (e.g. leptin replacement, bariatric surgery), are shedding light on the interactive relationship between gut and brain. The dynamic distributed vulnerability model of eating behaviour in obesity that we propose has scientific and practical implications.
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Obesity, similar to drug addiction, appears to result from imbalanced processing in a range of regions implicated in reward/saliency, motivation/drive, emotion/stress reactivity, memory/conditioning, executive function/self-control, and interoception, in addition to possible imbalances in homeostatic regulation of food intake.
“The picture that is emerging is that obesity, similar to drug addiction (226), appears to result from imbalanced processing in a range of regions implicated in reward/saliency, motivation/drive, emotion/stress reactivity, memory/conditioning, executive function/self-control and interoception, in addition to possible imbalances in the homeostatic regulation of food intake.”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [226]
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Sex differences in the influence of body mass index on anatomical architecture of brain networks
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- Authors
- Carnell, S., Gibson, C., Benson, L., Ochner, C. N., & Geliebter, A.
- Affiliations
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carnell, S.
- Venue
- Obesity Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-09-08
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 43-56
- ISSN
- 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-789X
- PMC
- PMC3241905
- OpenAlex
- W1930353164
- Cited by
- 441
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK074046S2, R03DK068603, R01DK074046, K99DK088360, R01DK080153, P30DK026687)
- National Center for Research Resources (KL2RR024157)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- obesity, food reward, dopamine, brain volume, food cues, hypothalamus, eating behaviour, emotional eating, dietary restraint, leptin deficiency, leptin replacement, bariatric surgery, gut-brain axis, children and adolescents, body weight regulation
- MeSH terms
- Appetite, Brain, Brain Mapping, Fasting, Humans, Hunger, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Obesity, Positron-Emission Tomography
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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