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Cited by 121Forensic and Genetic ResearchGenetic diversity and population structureRace, Genetics, and Society

Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History from Ancient Canaanite and Present-Day Lebanese Genome Sequences

Open access
Haber, Marc, Doumet-Serhal, Claude, Scheib, Christiana, Xue, Yali, Danecek, Petr, Mezzavilla, Massimo, Youhanna, Sonia, Martiniano, Rui +8 more·2017·The American Journal of Human Genetics
DOI 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.013PMC PMC5544389

Published version of a preprint

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Abstract

The Canaanites inhabited the Levant region during the Bronze Age and established a culture that became influential in the Near East and beyond. However, the Canaanites, unlike most other ancient Near Easterners of this period, left few surviving textual records and thus their origin and relationship to ancient and present-day populations remain unclear. In this study, we sequenced five whole genomes from ∼3,700-year-old individuals from the city of Sidon, a major Canaanite city-state on the Eastern Mediterranean coast. We also sequenced the genomes of 99 individuals from present-day Lebanon to catalog modern Levantine genetic diversity. We find that a Bronze Age Canaanite-related ancestry was widespread in the region, shared among urban populations inhabiting the coast (Sidon) and inland populations (Jordan) who likely lived in farming societies or were pastoral nomads. This Canaanite-related ancestry derived from mixture between local Neolithic populations and eastern migrants genetically related to Chalcolithic Iranians. We estimate, using linkage-disequilibrium decay patterns, that admixture occurred 6,600-3,550 years ago, coinciding with recorded massive population movements in Mesopotamia during the mid-Holocene. We show that present-day Lebanese derive most of their ancestry from a Canaanite-related population, which therefore implies substantial genetic continuity in the Levant since at least the Bronze Age. In addition, we find Eurasian ancestry in the Lebanese not present in Bronze Age or earlier Levantines. We estimate that this Eurasian ancestry arrived in the Levant around 3,750-2,170 years ago during a period of successive conquests by distant populations.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Whole-genome sequencing of five ~3,700-year-old Canaanite individuals from Sidon and 99 present-day Lebanese shows substantial genetic continuity in the Levant since the Bronze Age, with Canaanite-related ancestry deriving from Neolithic Levant and Chalcolithic Iran-related migrants. Present-day Lebanese additionally carry later Steppe/Eurasian ancestry absent in Bronze Age Levantines.

Key findings

  • Bronze Age Sidon individuals (Sidon_BA) fit a model of 48.4% ± 4.2% Neolithic Levant (Levant_N) and 51.6% ± 4.2% Chalcolithic Iran (Iran_ChL) ancestry; admixture was estimated at 181 ± 54 generations ago, or ~5,000 ± 1,500 years ago.
  • Present-day Lebanese share more alleles with Sidon_BA than most other present-day Levantines do, and Sidon_BA allele frequencies correlate most strongly with Lebanese (r = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.63–0.82; p = 8.168 × 10−16).
  • The Lebanese can be modeled as 93% ± 1.6% Sidon_BA and 7% ± 1.6% Steppe Bronze Age ancestry; the Steppe-related admixture was estimated at ~2,950 ± 790 years ago.
  • Two Sidon_BA males carried Y-chromosome haplogroups J-P58 and J-M12, and all five ancient individuals had distinct mtDNA haplotypes.

Methods

  • Ancient DNA: petrous bone from five individuals dated 3,750–3,650 years ago from Sidon; double-stranded libraries sequenced on Illumina HiSeq 2500 (2×75 bp), processed with PALEOMIX; genomic coverage 0.4–2.3× and mtDNA coverage 53–164×; authenticity assessed via contamination and damage patterns.
  • Modern DNA: whole genomes from 99 present-day Lebanese at ~8× coverage, merged with four high-coverage (30×) Lebanese samples and published ancient/modern datasets.
  • Analyses: PCA, ADMIXTURE, f4/qpDstat, qpAdm, and ALDER linkage-disequilibrium decay; datasets included 389 individuals and 1,046,317 SNPs for ancient/Lebanese analyses, and 546,891 SNPs when 2,583 modern Human Origins samples were included.

Limitations

  • The paper states that many inferences rely on the limited number of ancient samples available and that future Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age and Iron Age sampling is needed.
  • The paper states that admixture-date confidence intervals are wide, so suggested historical links should be considered with caution, and that the Bronze Age Steppe populations used in modeling need not be the actual ancestral mixing populations.
  • Evident from the text: only five ancient genomes were sequenced, with low genomic coverage (0.4–2.3×), and the admixture dates have large standard errors (e.g., ±1,500 years and ±790 years).

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.013

Cites

52 of 52 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

7 of 12 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingown data

    Admixture between Levant_N and Iran_ChL occurred around 5,000 ± 1,500 years ago (181 ± 54 generations ago; p = 0.013), with an estimated range of 6,600-3,550 years ago.

    “We estimate, using linkage-disequilibrium decay patterns, that admixture occurred 6,600–3,550 years ago, coinciding with recorded massive population movements in Mesopotamia during the mid-Holocene.”
    • Also stated in: § Main Text · hedged
      “The most significant result was for mixture of Levant_N and Iran_ChL (p = 0.013) around 181 ± 54 generations ago, or ∼5,000 ± 1,500 ya assuming a generation time of 28 years (Figure S13A).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] Loh, 2013, Inferring admixture histories of human populations using linkage disequilibrium, Genetics source

      The Results > Case studies section shows that the paper uses weighted linkage-disequilibrium decay to estimate admixture dates. It does not report admixture between Levant_N and Iran_ChL or the claimed date range, 181 ± 54 generations, or p-value. In the citing sentence, “We estimate” presents the date as the citing authors’ result; this source supports the method, not that estimate. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    Sidon_BA can be modeled as a mixture of Levant_N (48.4% ± 4.2%) and Iran_ChL (51.6% ± 4.2%).

    “We then used qpAdm8 (with parameter allsnps: YES) to test whether Sidon_BA can be modeled as mixture of Levant_N and any other ancient population in the dataset and found good support for the model of Sidon_BA being a mixture of Levant_N (48.4% ± 4.2%) and Iran_ChL (51.6% ± 4.2%) (Figure 2B; Table S3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Haak, 2015, Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe, Nature source
  • Findingown data

    Sidon_BA shared more alleles with the Lebanese than with most other present-day Levantines.

    “We explored this further by computing the statistic f4(Lebanese, present-day Near Easterner; Sidon_BA, Chimpanzee) using qpDstat39 (with parameter f4mode: YES) and found that Sidon_BA shared more alleles with the Lebanese than with most other present-day Levantines (Figure S7), supporting local population continuity as observed in Sidon’s archaeological records.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] Patterson, 2012, Ancient admixture in human history, Genetics source
  • Findingown data

    Sidon_BA clusters with three individuals from Early Bronze Age Jordan (Jordan_BA).

    “The PCA shows that Sidon_BA clusters with three individuals from Early Bronze Age Jordan (Jordan_BA) found in a cave above the Neolithic site of ‘Ain Ghazal and probably associated with an Early Bronze Age village close to the site.13”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Lazaridis, 2016, Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East, Nature source

      The Abstract describes samples from Jordan and Bronze Age individuals, and the ‘Extreme regional differentiation’ section discusses PCA positions of ancient Levantine samples; neither identifies three Jordan_BA individuals clustering with Sidon_BA. Searches for Sidon_BA, Jordan_BA, and the ‘Ain Ghazal cave description found no passage establishing that comparison. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    Populations from the Caucasus and ancient Iran shared more alleles with Sidon_BA than with Neolithic Levant.

    “We computed the statistic f4(Levant_N, Sidon_BA; Ancient Eurasian, Chimpanzee) and found that populations from the Caucasus and ancient Iran shared more alleles with Sidon_BA than with Neolithic Levant (Figure 2A and S10).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 15
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 5

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Haplogroup J was absent in all Natufian and Neolithic Levant male individuals examined thus far, but emerged during the Bronze Age in Lebanon and Jordan along with ancestry related to Iran_ChL.

    “we compiled frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroups in this geographical area and their changes over time in a dataset of ancient and modern Levantine populations (Figure S12), and note, similarly to Lazaridis et al.,13 that haplogroup J was absent in all Natufian and Neolithic Levant male individuals examined thus far, but emerged during the Bronze Age in Lebanon and Jordan along with ancestry”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Lazaridis, 2016, Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East, Nature source

      The section on Basal Eurasian ancestry (page unavailable) reports haplogroup E in Natufian and successor Levantine Neolithic males, but does not establish that J was absent from every male examined. The section on later population mixing (page unavailable) reports ancestry related to Chalcolithic western Iran in Bronze Age southern Levantines; it does not report haplogroup J emerging in Bronze Age Lebanon or Jordan, or link that haplogroup to the ancestry change. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    All five Sidon_BA individuals had different mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, belonging to paragroups common in present-day Lebanon and nearby regions but with additional derived variants not observed in the present-day Lebanese dataset.

    “All five Sidon_BA individuals had different mitochondrial DNA haplotypes49 (Table 1), belonging to paragroups common in present-day Lebanon and nearby regions (Table S5) but with additional derived variants not observed in our present-day Lebanese dataset.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Weissensteiner, 2016, mtDNA-Server: next-generation sequencing data analysis of human mitochondrial DNA in the cloud, Nucleic Acids Res. source

      The Materials and Methods section describes mtDNA-Server’s variant detection, and the Results (Data output) section describes its haplogroup reports. Neither reports findings for Sidon_BA individuals or compares their haplotypes with a present-day Lebanese dataset. Searches for Sidon_BA and for Lebanese paragroups and derived variants found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    ADMIXTURE results replicate the findings from qpAdm for Sidon_BA and show mixture of Levant_N and ancient Iranian populations.

    “The ADMIXTURE results replicate the findings from qpAdm for Sidon_BA and show mixture of Levant_N and ancient Iranian populations (Figure 3A).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54] Alexander, 2009, Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals, Genome Res. source

      The Discussion describes ADMIXTURE as ancestry-inference software, while the paper’s analyses concern HapMap3 and an inflammatory-bowel-disease dataset. Searches for Sidon_BA, qpAdm, Levant_N, and ancient Iranian populations found no passage addressing the claimed comparison or mixture; the paper’s Figure 3 concerns a different dataset. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Bronze Age Sidon samples overlap with present-day Levantines and are positioned between ancient Levantines (Natufians/Neolithic) and ancient Iranians (Neolithic/Chalcolithic).

    “The Bronze Age Sidon samples (Sidon_BA) overlap with present-day Levantines and were positioned between the ancient Levantines (Natufians/Neolithic) and ancient Iranians (Neolithic/Chalcolithic).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The ancient sequence data presented are endogenous and minimally contaminated.

    “In order to assess ancient DNA authenticity, we estimated mtDNA and X chromosome contamination26, 27, 28 (Table S1) and restricted some analyses to sequences with aDNA damage patterns29, 30 (Figures S3 and S4), demonstrating that the sequence data we present are endogenous and minimally contaminated.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study sequenced whole genomes of 99 present-day Lebanese individuals with informed consent and ethics approval.

    “We also sequenced the genomes of 99 individuals from present-day Lebanon to catalog modern Levantine genetic diversity.”
    • Also stated in: § Main Text · plain
      “Additionally, we sequenced whole genomes of 99 present-day Lebanese individuals with informed consent to ∼8× coverage on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 using 2× 100 bp reads in a study approved by The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute’s Human Materials and Data Management Committee (13/010 and 14/072).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Many inferences rely on the limited number of ancient samples available.

    “Many of our inferences rely on the limited number of ancient samples available, and we are only just beginning to reconstruct a genetic history of the Levant or the Near East as thoroughly as that of Europeans who, in comparison, have been extensively sampled.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Canaanites inhabited the Levant region during the Bronze Age and established a culture that became influential in the Near East and beyond.

    “The Canaanites inhabited the Levant region during the Bronze Age and established a culture that became influential in the Near East and beyond.”
    • Also stated in: § Main Text · plain
      “During the Bronze Age in the Levant, around 3–4 kya, a distinctive culture emerged as a Semitic-speaking people known as the Canaanites. The Canaanites inhabited an area bounded by Anatolia to the north, Mesopotamia to the east, and Egypt to the south, with access to Cyprus and the Aegean through the Mediterranean. Thus the Canaanites were at the center of emerging Bronze Age civilizations and”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Tubb, 1998

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Bronze Age Canaanite-related ancestry was widespread in the region, shared among urban populations inhabiting the coast (Sidon) and inland populations (Jordan) who likely lived in farming societies or were pastoral nomads.

    “We find that a Bronze Age Canaanite-related ancestry was widespread in the region, shared among urban populations inhabiting the coast (Sidon) and inland populations (Jordan) who likely lived in farming societies or were pastoral nomads.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The different cultural groups who inhabited the Levant during the Bronze Age, such as the Ammonites, Moabites, Israelites, and Phoenicians, each achieved their own cultural identities but all shared a common genetic and ethnic root with Canaanites.

    “This suggests that people from the highly differentiated urban culture on the Levant coast and inland people with different modes of subsistence were nevertheless genetically similar, supporting previous reports that the different cultural groups who inhabited the Levant during the Bronze Age, such as the Ammonites, Moabites, Israelites, and Phoenicians, each achieved their own cultural identities”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Tubb, 1998

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Canaanites left few surviving textual records and their origin and relationship to ancient and present-day populations remain unclear.

    “However, the Canaanites, unlike most other ancient Near Easterners of this period, left few surviving textual records and thus their origin and relationship to ancient and present-day populations remain unclear.”
    • Also stated in: § Main Text · plain
      “However, for uncertain reasons but perhaps related to the use of papyrus instead of clay for documentation, few textual records have survived from the Canaanites themselves and most of their history known today has been reconstructed from ancient Egyptian and Greek records, the Hebrew Bible, and archaeological excavations.15 Many uncertainties still surround the origin of the Canaanites.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Tubb, 1998

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The admixture time fits known ages of the samples based on archaeological data since it falls between the dates of Sidon_BA (3,650-3,750 ya) and Iran_ChL (6,500-5,500 ya).

    “This admixture time, based entirely on genetic data, fits the known ages of the samples based on archaeological data since it falls between the dates of Sidon_BA (3,650–3,750 ya) and Iran_ChL (6,500–5,500 ya).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The time period of this mixture overlaps with the decline of the Egyptian empire and its domination over the Levant, leading some coastal cities to thrive, including Sidon and Tyre, which established a maritime trade network.

    “The time period of this mixture overlaps with the decline of the Egyptian empire and its domination over the Levant, leading some of the coastal cities to thrive, including Sidon and Tyre, which established at this time a successful maritime trade network throughout the Mediterranean.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Bronze Age Steppe populations used in the model need not be the actual ancestral mixing populations, and the admixture could have involved a population itself admixed with Steppe-like ancestry.

    “It is important to note here that Bronze Age Steppe populations used in the model need not be the actual ancestral mixing populations, and the admixture could have involved a population which was itself admixed with a Steppe-like ancestry population.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Confidence intervals for the admixture dates are wide and historical links should be considered with caution.

    “Our confidence intervals for the admixture dates are wide and therefore the historical links suggested here should be considered with caution.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The 99 sequenced present-day individuals capture previously described genetic diversity with distinct clusters reflecting different cultural groups in Lebanon today.

    “A principal component analysis (PCA) using the 99 sequenced present-day individuals show that they capture the previously described genetic diversity with distinct clusters reflecting the different cultural groups in Lebanon today (Figure S5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
16 of 16

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No archaeological evidence has been found to support widespread destruction of Canaanite cities between the Bronze and Iron Ages.

    “However, no archaeological evidence has so far been found to support widespread destruction of Canaanite cities between the Bronze and Iron Ages: cities on the Levant coast such as Sidon and Tyre show continuity of occupation until the present day.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cities on the Levant coast such as Sidon and Tyre show continuity of occupation until the present day.

    “However, no archaeological evidence has so far been found to support widespread destruction of Canaanite cities between the Bronze and Iron Ages: cities on the Levant coast such as Sidon and Tyre show continuity of occupation until the present day.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many uncertainties surround the origin of the Canaanites.

    “Many uncertainties still surround the origin of the Canaanites.”
    “However, the Canaanites, unlike most other ancient Near Easterners of this period, left few surviving textual records and thus their origin and relationship to ancient and present-day populations remain unclear.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Uncertainties surround the fate of the Canaanites.

    “Uncertainties also surround the fate of the Canaanites: the Bible reports the destruction of the Canaanite cities and the annihilation of its people; if true, the Canaanites could not have directly contributed genetically to present-day populations.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The Bronze Age Sidon group could be modeled as a major (93±2%) ancestral source for present-day groups in the region.

    “The Bronze Age Sidon group could be modeled as a major (93±2%) ancestral source for present-day groups in the region (Haber et al., 2017).”

    From The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant (2020) · cites this paper as Haber et al., 2017

    The Main Text (page unavailable) reports a qpAdm model in which Sidon_BA accounts for 93% ± 1.6% of present-day Lebanese ancestry, consistent with the rounded 93 ± 2% figure. It does not establish that percentage for other present-day groups in the region, so the claim is broader than the reported model. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Earlier genetic analyses modeled the genomes of Middle to Late Bronze Age people of the Southern Levant as having almost equal shares of earlier local populations (Levant_N) and populations related to the Chalcolithic Zagros, suggesting a movement from the northeast into the Southern Levant.

    “Earlier genetic analyses modeled the genomes of Middle to Late Bronze Age people of the Southern Levant as having almost equal shares of earlier local populations (Levant_N) and populations that are related to the Chalcolithic Zagros (Feldman et al., 2019; Haber et al., 2017; Lazaridis et al., 2016), suggesting a movement from the northeast into the Southern Levant.”

    From The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant (2020) · cites this paper as Haber et al., 2017

    Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • This may explain why Haber et al. did not detect the Anatolian Neolithic-related admixture in Levant_BA_North.

    “This may explain why Haber et al.26 did not detect the Anatolian Neolithic-related admixture in Levant_BA_North.”

    From Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation (2018) · cites this paper as Haber et al.26

    The Main Text (Figure 2 and its accompanying discussion; page unavailable) models Sidon_BA as a mixture of Neolithic Levant and Chalcolithic Iran ancestry, rather than reporting Anatolian Neolithic-related admixture. But our copy does not identify Sidon_BA as Levant_BA_North or explicitly report a test that failed to detect that specific admixture in that named group. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Levant_BA_South and Levant_BA_North are treated as separate populations for analysis, since the symmetry statistic f4(Levant_BA_North, Levant_BA_South; A, Chimp) is significant for a number of test populations A.

    “In what follows, we treat Levant_BA_South and Levant_BA_North as separate populations for analysis, since the symmetry statistic f4(Levant_BA_North, Levant_BA_South; A, Chimp) is significant for a number test populations A (|Z| ≥ 3) (Supplementary Data 5), consistent with the different estimated proportions of Levant_N and Iran_ChL ancestry reported in24,26.”

    From Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation (2018) · cites this paper as [26]

    The Main Text (page not provided) estimates Levant_N and Iran_ChL ancestry proportions for Sidon_BA and says Jordan_BA can also be modeled as a mixture of those ancestries. It does not report a north–south comparison of the proportions or the cited f4 symmetry test. The decision to analyze the populations separately and that test are presented as the citing authors’ own analysis, not as findings of this source. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Previously published Bronze Age Levantine samples from 'Ain Ghazal (Levant_BA_South) and Sidon (Levant_BA_North) can be modeled as two-way admixtures, without the Anatolia_N contribution that is required to model the Levant_ChL population.

    “It was striking to us that previously published Bronze Age Levantine samples from the sites of 'Ain Ghazal in present-day Jordan (Levant_BA_South) and Sidon in present-day Lebanon (Levant_BA_North) can be modeled as two-way admixtures, without the Anatolia_N contribution that is required to model the Levant_ChL population24,26.”

    From Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation (2018) · cites this paper as [26]

    The Main Text (Figure 2; page not specified) models Sidon_BA as a two-way mixture of Levant_N and Iran_ChL and reports that the Bronze Age Jordan samples from near ‘Ain Ghazal were modeled the same way. The cited paper does not establish that Anatolia_N is required to model Levant_ChL, so that comparison is unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Haber, M., Doumet-Serhal, C., Scheib, C., Xue, Y., Danecek, P., Mezzavilla, M., Youhanna, S., Martiniano, R., Prado-Martinez, J., Szpak, M., Matisoo-Smith, E., Schutkowski, H., Mikulski, R., Zalloua, P., Kivisild, T., & Tyler-Smith, C.
Affiliations
  • Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
  • University of Cambridge (GB)
  • University of Zurich (CH)
  • University of Otago (NZ)
  • Bournemouth University (GB)
  • Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author
Haber, Marc
ORCID
Venue
The American Journal of Human Genetics
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-08
Volume
101
Issue
2
Pages
274-282
ISSN
0002-9297 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.06.013
PMC
PMC5544389
OpenAlex
W2618826046
Semantic Scholar
04bf7427ccb01e35843114d6511a76ce292cc95e
Cited by
121
References
52
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 3
FWCI
8.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The American Journal of Human Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Bournemouth University Research Online (Bournemouth University) (submittedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
  • Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
The Wellcome Trust (098051)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Race, Genetics, and Society
Keywords
Canaanite, Sidon, Bronze Age Levant, ancient genomes, genetic admixture, genetic continuity, human mobility
MeSH terms
DNA, Mitochondrial, Ethnicity, Genetics, Population, Humans, Lebanon, Male, Genetic Variation, Linkage Disequilibrium, Genome, Human, White People, History, Ancient

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