The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000-3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost 400,000 polymorphisms. Enrichment of these positions decreases the sequencing required for genome-wide ancient DNA analysis by a median of around 250-fold, allowing us to study an order of magnitude more individuals than previous studies and to obtain new insights about the past. We show that the populations of Western and Far Eastern Europe followed opposite trajectories between 8,000-5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Neolithic period in Europe, ∼8,000-7,000 years ago, closely related groups of early farmers appeared in Germany, Hungary and Spain, different from indigenous hunter-gatherers, whereas Russia was inhabited by a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a ∼24,000-year-old Siberian. By ∼6,000-5,000 years ago, farmers throughout much of Europe had more hunter-gatherer ancestry than their predecessors, but in Russia, the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but also from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. Western and Eastern Europe came into contact ∼4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced ∼75% of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ∼3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“We combined our data with previously published ancient data7,8,9,10,8,10-15 to form a dataset of 281 ancient individuals.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This suggests the hypothesis that diverse ancient West Eurasians can be modelled as mixtures of as few as four streams of ancestry related to these populations, which we confirmed using qpWave7 (Supplementary Information, section 7).”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“PCA on present-day West Eurasian populations (Methods) (Extended Data Fig. 1) on which we projected the ancient individuals (Fig. 1b) replicates previous findings of a Europe-Near East contrast along the horizontal Principal Component 1 (PC1) and parallel clines (PC2) in both Europe and the Near East (Extended Data Fig. 1)7,8,13.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The demographic impact of steppe related populations on South Asia was substantial, as the Mala, a south Indian population with minimal ANI along the ‘Indian Cline’ of such ancestry34,35 is inferred to have ~18% steppe-related ancestry, while the Kalash of Pakistan are inferred to have ~50%, similar to present-day northern Europeans7.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Scandinavian hunter-gatherers7,8,13 (SHG) are a mix of EHG and WHG;”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It is now believed that it was this pastoralist migration, and not earlier Neolithic population movements, that likely brought the proto-Indo-European language to Europe 158,226 .”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“During the Neolithic (2), the arrival of farming populations dramatically shifted the genetic profile of individuals in Britain towards Anatolian Neolithic Farmers (ANF, yellow).”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The gene pool of people who lived in present-day Britain has considerably changed through time, reflecting a complex migration and admixture history.”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“During the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods (1), individuals in Britain genetically resembled Western Hunter Gatherer (WHG, blue) populations found at that time throughout much of Western Europe.”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Then, beginning in the Chalcolithic period and continuing through the Bronze Age (Early Bronze Age, EBA) (3), the genetic profile of individuals in Britain shifted again, this time towards Western Steppe Herders (WSH, pink) from the Pontic steppes associated with the expansion of the Bell Beaker cultural phenomenon across Europe.”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We then used qpAdm8 (with parameter allsnps: YES) to test whether Sidon_BA can be modeled as mixture of Levant_N and any other ancient population in the dataset and found good support for the model of Sidon_BA being a mixture of Levant_N (48.4% ± 4.2%) and Iran_ChL (51.6% ± 4.2%) (Figure 2B; Table S3).”
From Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History from Ancient Canaanite and Present-Day Lebanese Genome Sequences (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This includes the European Neolithic transition, when farmers coming from southeast Europe and Anatolia partially replaced hunter-gatherers (32–35), as well as the Bronze Age, with the spread of pastoralist populations from Eurasian steppes (36–38).”
From Past human expansions shaped the spatial pattern of Neanderthal ancestry (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The spread of Near Eastern ancestry into the Eurasian steppe was previously inferred7 without access to ancient samples, by hypothesizing a population related to present-day Armenians as a source7,8.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Both qpAdm35 and the f4-ratio test39 reveal that modern Egyptians inherit 8% more ancestry from African ancestors than the three ancient Egyptians do, which is also consistent with the ADMIXTURE results discussed above.”
From Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods (2017) · cites this paper as [35]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“We obtain the highest estimates in the earliest populations from both Iran (66±13% in the likely Mesolithic sample, 48±6% in Neolithic samples), and the Levant (44±8% in Epipaleolithic Natufians) (Fig. 2), showing that Basal Eurasian ancestry was widespread across the ancient Near East.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“a result that finds some support from Y chromosome analysis which shows that the Natufians and successor Levantine Neolithic populations carried haplogroup E, of likely ultimate African origin, which has not been detected in other ancient males from West Eurasia (Supplementary Information, section 6) 7,8.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The Chalcolithic people of western Iran can be modelled as a mixture of the Neolithic people of western Iran, the Levant, and Caucasus Hunter Gatherers (CHG), consistent with their position in the PCA (Fig. 1b).”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The refined model shows that the arrival of the first farmers during the Early Neolithic from the Near East was followed by a massive migration from the Eurasian Steppe ~4500 ya involving people from the Yamnaya culture [31].”
From Ancient DNA and the rewriting of human history: be sparing with Occam’s razor (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“The genetic impact of the Yamnaya migration is strikingly illustrated by the transition in European Y-chromosomal haplogroups from a predominance of G2a beforehand to R1a and R1b afterwards [31]”
From Ancient DNA and the rewriting of human history: be sparing with Occam’s razor (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform
Li, H., & Durbin, R. (2009) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324 · Cited by 58,607
PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses.
Purcell, S., Neale, B., Todd-Brown, K., Thomas, L., Ferreira, M. A. R., Bender, D., Maller, J., Sklar, P., de Bakker, P. I. W., Daly, M. J., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/519795 · Cited by 34,089
Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies
Price, A. L., Patterson, N. J., Plenge, R. M., Weinblatt, M. E., Shadick, N. A., & Reich, D. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1847 · Cited by 10,248
Self-citationFast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals
Alexander, D. H., Novembre, J., & Lange, K. (2009) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.094052.109 · Cited by 9,898
Journal of the American Statistical Association
Koehler, A. B. (1995) · International Journal of Forecasting · doi:10.1016/0169-2070(95)90067-5 · Cited by 5,359
Population Structure and Eigenanalysis
Patterson, N., Price, A. L., & Reich, D. (2006) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020190 · Cited by 5,280
Self-citationA draft sequence of the Neandertal genome
Green, R. E., Krause, J., Briggs, A. W., Maricic, T., Stenzel, U., Kircher, M., Patterson, N., Li, H., Zhai, W., Fritz, M. H.-Y., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1188021 · Cited by 4,318
Self-citationAncient Admixture in Human History
Patterson, N., Moorjani, P., Luo, Y., Mallick, S., Rohland, N., Zhan, Y., Genschoreck, T., Webster, T., & Reich, D. (2012) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.112.145037 · Cited by 2,848
Self-citationInference of population splits and mixtures from genome-wide allele frequency data
Pickrell, J. K., & Pritchard, J. K. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002967 · Cited by 2,731
The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains
Prüfer, K., Racimo, F., Patterson, N., Jay, F., Sankararaman, S., Sawyer, S., Heinze, A., Renaud, G., Sudmant, P. H., de Filippo, C., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12886 · Cited by 2,254
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Rohland, N., Harney, E., Mallick, S., Nordenfelt, S. & Reich, D. Partial uracil–DNA–glycosylase treatment for screening of ancient DNA. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 370, 20130624 (2015) · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,001
Insular Celtic population structure and genomic footprints of migration
Byrne, R. P., Martiniano, R., Cassidy, L. M., Carrigan, M., Hellenthal, G., Hardiman, O. M., Bradley, D. G., & McLaughlin, R. L. (2018) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007152 · Cited by 48
Genome-wide variation in the Angolan Namib Desert reveals unique pre-Bantu ancestry
Oliveira, S., Fehn, A., Amorim, B., Stoneking, M., & Rocha, J. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh3822 · Cited by 48
Sazzini, M., Gnecchi‐Ruscone, G. A., Giuliani, C., Sarno, S., Quagliariello, A., Fanti, S. D., Boattini, A., Gentilini, D., Fiorito, G., Catanoso, M., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep32513 · Cited by 53
Haber, M., Doumet‐Serhal, C., Scheib, C. L., Xue, Y., Mikulski, R., Martiniano, R., Fischer‐Genz, B., Schutkowski, H., Kivisild, T., & Tyler‐Smith, C. (2019) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.015 · Cited by 49
Inferring Heterozygosity from Ancient and Low Coverage Genomes
Kousathanas, A., Leuenberger, C., Link, V., Sell, C., Bürger, J., & Wegmann, D. (2016) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.116.189985 · Cited by 50
Nikitin, A. G., Stadler, P., Kotova, N., Teschler‐Nicola, M., Price, T. D., Hoover, J., Kennett, D. J., Lazaridis, I., Rohland, N., Lipson, M., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56029-2 · Cited by 52
Self-citationHe, G., Li, Y., Wang, M., Zou, X., Yeh, H., Yang, X., Wang, Z., Tang, R., Zhu, S., Guo, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Systematics and Evolution · doi:10.1111/jse.12670 · Cited by 47
Riding, Ruling, and Resistance: Equestrianism and Political Authority in the Hungarian Bronze Age
Kanne, K. (2022) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/720271 · Cited by 24
Ren, Z., Yang, M., Jin, X., Wang, Q., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Ji, J., Wang, C., & Huang, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.995783 · Cited by 47
Divided by DNA: The uneasy relationship between archaeology and ancient genomics
Callaway, E. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-018-03773-6 · Cited by 47
The genetic legacy of continental scale admixture in Indian Austroasiatic speakers
Tätte, K., Pagani, L., Pathak, A. K., Kõks, S., Duy, B. H., Ho, X. D., Sultana, G. N. N., Sharif, M. I., Asaduzzaman, M., Behar, D. M., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40399-8 · Cited by 48
Three Phases of Ancient Migration Shaped the Ancestry of Human Populations in Vanuatu
Lipson, M., Spriggs, M., Valentin, F., Bedford, S., Shing, R., Zinger, W., Buckley, H. R., Petchey, F., Matanik, R., Cheronet, O., et al. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.035 · Cited by 50
Self-citationSantos, P., Fortes, G. G., Trucchi, E., Ceolin, A., Cordoni, G., Guardiano, C., Longobardi, G., & Barbujani, G. (2020) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes11121491 · Cited by 47
Global processes of anthropogenesis characterise the early Anthropocene in the Japanese Islands
Hudson, M. J., Uchiyama, J., Lindström, K., Kawashima, T., Reader, I. R., Kawashima, T. D., Martin, D., Gillam, J. C., Gilaizeau, L., Bausch, I. R., et al. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01094-8 · Cited by 46
Lazaridis, I., Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S., Acar, A., Açıkkol, A., Agelarakis, A. P., Aghikyan, L., Akyüz, U., Andreeva, D., Andrijašević, G., Antonović, D., et al. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abq0762 · Cited by 47
Self-citationChildebayeva, A., Fricke, F., Rohrlach, A. B., Huang, L. H., Schiffels, S., Vesakoski, O., Mannermaa, K., Semerau, L., Aron, F., Солодовников, К. Н., et al. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06343-x · Cited by 48
Self-citationHigh-resolution genomic history of early medieval Europe
Speidel, L., Silva, M. S. D., Booth, T. J., Raffield, B., Anastasiadou, K., Barrington, C., Götherström, A., Heather, P., & Skoglund, P. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08275-2 · Cited by 48
Origin and spread of human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U7
Sahakyan, H., Kashani, B. H., Tamang, R., Kushniarevich, A., Francis, A., Costa, M. D., Pathak, A. K., Khachatryan, Z., Sharma, I., van Oven, M., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep46044 · Cited by 48
A combined method for DNA analysis and radiocarbon dating from a single sample
Korlević, P., Talamo, S., & Meyer, M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22472-w · Cited by 46
Self-citationThe Ethics of Sampling Human Skeletal Remains for Destructive Analyses
Squires, K. E., Booth, T., & Roberts, C. A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32926-6_12 · Cited by 51
Susat, J., Bonczarowska, J. H., Pētersone-Gordina, E., Immel, A., Nebel, A., Gerhards, G., & Krause-Kyora, B. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71530-9 · Cited by 53
Immel, A., Key, F. M., Szolek, A., Barquera, R., Robinson, M. K., Harrison, G. F., Palmer, W. H., Spyrou, M. A., Susat, J., Krause‐Kyora, B., et al. (2021) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msab147 · Cited by 49
Self-citationContamLD: estimation of ancient nuclear DNA contamination using breakdown of linkage disequilibrium
Nakatsuka, N., Harney, É., Mallick, S., Mah, M., Patterson, N., & Reich, D. (2020) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-020-02111-2 · Cited by 45
Self-citationImmel, A., Pierini, F., Rinne, C., Meadows, J., Barquera, R., Szolek, A., Susat, J., Böhme, L., Dose, J., Bonczarowska, J. H., et al. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01627-4 · Cited by 47
Self-citationEstablishing the Middle Sea: The Late Bronze Age of Mediterranean Europe (1700–900 BC)
Iacono, F. L., Borgna, E., Cattani, M., Cavazzuti, C., Dawson, H., Galanakis, Y., Gori, M., Iaia, C., Ialongo, N., Lachenal, T., et al. (2021) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-021-09165-1 · Cited by 45
Self-citationPolygenic Adaptation has Impacted Multiple Anthropometric TraitsPreprint
Berg, J. J., Zhang, X., & Coop, G. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/167551 · Cited by 46
Origin and diffusion of human Y chromosome haplogroup J1-M267
Sahakyan, H., Margaryan, A., Saag, L., Karmin, M., Flores, R., Haber, M., Kushniarevich, A., Khachatryan, Z., Bahmanimehr, A., Parik, J., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85883-2 · Cited by 45
Miller, A. V., Winter‐Schuh, C., Usmanova, E. R., Logvin, A., Shevnina, I., & Makarewicz, C. A. (2017) · Environmental Archaeology · doi:10.1080/14614103.2017.1390031 · Cited by 44
Bongers, J. L., Nakatsuka, N. J., O’Shea, C., Harper, T. K., Tantaleán, H., Stanish, C. S., & Fehren‐Schmitz, L. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2005965117 · Cited by 49
The Evolutionary and Historical Foundation of the Modern Horse: Lessons from Ancient Genomics
Orlando, L. (2020) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-021920-011805 · Cited by 47
Advancing admixture graph estimation via maximum likelihood network orientation
Molloy, E. K., Durvasula, A., & Sankararaman, S. (2021) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btab267 · Cited by 48
Matisoo-Smith, E. A., Gosling, A. L., Boocock, J., Kardailsky, O., Kurumilian, Y., Roudesli‐Chebbi, S., Badre, L., Morel, J.-P., Sebaï, L. L., & Zalloua, P. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155046 · Cited by 44
Loanwords in Basic Vocabulary as an Indicator of Borrowing Profiles
Heer, M. D., Blokland, R., Dunn, M., & Vesakoski, O. (2024) · Journal of Language Contact · doi:10.1163/19552629-bja10057 · Cited by 43
Ancient Plasmodium genomes shed light on the history of human malaria
Michel, M., Skourtanioti, E., Pierini, F., Guevara, E. K., Mötsch, A., Kocher, A., Barquera, R., Bianco, R. A., Carlhoff, S., Bove, L., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07546-2 · Cited by 53
Self-citationHuman adaptation and population differentiation in the light of ancient genomes
Key, F. M., Fu, Q., Romagné, F., Lachmann, M., & Andrés, A. M. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10775 · Cited by 45
Self-citationDolfini, A. (2019) · Journal of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1007/s10814-019-09141-w · Cited by 43
Yurtman, E., Özer, O., Yüncü, E., Dağtaş, N. D., Koptekin, D., Çakan, Y. G., Özkan, M., Akbaba, A., Kaptan, D., Atağ, G., et al. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02794-8 · Cited by 47
Genomic and dietary discontinuities during the Mesolithic and Neolithic in Sicily
He, Y. H., van de Loosdrecht, M. S., Mannino, M. A., Talamo, S., Rohrlach, A. B., Childebayeva, A., Villalba‐Mouco, V., Aron, F., Brandt, G., Burri, M., et al. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104244 · Cited by 47
Self-citationLiu, Y.-C., Hunter-Anderson, R. L., Cheronet, O., Eakin, J., Camacho, F. A., Pietrusewsky, M., Rohland, N., Ioannidis, A. G., Athens, J. S., Douglas, M. T., et al. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abm6536 · Cited by 46
Self-citationKloekhorst, A. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009261753.007 · Cited by 42
Computational historical linguistics
Jäger, G. (2019) · Theoretical Linguistics · doi:10.1515/tl-2019-0011 · Cited by 42
Depaermentier, M. L. C., Kempf, M., Bánffy, E., & Alt, K. W. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242745 · Cited by 42
Self-citationKoptekin, D., Yüncü, E., Varela, R., Altınışık, N. E., Psonis, N., Kashuba, N., Yorulmaz, S., George, R., Kazancı, D. D., Kaptan, D., et al. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.034 · Cited by 44
The Beaker Phenomenon and the Genomic Transformation of Northwest EuropePreprint
Olalde, Í., Brace, S., Allentoft, M. E., Armit, I., Kristiansen, K., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Booth, T., Szécsényi‐Nagy, A., Mittnik, A., et al. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/135962 · Cited by 47
Self-citationTechnical Advances and Challenges in Genome-Scale Analysis of Ancient DNA
Lan, T., & Lindqvist, C. (2018) · Population genomics · doi:10.1007/13836_2018_54 · Cited by 43
What We Can (and Can’t) Learn from Computational Cladistics
Ringe, D. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108758666.004 · Cited by 41
Early contact between late farming and pastoralist societies in southeastern Europe
Penske, S., Rohrlach, A. B., Childebayeva, A., Gnecchi‐Ruscone, G. A., Schmid, C., Spyrou, M. A., Neumann, G. U., Atanassova, N., Beutler, K., Boyadzhiev, K., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06334-8 · Cited by 44
Self-citationEstimating mobility using sparse data: Application to human genetic variation
Loog, L., Lahr, M. M., Kovacevic, M., Manica, A., Eriksson, A., & Thomas, M. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1703642114 · Cited by 42
Holmqvist, E., Larsson, Å. M., Крийска, А., Palonen, V., Pesonen, P., Mizohata, K., Kouki, P., & Räisänen, J. (2018) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2017.12.009 · Cited by 41
Sorrentino, R., Bortolini, E., Lugli, F., Mancuso, G., Buti, L., Oxilia, G., Vazzana, A., Figus, C., Serrangeli, M. C., Margherita, C., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193796 · Cited by 41
Zhang, C., Gao, Y., Ning, Z., Lü, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Xie, B., Xue, Z., Wang, X., Yuan, K., et al. (2019) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-019-1838-5 · Cited by 41
Haber, M., Nassar, J., Almarri, M. A., Saupe, T., Saag, L., Griffith, S. J., Doumet‐Serhal, C., Chanteau, J., Saghieh-Beydoun, M., Xue, Y., et al. (2020) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.008 · Cited by 45
Yao, H., Wang, M., Zou, X., Li, Y., Yang, X., Li, A., Yeh, H., Wang, P., Wang, Z., Bai, J., et al. (2021) · Molecular Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0 · Cited by 41
Farming-Language Dispersals: A Worldwide Survey
Heggarty, P., & Beresford‐Jones, D. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2308 · Cited by 41
Aging Well: Treherne's ‘Warrior's Beauty’ Two Decades Later
Frieman, C. J., Brück, J., Rebay‐Salisbury, K., Bergerbrant, S., Montón‐Subías, S., Sofaer, J. R., Knüsel, C. J., Vandkilde, H., Giles, M., & Treherne, P. (2017) · European Journal of Archaeology · doi:10.1017/eaa.2016.6 · Cited by 40
Conflicts and the spread of plagues in pre-industrial Europe
Kaniewski, D., & Marriner, N. (2020) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-020-00661-1 · Cited by 40
Descent, marriage, and residence practices of a 3,800-year-old pastoral community in Central Eurasia
Blöcher, J., Brami, M., Feinauer, I. S., Stolarczyk, E., Diekmann, Y., Vetterdietz, L., Karapetian, M. K., Winkelbach, L., Kokot, V., Vallini, L., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2303574120 · Cited by 45
Self-citationSantiago, E., Köpke, C., & Caballero, A. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61378-w · Cited by 40
Atopic Dermatitis Susceptibility Variants in Filaggrin Hitchhike Hornerin Selective Sweep
Eaaswarkhanth, M., Xu, D., Flanagan, C., Rzhetskaya, M., Hayes, M. G., Blekhman, R., Jablonski, N. G., & Gökçümen, Ö. (2016) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evw242 · Cited by 40
4000 years of human dietary evolution in central Germany, from the first farmers to the first elites
Münster, A., Knipper, C., Oelze, V. M., Nicklisch, N., Stecher, M., Schlenker, B., Ganslmeier, R., Fragata, M., Friederich, S., Dresely, V., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194862 · Cited by 44
Self-citationGenome-wide sequence analyses of ethnic populations across Russia
Zhernakova, D. V., Brukhin, V. B., Malov, S. V., Oleksyk, T. K., Koepfli, K., Zhuk, A. S., Dobrynin, P. V., Kliver, S. F., Cherkasov, N., Tamazian, G., et al. (2019) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.03.007 · Cited by 40
Rosenstock, E., Ebert, J. T., Martin, R. A., Hicketier, A., Walter, P., & Groß, M. (2019) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-019-00850-3 · Cited by 43
Sazzini, M., Abondio, P., Sarno, S., Gnecchi‐Ruscone, G. A., Ragno, M., Giuliani, C., Fanti, S. D., Ojeda‐Granados, C., Boattini, A., Marquis, J., et al. (2020) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-020-00778-4 · Cited by 40
Evidence of the interplay of genetics and culture in Ethiopia
López, S., Tarekegn, A., Band, G., van Dorp, L., Bird, N., Morris, S., Oljira, T., Mekonnen, E., Bekele, E., Blench, R. M., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23712-w · Cited by 43
Rohrlach, A. B., Papac, L., Childebayeva, A., Rivollat, M., Villalba‐Mouco, V., Neumann, G. U., Penske, S., Skourtanioti, E., van de Loosdrecht, M. S., Akar, M., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94491-z · Cited by 43
Self-citationOut of Africa and into Asia: Fossil and genetic evidence on modern human origins and dispersals
Reyes‐Centeno, H. (2016) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.063 · Cited by 40
Genetic continuity, isolation, and gene flow in Stone Age Central and Eastern Europe
Mattila, T. M., Svensson, E., Juras, A., Günther, T., Kashuba, N., Ala‐Hulkko, T., Chyleński, M., McKenna, J., Pospieszny, Ł., Constantinescu, M., et al. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-05131-3 · Cited by 45
High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry
Wang, K., Prüfer, K., Krause‐Kyora, B., Childebayeva, A., Schuenemann, V. J., Coia, V., Maixner, F., Zink, A., Schiffels, S., & Krause, J. (2023) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377 · Cited by 41
Self-citationLanguages and Communities in the Late-Roman and Post-Imperial Western Provinces
Mullen, A., & Woudhuysen, G. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198888956.001.0001 · Cited by 39
Archaeogenomic analysis of the first steps of Neolithization in Anatolia and the Aegean
Kılınç, G. M., Koptekin, D., Atakuman, Ç., Sümer, A. P., Dönertaş, H. M., Yaka, R., Bilgin, C. C., Büyükkarakaya, A. M., Baird, D., Altınışık, N. E., et al. (2017) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.2064 · Cited by 41
Översti, S., Majander, K., Salmela, E., Salo, K., Arppe, L., Belskiy, S., Etu‐Sihvola, H., Laakso, V., Mikkola, E., Pfrengle, S., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51045-8 · Cited by 42
Self-citationCsáky, V., Gerber, D., Szeifert, B., Egyed, B., Stégmár, B., Botalov, S. G., Grudochko, I. V., Матвеева, Н. П., Зеленков, А. С., Sleptsova, A. V., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75910-z · Cited by 43
Self-citationHe, G., Wang, M., Li, Y., Zou, X., Yeh, H., Tang, R., Yang, X., Wang, Z., Guo, J., Luo, T., et al. (2020) · Journal of Systematics and Evolution · doi:10.1111/jse.12715 · Cited by 39
Booth, T. J., Brück, J., Brace, S., & Barnes, I. (2021) · Cambridge Archaeological Journal · doi:10.1017/s0959774321000019 · Cited by 42
Admixture has obscured signals of historical hard sweeps in humans
Souilmi, Y., Tobler, R., Johar, A., Williams, M., Grey, S. T., Schmidt, J. M., Teixeira, J. C., Rohrlach, A. B., Tuke, J., Johnson, O. L., et al. (2022) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01914-9 · Cited by 40
Self-citationThe genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present
Varela, R., Moore, K. H. S., Ebenesersdóttir, S. S., Kılınç, G. M., Kjellström, A., Papmehl-Dufay, L., Alfsdotter, C., Berglund, B., Alrawi, L., Kashuba, N., et al. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.024 · Cited by 40
Estimating the Ages of Selection Signals from Different Epochs in Human History
Nakagome, S., Alkorta‐Aranburu, G., Amato, R., Howie, B., Peter, B. M., Hudson, R. R., & Rienzo, A. D. (2015) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msv256 · Cited by 38
Complete mitochondrial sequences from Mesolithic Sardinia
Modi, A., Tassi, F., Susca, R. R., Vai, S., Rizzi, E., Bellis, G. D., Lugliè, C., Fortes, G. G., Lari, M., Barbujani, G., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep42869 · Cited by 40
Beau, A., Rivollat, M., Réveillas, H., Pemonge, M., Mendisco, F., Thomas, Y., Lefranc, P., & Deguilloux, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179742 · Cited by 43
Bourgeois, Q. P. J., & Kroon, E. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185971 · Cited by 44
Ancient Xinjiang mitogenomes reveal intense admixture with high genetic diversity
Wang, W., Ding, M., Gardner, J. D., Wang, Y., Miao, B., Guo, W., Wu, X., Ruan, Q., JianJun, Y., Hu, X., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd6690 · Cited by 39
Self-citationIndian genetic heritage in Southeast Asian populations
Changmai, P., Jaisamut, K., Kampuansai, J., Kutanan, W., Altınışık, N. E., Flegontova, O., Inta, A., Yüncü, E., Boonthai, W., Pamjav, H., et al. (2022) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010036 · Cited by 38
Self-citationCoutinho, A., Günther, T., Munters, A. R., Svensson, E., Götherström, A., Storå, J., Malmström, H., & Jakobsson, M. (2020) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24079 · Cited by 43
Simon, A., & Coop, G. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2312377121 · Cited by 40
Ancient genomics and the origin, dispersal, and development of domestic sheep
Daly, K. G., Mullin, V. E., Hare, A. J., Halpin, Á., Mattiangeli, V., Teasdale, M. D., Rossi, C., Geiger, S., Krebs, S., Međugorac, I., et al. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adn2094 · Cited by 39
Female lineages and changing kinship patterns in Neolithic Çatalhöyük
Yüncü, E., Doğu, A. K., Kaptan, D., Kılıç, M. S., Mazzucato, C., Güler, M. N., Eker, E., Katırcıoğlu, B., Chyleński, M., Vural, K. B., et al. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adr2915 · Cited by 41
Ancient DNA connects large-scale migration with the spread of Slavs
Gretzinger, J., Biermann, F., Mager, H., King, B., Zlámalová, D., Traverso, L., Gnecchi‐Ruscone, G. A., Peltola, S., Salmela, E., Neumann, G. U., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09437-6 · Cited by 39
Self-citationAncient DNA reveals pervasive directional selection across West Eurasia
Akbari, A., Perry, A., Barton, A. R., Kariminejad, M., Gazal, S., Li, Z., Zeng, Y., Mittnik, A., Patterson, N. J., Mah, M., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10358-1 · Cited by 48
Self-citationPajic, P., Lin, Y., Xu, D., & Gökçümen, Ö. (2016) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0842-6 · Cited by 38
Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia
Platt, D. E., Haber, M., Kharrat, M. B. D., Douaihy, B., Khazen, G., Bonab, M. A., Salloum, A. K., Mouzaya, F., Luiselli, D., Tyler‐Smith, C., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep40338 · Cited by 38
Barberena, R., Menéndez, L. P., le Roux, P., Marsh, E., Tessone, A., Novellino, P., Lucero, G. F., Luyt, J., Sealy, J. C., Cardillo, M., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78013-x · Cited by 40
Human inbreeding has decreased in time through the Holocene
Ceballos, F. C., Gürün, K., Altınışık, N. E., Gemici, H. C., Karamurat, C., Koptekin, D., Vural, K. B., Mapelli, I., Sağlıcan, E., Sürer, E., et al. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.027 · Cited by 41
New genetic evidence of affinities and discontinuities between bronze age Siberian populations
Hollard, C., Zvénigorosky, V., Kovalev, A., Kiryushin, Y. F., Tishkin, A. A., Павлович, Л. И., Crubézy, É., Ludes, B., & Keyser, C. (2018) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23607 · Cited by 39
Genetics and context for precision health in Greater Boston
Koyama, S., Wang, Y., Paruchuri, K., Uddin, M. M., Cho, S. M. J., Urbut, S., Sui, Y., Fahed, A. C., Kamineni, H., Haidermota, S., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-66598-8 · Cited by 36
The importance of fine-scale studies for integrating paleogenomics and archaeology
Veeramah, K. R. (2018) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2018.07.007 · Cited by 38
Update on the predictability of tall stature from DNA markers in Europeans
Liu, F., Zhong, K., Jing, X., Uitterlinden, A. G., Hendriks, E., Drop, S. L. S., & Kayser, M. (2019) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.05.006 · Cited by 38
Hermes, T. R., Tishkin, A. A., Kosintsev, P. A., Степанова, Н. Ф., Krause‐Kyora, B., & Makarewicz, C. A. (2020) · Archaeological Research in Asia · doi:10.1016/j.ara.2020.100232 · Cited by 36
Niskanen, M., Ruff, C. B., Holt, B. M., Sládek, V., & Berner, M. E. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118628430.ch4 · Cited by 36
Paleolithic DNA from the Caucasus reveals core of West Eurasian ancestryPreprint
Lazaridis, I., Belfer‐Cohen, A., Mallick, S., Patterson, N. J., Cheronet, O., Rohland, N., Bar‐Oz, G., Bar‐Yosef, O., Jakeli, N., Kvavadze, E., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/423079 · Cited by 39
Self-citation50,000 years of evolutionary history of India: Impact on health and disease variation
Kerdoncuff, E., Skov, L., Patterson, N., Banerjee, J., Khobragade, P., Chakrabarti, S. S., Chakrawarty, A., Chatterjee, P., Dhar, M., Gupta, M., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.04.027 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Haak, W., Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Llamas, B., Brandt, G., Nordenfelt, S., Harney, E., Stewardson, K., Fu, Q., Mittnik, A., Bánffy, E., Economou, C., Francken, M., Friederich, S., Pena, R. G., Hallgren, F., Khartanovich, V., Khokhlov, A., Kunst, M., Kuznetsov, P., Meller, H., Mochalov, O., Moiseyev, V., Nicklisch, N., Pichler, S. L., Risch, R., Rojo Guerra, M. A., Roth, C., Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Wahl, J., Meyer, M., Krause, J., Brown, D., Anthony, D., Cooper, A., Alt, K. W., & Reich, D.
- Affiliations
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- ELTE Research Centre for the Humanities (HU)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (DE)
- Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Madrid (ES)
- Peter the Great's Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (RU)
- Danube Private University (AT)
- University of Basel (CH)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- Hartwick College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reich, David
- ORCID
- Haak, Wolfgang
- Lazaridis, Iosif
- Patterson, Nick
- Rohland, Nadin
- Mallick, Swapan
- Llamas, Bastien
- Brandt, Guido
- Fu, Qiaomei
- Mittnik, Alissa
- Bánffy, Eszter
- Francken, Michael
- Friederich, Susanne
- Hallgren, Fredrik
- Khokhlov, Aleksandr
- Kunst, Michael
- Kuznetsov, Pavel
- Meller, Harald
- Nicklisch, Nicole
- Pichler, Sandra L.
- Risch, Roberto
- Roth, Christina
- Wahl, Joachim
- Meyer, Matthias
- Krause, Johannes
- Brown, Dorcas
- Anthony, David
- Cooper, Alan
- Alt, Kurt Werner
- Reich, David
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2015-03-02
- Volume
- 522
- Issue
- 7555
- Pages
- 207-211
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5048219
- OpenAlex
- W2050876420
- Cited by
- 1,940
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 116 · 2025: 201 · 2024: 175 · 2023: 173 · 2022: 191 · 2021: 186 · 2020: 203 · 2019: 223 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 161 · 2016: 111 · 2015: 41
- FWCI
- 106.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1032255)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Al 287/10-1, 287/7-1, Al 287-7-1, /14-1, Me 3245/1-1)
- National Institutes of Health
- Australian Research Council (DP130102158)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG006399)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM100233, R01GM100233)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and language evolution
- Keywords
- Indo-European origins, Eurasian steppe, ancient DNA, early farmers, hunter-gatherers, Bronze Age, population admixture, genetic ancestry, target enrichment sequencing, European prehistory, origin of language, Y-chromosome haplogroups, mtDNA haplogroups, Bronze Age collapse
- MeSH terms
- Cultural Evolution, Europe, Humans, Language, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Population Dynamics, Russia, Genome, Human, History, Ancient, Human Migration, Grassland
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
