The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000-3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost 400,000 polymorphisms. Enrichment of these positions decreases the sequencing required for genome-wide ancient DNA analysis by a median of around 250-fold, allowing us to study an order of magnitude more individuals than previous studies and to obtain new insights about the past. We show that the populations of Western and Far Eastern Europe followed opposite trajectories between 8,000-5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Neolithic period in Europe, ∼8,000-7,000 years ago, closely related groups of early farmers appeared in Germany, Hungary and Spain, different from indigenous hunter-gatherers, whereas Russia was inhabited by a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a ∼24,000-year-old Siberian. By ∼6,000-5,000 years ago, farmers throughout much of Europe had more hunter-gatherer ancestry than their predecessors, but in Russia, the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but also from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. Western and Eastern Europe came into contact ∼4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced ∼75% of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ∼3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“We combined our data with previously published ancient data7,8,9,10,8,10-15 to form a dataset of 281 ancient individuals.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This suggests the hypothesis that diverse ancient West Eurasians can be modelled as mixtures of as few as four streams of ancestry related to these populations, which we confirmed using qpWave7 (Supplementary Information, section 7).”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“PCA on present-day West Eurasian populations (Methods) (Extended Data Fig. 1) on which we projected the ancient individuals (Fig. 1b) replicates previous findings of a Europe-Near East contrast along the horizontal Principal Component 1 (PC1) and parallel clines (PC2) in both Europe and the Near East (Extended Data Fig. 1)7,8,13.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The demographic impact of steppe related populations on South Asia was substantial, as the Mala, a south Indian population with minimal ANI along the ‘Indian Cline’ of such ancestry34,35 is inferred to have ~18% steppe-related ancestry, while the Kalash of Pakistan are inferred to have ~50%, similar to present-day northern Europeans7.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Scandinavian hunter-gatherers7,8,13 (SHG) are a mix of EHG and WHG;”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It is now believed that it was this pastoralist migration, and not earlier Neolithic population movements, that likely brought the proto-Indo-European language to Europe 158,226 .”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“During the Neolithic (2), the arrival of farming populations dramatically shifted the genetic profile of individuals in Britain towards Anatolian Neolithic Farmers (ANF, yellow).”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The gene pool of people who lived in present-day Britain has considerably changed through time, reflecting a complex migration and admixture history.”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“During the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods (1), individuals in Britain genetically resembled Western Hunter Gatherer (WHG, blue) populations found at that time throughout much of Western Europe.”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Then, beginning in the Chalcolithic period and continuing through the Bronze Age (Early Bronze Age, EBA) (3), the genetic profile of individuals in Britain shifted again, this time towards Western Steppe Herders (WSH, pink) from the Pontic steppes associated with the expansion of the Bell Beaker cultural phenomenon across Europe.”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We then used qpAdm8 (with parameter allsnps: YES) to test whether Sidon_BA can be modeled as mixture of Levant_N and any other ancient population in the dataset and found good support for the model of Sidon_BA being a mixture of Levant_N (48.4% ± 4.2%) and Iran_ChL (51.6% ± 4.2%) (Figure 2B; Table S3).”
From Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History from Ancient Canaanite and Present-Day Lebanese Genome Sequences (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This includes the European Neolithic transition, when farmers coming from southeast Europe and Anatolia partially replaced hunter-gatherers (32–35), as well as the Bronze Age, with the spread of pastoralist populations from Eurasian steppes (36–38).”
From Past human expansions shaped the spatial pattern of Neanderthal ancestry (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The spread of Near Eastern ancestry into the Eurasian steppe was previously inferred7 without access to ancient samples, by hypothesizing a population related to present-day Armenians as a source7,8.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Both qpAdm35 and the f4-ratio test39 reveal that modern Egyptians inherit 8% more ancestry from African ancestors than the three ancient Egyptians do, which is also consistent with the ADMIXTURE results discussed above.”
From Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods (2017) · cites this paper as [35]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“We obtain the highest estimates in the earliest populations from both Iran (66±13% in the likely Mesolithic sample, 48±6% in Neolithic samples), and the Levant (44±8% in Epipaleolithic Natufians) (Fig. 2), showing that Basal Eurasian ancestry was widespread across the ancient Near East.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“a result that finds some support from Y chromosome analysis which shows that the Natufians and successor Levantine Neolithic populations carried haplogroup E, of likely ultimate African origin, which has not been detected in other ancient males from West Eurasia (Supplementary Information, section 6) 7,8.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The Chalcolithic people of western Iran can be modelled as a mixture of the Neolithic people of western Iran, the Levant, and Caucasus Hunter Gatherers (CHG), consistent with their position in the PCA (Fig. 1b).”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The refined model shows that the arrival of the first farmers during the Early Neolithic from the Near East was followed by a massive migration from the Eurasian Steppe ~4500 ya involving people from the Yamnaya culture [31].”
From Ancient DNA and the rewriting of human history: be sparing with Occam’s razor (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“The genetic impact of the Yamnaya migration is strikingly illustrated by the transition in European Y-chromosomal haplogroups from a predominance of G2a beforehand to R1a and R1b afterwards [31]”
From Ancient DNA and the rewriting of human history: be sparing with Occam’s razor (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform
Li, H., & Durbin, R. (2009) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324 · Cited by 58,607
PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses.
Purcell, S., Neale, B., Todd-Brown, K., Thomas, L., Ferreira, M. A. R., Bender, D., Maller, J., Sklar, P., de Bakker, P. I. W., Daly, M. J., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/519795 · Cited by 34,089
Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies
Price, A. L., Patterson, N. J., Plenge, R. M., Weinblatt, M. E., Shadick, N. A., & Reich, D. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1847 · Cited by 10,248
Self-citationFast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals
Alexander, D. H., Novembre, J., & Lange, K. (2009) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.094052.109 · Cited by 9,898
Journal of the American Statistical Association
Koehler, A. B. (1995) · International Journal of Forecasting · doi:10.1016/0169-2070(95)90067-5 · Cited by 5,359
Population Structure and Eigenanalysis
Patterson, N., Price, A. L., & Reich, D. (2006) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020190 · Cited by 5,280
Self-citationA draft sequence of the Neandertal genome
Green, R. E., Krause, J., Briggs, A. W., Maricic, T., Stenzel, U., Kircher, M., Patterson, N., Li, H., Zhai, W., Fritz, M. H.-Y., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1188021 · Cited by 4,318
Self-citationAncient Admixture in Human History
Patterson, N., Moorjani, P., Luo, Y., Mallick, S., Rohland, N., Zhan, Y., Genschoreck, T., Webster, T., & Reich, D. (2012) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.112.145037 · Cited by 2,848
Self-citationInference of population splits and mixtures from genome-wide allele frequency data
Pickrell, J. K., & Pritchard, J. K. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002967 · Cited by 2,731
The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains
Prüfer, K., Racimo, F., Patterson, N., Jay, F., Sankararaman, S., Sawyer, S., Heinze, A., Renaud, G., Sudmant, P. H., de Filippo, C., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12886 · Cited by 2,254
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Rohland, N., Harney, E., Mallick, S., Nordenfelt, S. & Reich, D. Partial uracil–DNA–glycosylase treatment for screening of ancient DNA. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 370, 20130624 (2015) · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ancient DNA and the rewriting of human history: be sparing with Occam’s razor
Haber, M., Mezzavilla, M., Xue, Y., & Tyler-Smith, C. (2016) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0866-z · Cited by 1,924
Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia
Allentoft, M. E., Sikora, M., Sjögren, K.-G., Rasmussen, S., Rasmussen, M., Stenderup, J., Damgaard, P. B., Schroeder, H., Ahlström, T., Vinner, L., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14507 · Cited by 1,550
Self-citationGenome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians
Mathieson, I., Lazaridis, I., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Patterson, N., Roodenberg, S. A., Harney, E., Stewardson, K., Fernandes, D., Novak, M., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature16152 · Cited by 1,515
Self-citationInsights into human genetic variation and population history from 929 diverse genomes
Bergström, A., McCarthy, S. A., Hui, R., Almarri, M. A., Ayub, Q., Danecek, P., Chen, Y., Felkel, S., Hallast, P., Kamm, J., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay5012 · Cited by 1,020
Self-citationThe genetic history of Ice Age Europe
Fu, Q., Posth, C., Hajdinjak, M., Petr, M., Mallick, S., Fernandes, D., Furtwängler, A., Haak, W., Meyer, M., Mittnik, A., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17993 · Cited by 959
Self-citationGenomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East
Lazaridis, I., Nadel, D., Rollefson, G., Merrett, D. C., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Fernandes, D., Novak, M., Gamarra, B., Sirak, K., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19310 · Cited by 955
Self-citationAn early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor
Fu, Q., Hajdinjak, M., Moldovan, O. T., Constantin, S., Mallick, S., Skoglund, P., Patterson, N., Rohland, N., Lazaridis, I., Nickel, B., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14558 · Cited by 802
Self-citationThe formation of human populations in South and Central Asia
Narasimhan, V. M., Patterson, N. J., Moorjani, P., Rohland, N., Bernardos, R. L., Mallick, S., Lazaridis, I., Nakatsuka, N. J., Olalde, Í., Lipson, M., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat7487 · Cited by 819
Self-citationThe Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe
Olalde, I., Brace, S., Allentoft, M. E., Armit, I., Kristiansen, K., Booth, T., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Mittnik, A., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25738 · Cited by 593
Self-citationTracing the peopling of the world through genomics
Nielsen, R., Akey, J. M., Jakobsson, M., Pritchard, J. K., Tishkoff, S., & Willerslev, E. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21347 · Cited by 728
The genomic history of southeastern Europe
Mathieson, I., Alpaslan-Roodenberg, S., Posth, C., Szécsényi‐Nagy, A., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Olalde, Í., Broomandkhoshbacht, N., Candilio, F., Cheronet, O., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25778 · Cited by 759
Self-citationEarly Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 Years Ago
Rasmussen, S., Allentoft, M. E., Nielsen, K. R., Orlando, L., Sikora, M., Sjögren, K.-G., Pedersen, A. G., Schubert, M., Dam, A. V., Kapel, C. M. O., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.009 · Cited by 589
Self-citationThe genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years
Olalde, I., Mallick, S., Patterson, N., Rohland, N., Villalba-Mouco, V., Silva, M., Dulias, K., Edwards, C. J., Gandini, F., Pala, M., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav4040 · Cited by 552
Self-citation137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes
Damgaard, P. D. B., Marchi, N., Rasmussen, S., Peyrot, M., Renaud, G., Korneliussen, T. S., Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Pedersen, M. W., Goldberg, A., Usmanova, E., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 · Cited by 489
Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans
Hofmanová, Z., Kreutzer, S., Hellenthal, G., Sell, C., Diekmann, Y., Díez-del-Molino, D., van Dorp, L., López, S., Kousathanas, A., Link, V., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1523951113 · Cited by 488
Tett, A., Huang, K. D., Asnicar, F., Fehlner-Peach, H., Pasolli, E., Karcher, N., Armanini, F., Manghi, P., Bonham, K., Zolfo, M., et al. (2019) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2019.08.018 · Cited by 476
Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China
Yang, M. A., Fan, X., Sun, B., Chen, C., Lang, J., Ko, Y., Tsang, C.-H., Chiu, H.-L., Wang, T., Bao, Q., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aba0909 · Cited by 468
Self-citationGenomic and archaeological evidence suggest a dual origin of domestic dogs
Frantz, L. A. F., Mullin, V. E., Pionnier-Capitan, M., Lebrasseur, O., Ollivier, M., Perri, A., Linderholm, A., Mattiangeli, V., Teasdale, M. D., Dimopoulos, E. A., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf3161 · Cited by 430
The Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR) a curated compendium of ancient human genomes
Mallick, S., Micco, A., Mah, M., Ringbauer, H., Lazaridis, I., Olalde, Í., Patterson, N. J., & Reich, D. (2024) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-024-03031-7 · Cited by 480
Self-citationThe population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene
Sikora, M., Pitulko, V. V., Sousa, V. C., Allentoft, M. E., Vinner, L., Rasmussen, S., Margaryan, A., de Barros Damgaard, P., de la Fuente, C., Renaud, G., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z · Cited by 389
Self-citationGenomic insights into the formation of human populations in East Asia
Wang, C., Yeh, H., Popov, А. N., Zhang, H., Matsumura, H., Sirak, K. A., Cheronet, O., Kovalev, A., Rohland, N., Kim, A. M., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03336-2 · Cited by 437
Self-citationOrigins of modern human ancestry
Bergström, A., Stringer, C. B., Hajdinjak, M., Scerri, E. M. L., & Skoglund, P. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5 · Cited by 445
The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia
Damgaard, P. D. B., Martiniano, R., Kamm, J., Moreno-Mayar, J. V., Kroonen, G., Peyrot, M., Barjamovic, G., Rasmussen, S., Zacho, C. M., Baimukhanov, N., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar7711 · Cited by 439
Self-citationRecent Demographic History Inferred by High-Resolution Analysis of Linkage Disequilibrium
Santiago, E., Novo, I., Pardiñas, A. F., Saura, M., Wang, J., & Caballero, A. (2020) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa169 · Cited by 442
The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes
Librado, P., Khan, N., Fages, A., Kusliy, M. A., Suchan, T., Tonasso‐Calvière, L., Schiavinato, S., Alioğlu, D., Fromentier, A., Perdereau, A., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9 · Cited by 450
Self-citationAncient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory
Lipson, M., Cheronet, O., Mallick, S., Rohland, N., Oxenham, M. F., Pietrusewsky, M., Pryce, T. O., Willis, A., Matsumura, H., Buckley, H. R., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat3188 · Cited by 429
Self-citationUpper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians
Jones, E. R., Gonzalez-Fortes, G., Connell, S., Siska, V., Eriksson, A., Martiniano, R., McLaughlin, R. L., Gallego Llorente, M., Cassidy, L. M., Gamba, C., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms9912 · Cited by 417
Genomic insights into the peopling of the Southwest Pacific
Skoglund, P., Posth, C., Sirak, K., Spriggs, M., Valentin, F., Bedford, S., Clark, G. R., Reepmeyer, C., Petchey, F., Fernandes, D., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19844 · Cited by 414
Self-citationOrlando, L., Allaby, R., Skoglund, P., Der Sarkissian, C., Stockhammer, P. W., Ávila-Arcos, M. C., Fu, Q., Krause, J., Willerslev, E., Stone, A. C., et al. (2021) · Nature Reviews Methods Primers · doi:10.1038/s43586-020-00011-0 · Cited by 411
Self-citationReconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure
Skoglund, P., Thompson, J. C., Prendergast, M. E., Mittnik, A., Sirak, K. A., Hajdinjak, M., Salie, T., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Peltzer, A., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049 · Cited by 422
Self-citationAncient mitochondrial DNA provides high-resolution time scale of the peopling of the Americas
Llamas, B., Fehren-Schmitz, L., Valverde, G., Soubrier, J., Mallick, S., Rohland, N., Nordenfelt, S., Valdiosera, C., Richards, S. M., Rohrlach, A., et al. (2016) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501385 · Cited by 290
Self-citationParallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers
Lipson, M., Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Mallick, S., Pósa, A., Stégmár, B., Keerl, V., Rohland, N., Stewardson, K., Ferry, M., Michel, M., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24476 · Cited by 389
Self-citationAncient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski’s horses
Gaunitz, C., Fages, A., Hanghøj, K., Albrechtsen, A., Khan, N., Schubert, M., Seguin-Orlando, A., Owens, I. J., Felkel, S., Bignon-Lau, O., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aao3297 · Cited by 298
Self-citationOn the Evolution of Lactase Persistence in Humans
Ségurel, L., & Bon, C. (2017) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-091416-035340 · Cited by 387
Sohail, M., Maier, R. M., Ganna, A., Bloemendal, A., Martin, A. R., Turchin, M. C., Chiang, C. W., Hirschhorn, J., Daly, M. J., Patterson, N., et al. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.39702 · Cited by 359
Self-citationRohland, N., Glocke, I., Aximu‐Petri, A., & Meyer, M. (2018) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-018-0050-5 · Cited by 371
Self-citationAncient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration
Ning, C., Li, T., Wang, K., Zhang, F., Li, T., Wu, X., Gao, S., Zhang, Q., Hai, Z., Hudson, M. J., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16557-2 · Cited by 346
Self-citationPopulation genomics of the Viking world
Margaryan, A., Lawson, D. J., Sikora, M., Racimo, F., Rasmussen, S., Moltke, I., Cassidy, L. M., Jørsboe, E., Ingason, A., Pedersen, M. W., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 · Cited by 354
Self-citationAncient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers
Sikora, M., Seguin-Orlando, A., Sousa, V. C., Albrechtsen, A., Korneliussen, T., Ko, A., Rasmussen, S., Dupanloup, I., Nigst, P. R., Bosch, M. D., et al. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aao1807 · Cited by 312
Estimating genetic kin relationships in prehistoric populations
Monroy Kuhn, J. M., Jakobsson, M., & Günther, T. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195491 · Cited by 330
Tracking Five Millennia of Horse Management with Extensive Ancient Genome Time Series
Fages, A., Hanghøj, K., Khan, N., Gaunitz, C., Seguin-Orlando, A., Leonardi, M., McCrory Constantz, C., Gamba, C., Al-Rasheid, K. A. S., Albizuri, S., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.049 · Cited by 285
Self-citationThe genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region
Mittnik, A., Wang, C., Pfrengle, S., Daubaras, M., Zariņa, G., Hallgren, F., Allmäe, R., Khartanovich, V. I., Moiseyev, V. G., Tõrv, M., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9 · Cited by 337
Self-citationPunctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences
Poznik, G. D., Xue, Y., Mendez, F. L., Willems, T., Massaia, A., Wilson, M. A., Ayub, Q., McCarthy, S., Narechania, A., Kashin, S., et al. (2016) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3559 · Cited by 325
Ancient pathogen genomics as an emerging tool for infectious disease research
Spyrou, M. A., Bos, K. I., Herbig, A., & Krause, J. (2019) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-019-0119-1 · Cited by 285
Self-citationA Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia’s Eastern Steppe
Jeong, C., Wang, K., Wilkin, S., Taylor, W. T. T., Miller, B. K., Bemmann, J., Stahl, R., Chiovelli, C., Knolle, F., Ulziibayar, S., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 · Cited by 326
Self-citationInferring Continuous and Discrete Population Genetic Structure Across Space
Bradburd, G. S., Coop, G., & Ralph, P. L. (2018) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.118.301333 · Cited by 310
Archaeogenomic evidence reveals prehistoric matrilineal dynasty
Kennett, D. J., Plog, S., George, R. J., Culleton, B. J., Watson, A. S., Skoglund, P., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Stewardson, K., Kistler, L., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14115 · Cited by 301
Self-citationEmergence and Spread of Basal Lineages of Yersinia pestis during the Neolithic Decline
Rascovan, N., Sjögren, K.-G., Kristiansen, K., Nielsen, R., Willerslev, E., Desnues, C., & Rasmussen, S. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.005 · Cited by 324
Kinship-based social inequality in Bronze Age Europe
Mittnik, A., Massy, K., Knipper, C., Wittenborn, F., Friedrich, R., Pfrengle, S., Burri, M., Carlichi-Witjes, N., Deeg, H., Furtwängler, A., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aax6219 · Cited by 265
Self-citationOrigins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs
Bergström, A., Frantz, L., Schmidt, R., Ersmark, E., Lebrasseur, O., Girdland-Flink, L., Lin, A. T., Storå, J., Sjögren, K.-G., Anthony, D., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aba9572 · Cited by 297
Self-citationAncient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean
Antonio, M. L., Gao, Z., Moots, H. M., Lucci, M., Candilio, F., Sawyer, S., Oberreiter, V., Calderon, D., Devitofranceschi, K., Aikens, R. C., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay6826 · Cited by 257
Animal domestication in the era of ancient genomics
Frantz, L., Bradley, D. G., Larson, G., & Orlando, L. (2020) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-020-0225-0 · Cited by 307
Early Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent
Broushaki, F., Thomas, M. G., Link, V., López, S., van Dorp, L., Kirsanow, K., Hofmanová, Z., Diekmann, Y., Cassidy, L. M., Díez-del-Molino, D., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf7943 · Cited by 288
Zhou, X., JianJun, Y., Spengler, R. N., Shên, H., Zhao, K., Ge, J., Bao, Y., Liu, J., Yang, Q., Chen, G., et al. (2020) · Nature Plants · doi:10.1038/s41477-019-0581-y · Cited by 285
Reconstructing ancient genomes and epigenomes
Orlando, L., Gilbert, M. T. P., & Willerslev, E. (2015) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3935 · Cited by 286
Ancient genomes link early farmers from Atapuerca in Spain to modern-day Basques
Günther, T., Valdiosera, C., Malmström, H., Ureña, I., Rodriguez-Varela, R., Sverrisdóttir, Ó. O., Daskalaki, E. A., Skoglund, P., Naidoo, T., Svensson, E. M., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1509851112 · Cited by 278
Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans
Lazaridis, I., Mittnik, A., Patterson, N. J., Mallick, S., Rohland, N., Pfrengle, S., Furtwängler, A., Peltzer, A., Posth, C., Vasilakis, A., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23310 · Cited by 286
Self-citationOn the limits of fitting complex models of population history to f-statistics
Maier, R., Flegontov, P., Flegontova, O., Işıldak, U., Changmai, P., & Reich, D. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.85492 · Cited by 283
Self-citationPalaeo-Eskimo genetic ancestry and the peopling of Chukotka and North America
Flegontov, P., Altınışık, N. E., Changmai, P., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Adamski, N., Bolnick, D. A., Broomandkhoshbacht, N., Candilio, F., Culleton, B. J., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1251-y · Cited by 278
Self-citationPopulation genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia
Allentoft, M. E., Sikora, M., Refoyo-Martínez, A., Irving-Pease, E. K., Fischer, A., Barrie, W., Ingason, A., Stenderup, J. T., Sjögren, K.-G., Pearson, A., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0 · Cited by 294
Dated language phylogenies shed light on the ancestry of Sino-Tibetan
Sagart, L., Jacques, G., Lai, Y., Ryder, R., Thouzeau, V., Greenhill, S. J., & List, J. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1817972116 · Cited by 262
Reconstructing the genetic history of late Neanderthals
Hajdinjak, M., Fu, Q., Hübner, A., Petr, M., Mafessoni, F., Grote, S., Skoglund, P., Narasimham, V., Rougier, H., Crèvecoeur, I., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature26151 · Cited by 266
Self-citationAncient European dog genomes reveal continuity since the Early Neolithic
Botigué, L. R., Song, S., Scheu, A., Gopalan, S., Pendleton, A. L., Oetjens, M. T., Oill, A. M. T., Seregély, T., Zeeb‐Lanz, A., Arbogast, R., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms16082 · Cited by 275
Admixture, Population Structure, and F -Statistics
Peter, B. M. (2016) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.115.183913 · Cited by 265
Ancient genomes indicate population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain
Brace, S., Diekmann, Y., Booth, T. J., van Dorp, L., Faltyskova, Z., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Olalde, Í., Ferry, M., Michel, M., et al. (2019) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0871-9 · Cited by 271
Self-citationParental relatedness through time revealed by runs of homozygosity in ancient DNA
Ringbauer, H., Novembre, J., & Steinrücken, M. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25289-w · Cited by 263
Slatkin, M., & Racimo, F. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1524306113 · Cited by 265
Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome
Cassidy, L. M., Martiniano, R., Murphy, E., Teasdale, M. D., Mallory, J. P., Hartwell, B., & Bradley, D. G. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1518445113 · Cited by 256
Kristiansen, K., Allentoft, M. E., Frei, K. M., Iversen, R., Johannsen, N. N., Kroonen, G., Pospieszny, Ł., Price, T. D., Rasmussen, S., Sjögren, K.-G., et al. (2017) · Antiquity · doi:10.15184/aqy.2017.17 · Cited by 247
Günther, T., Malmström, H., Svensson, E., Omrak, A., Sánchez‐Quinto, F., Kılınç, G. M., Krzewińska, M., Eriksson, G., Fraser, M., Edlund, H., et al. (2018) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003703 · Cited by 256
Ancient Genomics of Modern Humans: The First Decade
Skoglund, P., & Mathieson, I. (2018) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021749 · Cited by 246
Hosner, D., Wagner, M., Tarasov, P. E., Chen, X., & Leipe, C. (2016) · The Holocene · doi:10.1177/0959683616641743 · Cited by 246
The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia
Jeong, C., Balanovsky, O. P., Lukianova, E., Kahbatkyzy, N., Flegontov, P., Владимирович, З. В., Immel, A., Wang, C., Iksan, O., Khussainova, E., et al. (2019) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2 · Cited by 250
Self-citationHuman Y-chromosome variation in the genome-sequencing era
Jobling, M. A., & Tyler‐Smith, C. (2017) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.36 · Cited by 246
Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations
van de Loosdrecht, M. S., Bouzouggar, A., Humphrey, L., Posth, C., Barton, N., Aximu‐Petri, A., Nickel, B., Nagel, S., Talbi, E. H., Hajraoui, M. A. E., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar8380 · Cited by 247
Self-citationThe 5300-year-old Helicobacter pylori genome of the Iceman
Maixner, F., Krause-Kyora, B., Turaev, D., Herbig, A., Hoopmann, M. R., Hallows, J. L., Kusebauch, U., Vigl, E. E., Malfertheiner, P., Megraud, F., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad2545 · Cited by 231
Self-citation40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in Eurasia
Yang, M. A., Gao, X., Theunert, C., Tong, H., Aximu‐Petri, A., Nickel, B., Slatkin, M., Meyer, M., Pääbo, S., Kelso, J. F., et al. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.030 · Cited by 244
Self-citationLarge-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age
Patterson, N. J., Isakov, M., Booth, T. J., Büster, L., Fischer, C.-É., Olalde, Í., Ringbauer, H., Akbari, A., Cheronet, O., Bleasdale, M., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4 · Cited by 250
Self-citationThe deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene
Mao, X., Zhang, H., Qiao, S., Liu, Y., Chang, F., Xie, P., Zhang, M., Wang, T., Li, M., Cao, P., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.040 · Cited by 198
Self-citationLanguage continuity despite population replacement in Remote Oceania
Posth, C., Nägele, K., Colleran, H., Valentin, F., Bedford, S., Kami, K. W., Shing, R., Buckley, H., Kinaston, R., Walworth, M., et al. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0498-2 · Cited by 233
Self-citationSingle-stranded DNA library preparation from highly degraded DNA using T4 DNA ligase
Gansauge, M.-T., Gerber, T., Glocke, I., Korlević, P., Lippik, L., Nagel, S., Riehl, L. M., Schmidt, A., & Meyer, M. (2017) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkx033 · Cited by 247
Self-citationDairying, diseases and the evolution of lactase persistence in Europe
Evershed, R. P., Smith, G. D., Roffet‐Salque, M., Timpson, A., Diekmann, Y., Lyon, M., Cramp, L., Casanova, E., Smyth, J., Whelton, H. L., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05010-7 · Cited by 242
Self-citationGünther, T., & Nettelblad, C. (2019) · PLOS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1008302 · Cited by 228
Wang, C., Reinhold, S., Kalmykov, A., Wissgott, A., Brandt, G., Jeong, C., Cheronet, O., Ferry, M., Harney, É., Keating, D., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8 · Cited by 238
Self-citationAncient Cattle Genomics, Origins, and Rapid Turnover in the Fertile Crescent
Verdugo, M. P., Mullin, V. E., Scheu, A., Mattiangeli, V., Daly, K. G., Maisano Delser, P., Hare, A. J., Burger, J., Collins, M. J., Kehati, R., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav1002 · Cited by 227
The Genetic Variability of APOE in Different Human Populations and Its Implications for Longevity
Abondio, P., Sazzini, M., Garagnani, P., Boattini, A., Monti, D., Franceschi, C., Luiselli, D., & Giuliani, C. (2019) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes10030222 · Cited by 240
The use and domestication of Theobroma cacao during the mid-Holocene in the upper Amazon
Zarrillo, S., Gaikwad, N., Lanaud, C., Powis, T., Viot, C., Lesur, I., Fouet, O., Argout, X., Guichoux, E., Salin, F., et al. (2018) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0697-x · Cited by 173
Gansauge, M.-T., Aximu-Petri, A., Nagel, S., & Meyer, M. (2020) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-020-0338-0 · Cited by 228
Self-citationA dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society
Cassidy, L. M., Maoldúin, R. Ó., Kador, T., Lynch, A., Jones, C., Woodman, P. C., Murphy, E., Ramsey, G., Dowd, M., Noonan, A., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6 · Cited by 192
Paleolithic to Bronze Age Siberians Reveal Connections with First Americans and across Eurasia
He, Y. H., Spyrou, M. A., Karapetian, M. K., Shnaider, S. V., Radzevičiūtė, R., Nägele, K., Neumann, G. U., Penske, S., Zech, J., Lucas, M., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.037 · Cited by 225
Self-citationLlamas, B., Valverde, G., Fehren-Schmitz, L., Weyrich, L. S., Cooper, A., & Haak, W. (2017) · STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1080/20548923.2016.1258824 · Cited by 160
Self-citationComparing Ancient DNA Preservation in Petrous Bone and Tooth Cementum
Hansen, H. B., Damgaard, P. D. B., Margaryan, A., Stenderup, J. T., Lynnerup, N., Willerslev, E., & Allentoft, M. E. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170940 · Cited by 238
Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry
Hajdinjak, M., Mafessoni, F., Skov, L., Vernot, B., Hübner, A., Fu, Q., Essel, E., Nagel, S., Nickel, B., Richter, J., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03335-3 · Cited by 232
Self-citationAssessing the performance of qpAdm: a statistical tool for studying population admixture
Harney, É., Patterson, N. J., Reich, D., & Wakeley, J. (2021) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyaa045 · Cited by 222
Self-citationBasu, A., Sarkar-Roy, N., & Majumder, P. P. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113 · Cited by 219
The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers
Jones, E. R., Zariņa, G., Moiseyev, V. G., Lightfoot, E., Nigst, P. R., Manica, A., Pinhasi, R., & Bradley, D. G. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.060 · Cited by 221
Self-citationHuman population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago
Wang, T., Wang, W., Xie, G., Li, Z., Fan, X., Yang, Q., Wu, X., Cao, P., Liu, Y., Yang, R., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.018 · Cited by 214
Self-citationLimits of long-term selection against Neandertal introgression
Petr, M., Pääbo, S., Kelso, J., & Vernot, B. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1814338116 · Cited by 211
Knipper, C., Mittnik, A., Massy, K., Kociumaka, C., Kucukkalipci, I., Maus, M., Wittenborn, F., Metz, S. E., Staskiewicz, A., Krause, J., et al. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1706355114 · Cited by 188
Self-citationTriangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages
Robbeets, M., Bouckaert, R., Conte, M., Savelyev, A., Li, T., An, D.-I., Shinoda, K., Cui, Y., Kawashima, T., Kim, G., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04108-8 · Cited by 216
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Haak, W., Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Llamas, B., Brandt, G., Nordenfelt, S., Harney, E., Stewardson, K., Fu, Q., Mittnik, A., Bánffy, E., Economou, C., Francken, M., Friederich, S., Pena, R. G., Hallgren, F., Khartanovich, V., Khokhlov, A., Kunst, M., Kuznetsov, P., Meller, H., Mochalov, O., Moiseyev, V., Nicklisch, N., Pichler, S. L., Risch, R., Rojo Guerra, M. A., Roth, C., Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Wahl, J., Meyer, M., Krause, J., Brown, D., Anthony, D., Cooper, A., Alt, K. W., & Reich, D.
- Affiliations
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- ELTE Research Centre for the Humanities (HU)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (DE)
- Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Madrid (ES)
- Peter the Great's Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (RU)
- Danube Private University (AT)
- University of Basel (CH)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- Hartwick College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reich, David
- ORCID
- Haak, Wolfgang
- Lazaridis, Iosif
- Patterson, Nick
- Rohland, Nadin
- Mallick, Swapan
- Llamas, Bastien
- Brandt, Guido
- Fu, Qiaomei
- Mittnik, Alissa
- Bánffy, Eszter
- Francken, Michael
- Friederich, Susanne
- Hallgren, Fredrik
- Khokhlov, Aleksandr
- Kunst, Michael
- Kuznetsov, Pavel
- Meller, Harald
- Nicklisch, Nicole
- Pichler, Sandra L.
- Risch, Roberto
- Roth, Christina
- Wahl, Joachim
- Meyer, Matthias
- Krause, Johannes
- Brown, Dorcas
- Anthony, David
- Cooper, Alan
- Alt, Kurt Werner
- Reich, David
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2015-03-02
- Volume
- 522
- Issue
- 7555
- Pages
- 207-211
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5048219
- OpenAlex
- W2050876420
- Cited by
- 1,940
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 116 · 2025: 201 · 2024: 175 · 2023: 173 · 2022: 191 · 2021: 186 · 2020: 203 · 2019: 223 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 161 · 2016: 111 · 2015: 41
- FWCI
- 106.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1032255)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Al 287/10-1, 287/7-1, Al 287-7-1, /14-1, Me 3245/1-1)
- National Institutes of Health
- Australian Research Council (DP130102158)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG006399)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM100233, R01GM100233)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and language evolution
- Keywords
- Indo-European origins, Eurasian steppe, ancient DNA, early farmers, hunter-gatherers, Bronze Age, population admixture, genetic ancestry, target enrichment sequencing, European prehistory, origin of language, Y-chromosome haplogroups, mtDNA haplogroups, Bronze Age collapse
- MeSH terms
- Cultural Evolution, Europe, Humans, Language, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Population Dynamics, Russia, Genome, Human, History, Ancient, Human Migration, Grassland
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
