In Disguise or Out of Reach: First Clues about In Situ and Accreted Stars in the Stellar Halo of the Milky Way from Gaia DR2
Open accessAbstract
We investigate the nature of the double color–magnitude sequence observed in the Gaia DR2 HR diagram of stars with high transverse velocities. The stars in the reddest-color sequence are likely dominated by the dynamically hot tail of the thick disk population. Information from Nissen & Schuster and from the APOGEE survey suggests that stars in the blue-color sequence have elemental abundance patterns that can be explained by this population having a relatively low star formation efficiency during its formation. In dynamical and orbital spaces, such as the “Toomre diagram,” the two sequences show a significant overlap, but with a tendency for stars on the blue-color sequence to dominate regions with no or retrograde rotation and high total orbital energy. In the plane defined by the maximal vertical excursion of the orbits versus their apocenters, stars of both sequences redistribute into discrete wedges. We conclude that stars that are typically assigned to the halo in the solar vicinity are actually both accreted stars lying along the blue sequence in the HR diagram, and the low rotational velocity tail of the old Galactic disk, possibly dynamically heated by past accretion events. Our results imply that a halo population formed in situ and responsible for the early chemical enrichment prior to the formation of the thick disk has yet to be robustly identified, and that what has been defined as the stars of the in situ stellar halo of the Galaxy may in fact be fossil records of its last significant merger.
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The other very important contributor in the vicinity of the Sun to stars on halo-like orbits is the tail of the Milky Way thick disk.
“The other very important contributor in the vicinity of the Sun to stars on halo-like orbits is the (tail of the) Milky Way thick disk (Gaia Collab. et al. 2018a, Haywood et al. 2018, Koppelman et al. 2018), as can be seen Figure 2a.”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Haywood et al. 2018
The second sequence in the color-magnitude diagram is populated by stars that are kinematically part of the tail of the thick disk.
“However, the second sequence is populated by stars that, kinematically, are clearly part of the tail of the thick disk seen in Figure 5b (Di Matteo et al. 2019, Haywood et al. 2018).”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Haywood et al. 2018
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Overview of the LAMOST survey in the first decade
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Elevated r-process Enrichment in Gaia Sausage and Sequoia*
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VINTERGATAN – II. The history of the Milky Way told by its mergers
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R -process enhancements of Gaia-Enceladus in GALAH DR3
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Galactic Archaeology with Gaia
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Fattahi, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Simpson, C. M., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Monachesi, A., Marinacci, F., & Pakmor, R. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2221 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
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Myeong, G., Belokurov, V. A., Aguado, D. S., Evans, N. W., Caldwell, N., & Bradley, J. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8d68 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Dynamically Tagged Groups of Very Metal-poor Halo Stars from the HK and Hamburg/ESO Surveys
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Milky Way dynamics in light of Gaia
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Velocity substructure from Gaia and direct searches for dark matter
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Ciucă, I., Kawata, D., Miglio, A., Davies, G. R., & Grand, R. J. J. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab639 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
VINTERGATAN III: how to reset the metallicity of the Milky Way
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The Stellar Halo of the Galaxy is Tilted and Doubly Broken
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Co-formation of the thin and thick discs revealed by APOGEE-DR16 and Gaia -DR2
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A Gaia-Enceladus Analog in the EAGLE Simulation: Insights into the Early Evolution of the Milky Way
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Kordopatis, G., Schultheis, M., McMillan, P. J., Palicio, P. A., de Laverny, P., Recio-Blanco, A., Creevey, O. L., Álvarez, M. A., Andrae, R., Poggio, E., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244283 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Venn, K., Kielty, C., Sestito, F., Starkenburg, E., Martin, N., Aguado, D., Arentsen, A., Bonifacio, P., Caffau, E., Hill, V., et al. (2019) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3546 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Merger-induced galaxy transformations in the artemis simulations
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Chasing the impact of the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus merger on the formation of the Milky Way thick disc
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McCluskey, F., Wetzel, A. R., Loebman, S., Moreno, J., Faucher‐Giguère, C., & Hopkins, P. F. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3547 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Bird, S., Xue, X.-X., Liu, C., Shen, J., Flynn, C., Yang, C., Zhao, G., & Tian, H.-J. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abfa9e · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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Bonifacio, P., Monaco, L., Salvadori, S., Caffau, E., Spite, M., Sbordone, L., Spite, F., Ludwig, H. ‐., Matteo, P. D., Haywood, M., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140816 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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The K2 Galactic Archaeology Program Data Release 3: Age-abundance Patterns in C1–C8 and C10–C18
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Evidence for Galactic disc RR Lyrae stars in the solar neighbourhood
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Александрович, Х. С., Zinchenko, I. A., Avramov, B., Khrapov, S. S., Berczik, P., Saburova, A. S., Ishchenko, M., Khoperskov, A. V., Pulsoni, C., Venichenko, Y. A., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3330 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Pagnini, G., Matteo, P. D., Александрович, Х. С., Mastrobuono-Battisti, A., Haywood, M., Renaud, F., & Combes, F. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245128 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationThe stellar mass of the Gaia -Sausage/Enceladus accretion remnant
Lane, J., Bovy, J., & Mackereth, J. T. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2834 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Dynamically Tagged Groups of Very Metal-poor Halo Stars from the HK and Hamburg/ESO Surveys
Limberg, G., Rossi, S., Beers, T. C., Perottoni, H. D., Pérez-Villegas, Á., Santucci, R. M., Abuchaim, Y., Placco, V. M., Lee, Y. S., Christlieb, N., et al. (2021) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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Energy wrinkles and phase-space folds of the last major merger
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Escala, I., Gilbert, K. M., Kirby, E. N., Wojno, J., Cunningham, E. C., & Guhathakurta, P. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab6659 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
High-precision chemical abundances of Galactic building blocks
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The Stellar Velocity Distribution Function in the Milky Way Galaxy
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Dynamically Tagged Groups of Metal-poor Stars from the Best and Brightest Survey
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Mass of the dynamically hot inner stellar halo predicts the ancient accreted stellar mass
Ling, Z., Pillepich, A., van de Ven, G., Leaman, R., Hernquist, L., Nelson, D., Pakmor, R., Vogelsberger, M., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142496 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
- Authors
- Haywood, M., Di Matteo, P., Lehnert, M. D., Snaith, O., Khoperskov, S., & Gómez, A.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Korea Institute for Advanced Study (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Haywood, M.
- Gómez, A.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2018-08-16
- Volume
- 863
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 113
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2802061397
- Cited by
- 360
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 19.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-15-CE31-0007)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- Milky Way stellar halo, thick disk, retrograde rotation, orbital energies, chemical enrichment, Gaia DR2, APOGEE
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